see also
31-661: Status quo ante bellum [REDACTED] Mex ico see also The Mexican Border War , also known as the Border Campaign , refers to a series of military engagements which took place between the United States military and several Mexican factions in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution . It was the last major conflict fought on U.S. soil. From
62-640: A conflict with the US, which they wished to avoid. Huerta sought an agent to purchase the arms he needed, and began working closely with Leon Raast, the Russian vice-consul in Mexico City. Raast traveled to New York City to meet with the Huertista agent Abraham Ratner and Marquard and Company, Importers to purchase twenty machine guns to add to the stockpile already warehoused in the city. Raast then met with
93-508: A port where the US military was absent, Puerto México (modern-day Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz), and was able to offload her cargo to Huerta's officials. In February 1913, General Victoriano Huerta launched a coup , known as the Ten Tragic Days , with the support of Félix Díaz (the nephew of deposed president Porfirio Díaz ) and American Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson , as well as ambassadors from other great powers , to overthrow
124-658: A punitive expedition into northern Mexico, to find and capture Villa. Although Villa was not captured, the US Army found and engaged the Villista rebels , killing Villa's two top lieutenants. The revolutionary himself escaped, and the American army returned to the United States in January 1917. Conflict at the border continued, however, and the United States launched several smaller operations into Mexican territory until after
155-648: A rival of the United States and its allies, was involved. In 1914, the United States occupied Veracruz , aiming to cut off supplies of ammunition from the German Empire to Mexico at the start of World War I . In 1917, the British government intercepted a German telegram which offered the Mexican President financial support in recapturing the territories acquired by the United States through
186-588: A total of 25,000 carbines); 1,000 cases of 14/30 carbines; 20 rapid fire machine guns. The total value listed of the 15,770 cases was recorded at US$ 607,000. Raast shipped the arms to Odesa but did not appear there in time to clear it through customs. As a result, the Russian government seized the consignment. Raast with the help of the Russian embassy in Washington was able to get the shipment released and sent to Hamburg . However, there Raast could not pay for
217-842: The Kargil district in Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC). The war started with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and armed insurgents into positions on the Indian side of the LoC. After two months of fighting, the Indian military regained most of its positions on the Indian side, and the Pakistani forces withdrew to their peacetime positions. The war ended with no territorial changes on either side. Ypiranga incident The Ypiranga Incident occurred on April 21, 1914, at
248-586: The Taft administration and his full support. From March 1913 on, the administration of US President Woodrow Wilson switched tack and opposed the Huerta regime, supporting the rebels instead. Wilson imposed an arms embargo on the Huerta regime, cutting off their access to the weaponry that would keep the regime in office. The European powers did not want to be seen to be involved in the financing and shipping of arms to Huerta since it could increase tensions, if not provoke
279-567: The Texas Rangers . Violence was at its highest from 1915 to 1919, in response to the Plan de San Diego by Mexican and Tejano insurgents to conquer Texas. This further increased the prevalence of anti-Mexican sentiment. At least 300 Mexican Americans were killed in Texas during the 1910s, with total estimates ranging from hundreds to thousands killed. At least 100 Mexican Americans were lynched in
310-784: The Texas annexation and the Mexican Cession . In exchange, the German Empire wanted Mexico's formal support in anticipation of a hypothetical United States entry into the war in Europe. While the offer was not accepted, a small German military presence could be observed in later battles along the border, such as the Battle of Ambos Nogales . The 1910s saw escalated violence between Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans in Texas. There were numerous instances of violence, including lynchings, against Mexicans by vigilantes, and law enforcement, such as
341-579: The United States and the United Kingdom , which was concluded with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. During negotiations, British diplomats had suggested ending the war uti possidetis . While American diplomats demanded cession from Canada and British officials also pressed for a pro-British Indian barrier state in the Midwest and keeping parts of Maine they captured (i.e., New Ireland ) during
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#1732780374344372-532: The Ypiranga but were off-loaded at Puerto Mexico. More arms for Huerta arrived at the same time on other ships owned by the same company as the Ypiranga . Although the incident had the potential for greater conflict, in the assessment of historian Friedrich Katz , "the affair had no further consequences and was quickly forgotten," attributing this to the shift in German policy which came more in line with that of
403-410: The 1910s, mostly in Texas. 20 percent of all recorded lynchings of Mexicans in the United States occurred between 1910 and 1920. About 400 Anglo-Texans were also killed total in unrest and attacks along the border during the 1910s, and much property was destroyed. The United States occupation of Veracruz (21 April to 23 November 1914) came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and
434-543: The American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales in August 1918, which led to the establishment of a permanent border wall. Conflict was not limited to battles between Villistas and Americans; Maderistas , Carrancistas , Constitutionalistas and Germans also engaged with American forces in that period. The Bandit War in Texas was part of the Border War. The German Empire , a major trading partner with Mexico and
465-715: The Mexican government at Veracruz" occurred, violating the unilateral sanction the United States had imposed on Mexico. As a result, the U.S. military seized the port beginning with the Battle of Veracruz and ending seven months later. During the Mexican Border Wars, there was a series of revolutionary attacks on the Mexican Government and Military that started in 1910 and was most prolific throughout 1920. Francisco I. Madero challenged Porfirio Díaz in
496-538: The United States, and was related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution . Tensions were further escalated by the Tampico Affair of 9 April 1914, where nine American sailors landed in a restricted dock area and were subsequently detained for an hour and a half. Following this, "the Ypiranga incident —in which the U.S. learned that the SS Ypiranga , a German steamer, was about to deliver weapons and munitions to
527-636: The beginning of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, the United States Army was stationed in force along the border and, on several occasions, fought with Mexican rebels or regular federal troops. The height of the conflict came in 1916 when revolutionary Pancho Villa attacked the American border town of Columbus, New Mexico . In response, the United States Army, under the direction of General John J. Pershing , launched
558-628: The borders unchanged. Three years later, as war with the Western powers loomed, Saddam Hussein recognized Iranian rights over the eastern half of the Shatt al-Arab , a reversion to the status quo ante bellum that he had repudiated a decade earlier." In exchange, Iran gave a promise not to invade Iraq while the latter was busy in Kuwait . The Kargil War was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place in 1999 between 3 May and 26 July of
589-664: The customs house at the port of Veracruz. The Ypiranga was a privately-owned vessel, but the German government declared it part of the Reich's navy, which would protect it from US seizure. The German government filed a protest with the US State Department, saying that seizing the ship and its cargo was a violation of international law, since the US and Mexico were not officially at war. The US apologized for overstepping, but also hoped that it could persuade Germany to cease supplying more arms to Huerta. The arms remained on board
620-401: The election, who has been a longtime Mexican president but recently sent the citizens into economic struggles. Madero lost to an unfair ballot and this caused uprisings throughout Mexico which made Diaz lose control and overthrew him in 1911. After Madero gained control, he had to defend himself from other powerful leaders such as Bernardo Reyes and Victoriano Huerta . They believed that Madero
651-715: The end of the war. An early example is the treaty that ended the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 between the Eastern Roman and the Sasanian Persian Empires. The Persians had occupied Asia Minor , Palestine and Egypt . After a successful Roman counteroffensive in Mesopotamia finally ended the war, the integrity of Rome's eastern frontier as it was prior to 602 was fully restored. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither
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#1732780374344682-529: The federal government of Francisco I. Madero . Madero had kept the Mexican Federal Army and called for the disbanding of revolutionary forces that had helped bring him to power. Madero called upon General Huerta to suppress rebellions that had broken out. Increasing opposition of Madero put his presidency in peril. The coup that ousted and murdered Madero occurred in February at the tail-end of
713-464: The freight charges resulting in the German government impounding the shipment. Money from the American financier and Huerta supporter John Wesley De Kay finally achieved a release. The arms now went to Havana with German-made Mauser rifles and cartridges added to it. The arms on Ypiranga required "three trains of ten cars each" to unload. The US sought to prevent off-loading of the arms to Huerta. Wilson ordered on 21 April 1914 US troops to occupy
744-547: The harbor at Veracruz to unload on the first day of the US occupation but was detained by US troops who were ordered by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to enforce the arms embargo he had placed on Mexico. There was neither a declaration of war on Mexico by the United States nor a formal blockade on its ports, thus the detention of Ypiranga was not legal and she was released. She proceeded to
775-579: The port of Veracruz in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . Ypiranga was a German steamship that was commissioned to transport arms and munitions to the Mexican federal government under Victoriano Huerta . The United States had placed Mexico under an arms embargo to stifle the flow of weaponry to the war-torn state, then in the throes of civil war , forcing Huerta's government to look to Europe and Japan for armaments. Ypiranga tried to enter
806-528: The power of the federal government. Status quo ante bellum The term status quo ante bellum is a Latin phrase meaning "the situation as it existed before the war". The term was originally used in treaties to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses any territorial, economic, or political rights. This contrasts with uti possidetis , where each side retains whatever territory and other property it holds at
837-738: The president of Gans Steamship Line who would transport the contraband for him but could not legally consign the weapons to a port in Mexico, however, he would consign to a port in Odesa , Russia . The manifest obtained by the United States Justice Department following the departure of Brinkhorn lists the large amount of ordnance that was on board the ship. The cargo included: 10,000 cases of 30-caliber cartridges; 4,000 cases of 7-millimeter cartridges; 250 cases of 44-caliber cartridges; 500 cases of carbines (50 in each case for
868-595: The war, the final treaty left neither gains nor losses in land for the United States or the United Kingdom's Canadian colonies. The Football War , also known as the Soccer War or 100 Hour War, was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. It ended in a ceasefire and status quo ante bellum due to intervention by the Organization of American States . The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
899-473: Was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar , which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. This war concluded in a stalemate with no permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration ). The Iran–Iraq War lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. "The war left
930-542: Was attacking for the wrong reasons and was able to end his leadership in 1913. This caused a series of attacks against powerful regional leaders throughout Mexico for the next 7 years. In 1914, leaders such as Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa overthrew Huerta and Reyes' regime until 1915. Carranza later betrayed Pancho Villa and by 1917, Carranza created the Constitution of Mexico and promoted land reform in Mexico as well as other important documents and increased
961-540: Was ready to defend itself when the armies of Islam emerged from Arabia in 632. Another example is the sixteenth-century Abyssinian–Adal war between the Muslim Adal Sultanate and Christian Ethiopian Empire , which ended in a stalemate. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself against the Oromo Migrations . The War of 1812 was fought between