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60-622: The Mead holds the Amherst College art collection, which includes: The Mead Art Museum has a wide-ranging collection of approximately 19,000 items. The works in the museum's collection can be searched on the database maintained by the Five College Museums/Historic Deerfield . In 1857, Amherst College acquired panels from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II in Nimrud. In the palace built around 879 B.C.E.,

120-517: A circular way), Nonotuck (in the midst of the river), Pocumtuck (narrow, swift river), and Sokoki (separated from their neighbors). The modern-day Springfield metropolitan area was inhabited by the Agawam people . The Agawam, as well as other groups, belong to the larger cultural category of Alongkian Indians . In 1634, a plague, probably smallpox , reduced the Native American population of

180-415: A few of the panels in their collections. During the early 1850s, panels were selected for and shipped to Amherst, Yale, Bowdoin, Dartmouth, and Middlebury as well as various theological seminaries. Amherst College's third president Edward Hitchcock obtained reliefs for Amherst. The twelve-inch thick reliefs were shaved down to about four inches and then cut into squares for easier transport. The total weight of

240-405: A long process of repatriation began. Tensions between the colonists and surrounding Indian tribes, which had already been poor for some time, continued to deteriorate in the years preceding the outbreak of King Philip's War . Colonial encroachment on Indian lands combined with the decimation of the native population with European diseases led to increasing Native resentment and hostility towards

300-542: A microcosm of the rest of the United States. The third largest city in Massachusetts, Springfield is situated in the region, and it has struggled financially coming close to bankruptcy at the beginning of the 21st century. The unemployment rate in the area lags behind that of eastern Massachusetts by double though officials have pushed for ways to lure more longer-term business growth into the region to tap

360-793: A push for adding high-speed rail from western Massachusetts for eastern Massachusetts. The residents of western Massachusetts have vibrant culture in and support the local mix of arts, tourism, and culture. The decline of manufacturing as the region's economic engine since World War II—and in particular, since the controversial closing of the Springfield Armory —was counterbalanced in western Massachusetts by growth in post-secondary education and healthcare. This created new jobs, land development, and had gentrifying effects in many college towns . State and community-funded schools (e.g., University of Massachusetts Amherst and Westfield State University ) were conspicuous in their growth, as were

420-664: A searchable database of the collections of the museums that is among the larger art galleries on the internet. These museums also participate in Museums10 . This article related to an art display, art museum or gallery in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Massachusetts museum–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Western Massachusetts 42°20′N 72°50′W  /  42.333°N 72.833°W  / 42.333; -72.833 Western Massachusetts , known colloquially as "western Mass,"

480-728: A term interchangeable with the Hill Towns west of the Pioneer Valley. The mountain range in Berkshire County at the western end of Massachusetts is conventionally known as the "Berkshires". Geologically, however, the Berkshires are a westward continuation of uplands west of the Connecticut River and a southern extension of Vermont's Green Mountains . The Hilltown-Berkshire upland ends at the valley of

540-494: A variety of other methods. Native people began to construct and gather in palisaded “forts”―structures that were not necessary beforehand. These sites were excavated in the 19th and 20th centuries by anthropologists who took cultural objects and human remains and displayed them for years in area museums. With the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) in 1990,

600-590: A war against colonial expansion in New England which spread across the region. As the conflict grew in its initial months, colonists throughout western Massachusetts became deeply concerned with maintaining the loyalty of "their Indians." The Agawams cooperated, even providing valuable intelligence to the colonists. In August 1675, a group of colonists in Hadley demanded the disarming of a “fort” of Nonotuck Indians. Unwilling to relinquish their weapons, they left on

660-648: Is a region in Massachusetts , one of the six U.S. states that make up the New England region of the United States . Western Massachusetts has diverse topography; 22 colleges and universities including UMass in Amherst, MA , with approximately 100,000 students; and such institutions as Tanglewood , the Springfield Armory , and Jacob's Pillow . The western part of western Massachusetts includes

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720-561: Is an ancient downfaulted graben or rift valley that formed during the Mesozoic Era when rifting developed in the Pangaea supercontinent to separate North America from Europe and South America from Africa. Secondary rifts branched off the main crustal fracture, and this one was eventually occupied by the Connecticut River. The Metacomet Ridge is a series of narrow traprock ridges where lava penetrated this rift zone, beginning at

780-668: Is sometimes regarded as defining western Massachusetts; for example, the Western Massachusetts Office of the Governor serves residents of these counties. Towns at the western edge of Worcester County , especially those near the Quabbin Reservoir , may be considered to be in western Massachusetts for some purposes; for example, two Worcester County towns have telephone numbers in western Massachusetts's area code 413 . Hampden County, with over half of

840-769: The Berkshire Mountains , where there are several vacation resorts. The eastern part of the region includes the Connecticut River Valley , which has a number of university towns , the major city Springfield , and numerous agricultural hamlets. In the eastern part of the area, the Quabbin region is a place of outdoor recreation. Archeological efforts in the Connecticut River Valley have revealed traces of human life dating back at least 9,000 years. Pocumtuck tradition describes

900-546: The Boston metropolitan area . Innovations originating in the valley include the sports of basketball ( James Naismith , 1895) and volleyball ( William Morgan , 1895); the first American automobile ( Duryea , 1893); the first motorcycle company ( Indian , 1901); the first use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing ( Thomas Blanchard , 1825); and the first commercial radio station, ( WBZ , 1920, from Springfield's Kimball Hotel ). Significant Massachusetts towns and cities in

960-749: The Connecticut border. Numerous other towns stretching east towards Worcester are sometimes included in the Quaboag Valley region. Geology is similar to the Hilltown-Berkshire uplands with resistant metamorphic rocks overlain by thin and rocky soil. With less relief, the river valleys are less pronounced, but still moderately high gradient. The Quaboag Hills and Valley, the Quabbin Regions, and populated places stretching east towards Worcester are all locally known as "Hill Towns";

1020-726: The Holyoke Range and the Mount Tom Range , this relatively small area contains a number of college towns, urban environments, and rural hamlets. The portion of this valley in Massachusetts is also commonly referred to as the Pioneer Valley . At its southern tip, the Springfield-Hartford region is home to 29 colleges and universities and over 160,000 university students—the United States' second highest concentration of higher learning institutions after

1080-742: The Housatonic River which flows south to Long Island Sound, and in the extreme north west of Massachusetts at the Hoosic River , a tributary of the Hudson . From these valleys, uplands to the east appear as a rounded mountain range, rising some 1,600 feet (490 meters) although they are actually a plateau . West of the Housatonic-Hoosic valley system rises the narrower Taconic Range along the New York border. Upper tributaries of

1140-637: The Industrial Revolution . There was hardly a land rush into such marginal land, but the uplands were slowly settled by farmers throughout most of the 18th century and organized into townships . Then in the early 1800s better land opened up in Western New York and the Northwest Territory . The hilltown agricultural population went into a long decline and fields began reverting to forest. The Connecticut River Valley

1200-418: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in 1990 ordered museums across western Massachusetts and the country to repatriate these remains to Native peoples, an ongoing process. The region was inhabited by several Algonkian-speaking Native American communities, culturally connected but distinguished by the place names they assigned to their respective communities: Agawam (low land), Woronco (in

1260-670: The New Hampshire border. The South Quabbin region (formerly the Swift River Valley) includes the towns of Barre , Belchertown , Pelham , Ware , Hardwick , Leverett , and Shutesbury . This area once included the four "Lost Towns" of Enfield, Dana, Greenwich, and Prescott, which were destroyed to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir . Farther south, the area called the Quaboag Hills includes Hampden , Monson , Wales , Warren , Holland , and Wilbraham on

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1320-744: The American Revolution, a rebellion led by Daniel Shays culminated in a battle at the National Armory in Springfield. The Berkshires have long been patronized by artists (e.g. Herman Melville , who wrote Moby-Dick while living in Pittsfield ; Edith Wharton , who wrote The House of Mirth and Ethan Frome while living in Lenox ; and Norman Rockwell , many of whose painting were based on scenes that he observed in

1380-519: The Amherst College and Pioneer Valley community. Regular events include exhibition openings, regular Saturday student-led tours,  Study At the Mead, a time during Finals and Midterms Weeks where the Mead has food and desks in the galleries for studying, and Community Day, a day of free artmaking, tours, and programs for all. The Mead regularly updates the Mead website, the Mead Facebook page, and

1440-571: The Chapter 70 structure which the state presently uses to allocate education funding to cities and towns. Western Massachusetts used to be the Republican stronghold in an otherwise heavily Democratic state, but it is now consistently viewed by political analysts as one of the most politically liberal regions in the United States. In 2006 and 2010, the region voted heavily in favor of Democratic gubernatorial candidate Deval Patrick . In Crash!ng

1500-564: The Connecticut River Valley produced streams and rivers with gradients around 40 feet/mile (8 meters/km) flowing through steep-sided valleys, notably the Westfield and Deerfield rivers and their larger tributaries. Mills were built to exploit the kinetic energy of falling water, and mill towns grew up around them, or company towns integrating production, residential and commercial activities. The development of steam engines to free industrialization from reliance on water power brought about

1560-612: The Connecticut River Valley to a tiny percentage of its previous size. Governor Bradford of Massachusetts writes that in Windsor , notably the site of a trading post, where European diseases often spread to Native populations, "of 1,000 of [the Native Americans] 150 of them died." With so many dead, English colonists were emboldened to attempt significant settlement of the region. The first European explorers to reach western Massachusetts were English Puritans , who in 1635, at

1620-621: The Hoosic separate Massachusetts' highest peak, Mount Greylock 3,491 ft (1,064 meters) from both ranges, however Greylock's geology connects it with the Taconics. Most of this region is a rolling upland of schist , gneiss and other resistant metamorphics with intrusions of pegmatite and granite . Scraping by continental glaciers during the Pleistocene left thin, rocky soil that supported hardscrabble subsistence farming before

1680-629: The Mead Instagram with the latest events. 42°22′15″N 72°30′56″W  /  42.3709°N 72.5155°W  / 42.3709; -72.5155 Five College Museums The Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium is a consortium of museums in Western Massachusetts and includes art museums which are part of the Five Colleges as well as Historic Deerfield . The Five College Museums maintains

1740-612: The Party , Ralph Nader includes western Massachusetts as one of the few places in the country where he believes small-town spirit is still strong. In a 2010 editorial, the Boston Globe berated communities in northern western-Massachusetts for resisting efforts to force consolidation of local school districts. In response, the Franklin County School Committee Caucus released a map that overlaid

1800-542: The abundance of students being turned out by colleges and universities in the area. To combat the higher cost of telecommunications which were roughly double that of eastern Massachusetts, the government of the Commonwealth invested $ 45.4 Million in building out a broadband network using Federal grant under the 'Massachusetts Technology Park - MassBroadband 123' initiative, funds which were matched by $ 45 million in federal investment. The 1,200 mile 'middle mile' project

1860-574: The administrative capital from its traditional location at Assur to Kalhu, known today as Nimrud. In addition to his palace, he built temples, administrative buildings, and residences. Population estimates for ancient Kalhu at the time of King Ashurnasirpal run as high as 60,000. British diplomat and explorer Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894) excavated Nimrud in 1845. Dwight Marsh, an American missionary in Mosul, befriended Layard in 1850 and suggested that educational institutions would benefit greatly from having

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1920-596: The ancient Akkadian language). The cuneiform inscription, written in a dialect of the Semitic language Akkadian, glorifies the military exploits of King Ashurnasirpal II; his special stature among the gods; and the luxury and grandeur of his building program. Ashurnasirpal II conquered new areas to the west of the Assyrian homeland, beyond the Euphrates River. To emphasize his role as a major powerbroker, he moved

1980-421: The coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony , shaping the region's political boundaries. The Massachusetts Bay Colony settled at the Connecticut River Valley's most fertile land―stretching from Windsor, Connecticut , (once part of Springfield,) to Northampton, Massachusetts ―from 1636 to 1654. For the next several decades, Native people experienced a complex relationship with European settlers. The fur trade stood at

2040-545: The colonists in exchange for the future promise of beavers. However, trade with the colonists made pelts so lucrative that the beaver was rapidly overhunted. The volume of the trade fell, from a 1654 high of 3723 pelts to a mere 191 ten years later. With every mortgage, Native people lost more land, although their population recovered and expanded from the old plague. In a process that historian Lisa Brooks calls "the deed game", colonists acquired an increasing amount of land from Indian tribes through debt, fraudulent purchases and

2100-634: The colonists. Though some Indians became integrated into colonial society, with many being employed in white households, numerous pieces of legislation were passed which prevented Indians from marrying settlers and staying in colonial settlements after dark, while colonists were prevented from living among the Indians. In 1662, the leader of the eastern Massachusetts Wampanoag Indian tribe, Wamsutta , died shortly after being questioned at gunpoint by Plymouth colonists. Wamsutta's brother, Chief Metacomet (known to inhabitants of Springfield as "Philip,") began

2160-493: The county north-to-south over Metro Boston. The overlay reached from Rhode Island in the south to New Hampshire in the north and Framingham in the west. In 2008 the Office of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts opened a local office in western Massachusetts. The western portion of Massachusetts consists approximately of the four counties of Franklin , Hampshire , Hampden and Berkshire . This set of four counties

2220-517: The creation of Lake Hitchcock in Deerfield by a giant beaver, possibly representing the action of a glacier that retracted at least 12,000 years ago. Western Massachusetts was originally settled by Native American societies, including the Pocomtuc , Nonotuck Mohawk , Nipmuck , and Mahican . Various sites indicate millennia of fishing, horticulture, beaver-hunting, and burials. The passage of

2280-832: The development of tourism throughout that valley. This far-western zone is linked to New York City and Albany, New York , more than with the rest of Massachusetts, however both populated zones are ultimately part of the Northeast megalopolis . The rest of western Massachusetts is lightly populated, particularly the Hilltowns where densities below 50 persons per square mile (20 per km ) are the rule. In descending order of size, its largest communities are: Springfield, Chicopee, Pittsfield, Westfield, Holyoke, Northampton, Agawam, West Springfield, Amherst Center (CDP), Easthampton, Longmeadow (CDP), East Longmeadow, North Adams , and Greenfield (CDP). Western Massachusetts has been compared as

2340-515: The era of Lake Hitchcock accounts for this region's exceptionally rich agricultural soil, which attracted settlers as early as 1635. Although the Connecticut River Valley's soil is the richest in New England, many of its fields have been covered by urban and suburban development. Regardless, the valley remains New England 's most productive farmland. Tobacco, tomatoes, sweet corn, and other vegetables are still produced there in commercial quantities. Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden counties, in

2400-604: The escarpment zone. On top, elevations rise gradually to the west. Williamsburg in Hampshire County and Becket in Berkshire County are prominent hilltowns. Generally, the hilltowns west of the Connecticut River Valley were less attractive for agricultural uses, which resulted in later migration there than, for example, the fertile Connecticut River Valley. Subsistence farming predominated in this area. The 1,000-foot elevation difference between uplands and

2460-498: The heart of their economic interactions, a lucrative business that guided many other policy decisions. White settlers traded wampum, cloth and metal in exchange for furs, as well as horticultural produce. Because of the seasonal nature of goods provided by Native people compared with the constant availability of colonial goods, a credit system developed. Land, the natural resource whose availability did not fluctuate, served as collateral for mortgages in which Native people bought goods from

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2520-416: The late 1990s (including Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Berkshire and Worcester), most county functions were assigned to the state government. The municipalities of Franklin and Hampshire counties then organized two voluntary county-oriented "regional councils of government". Some residents of western Massachusetts are critical towards Boston , the state's capital and largest city. This group believes that

2580-541: The night of August 25. A hundred colonists pursued them, catching up to them at the foot of Sugarloaf Hill, which was a sacred space for the Nonotucks called the Great Beaver. The colonists attacked, but the Nonotucks forced them to withdraw and were able to keep moving. The shedding of Native blood on sacred land was an attack on their entire kinship network, and caused Native peoples in western Massachusetts to join

2640-740: The northern end of the graben near Greenfield and extending south across Massachusetts and Connecticut to Long Island Sound . Fossil dinosaur footprints in Holyoke attest to the life present in this region during the Mesozoic. As continental glaciers receded near the end of the last glacial period , a moraine at Rocky Hill, Connecticut , dammed the river to create Lake Hitchcock , extending northward some 200 miles (320 km) inundating places such as Springfield, Agawam, and West Springfield, while certain highlands remained above water, (i.e. sections of Holyoke). Accumulation of fine sediments during

2700-521: The ongoing conflict. Following the war, the greater part of the Native American population left western Massachusetts behind. Many refugees of the war joined the Wabanaki in the north, where their descendants remain today. Native American influence remains evident in the land and culture of western Massachusetts, from the practice of tobacco farming to the names of cities and rivers In 1777, George Washington and Henry Knox selected Springfield for

2760-539: The population of western Massachusetts, includes the City of Springfield ; to the north, Hampshire County contains the college towns of Northampton , Amherst and South Hadley ; further north, rural Franklin County borders Vermont and New Hampshire; to the west is Berkshire County, bordering New York, Vermont and Connecticut and the other three counties. After a number of county governments were eliminated in Massachusetts in

2820-446: The region's highly regarded liberal arts colleges , including Williams founded 1793, Amherst founded 1821, Mount Holyoke founded 1837, Smith founded 1871, and American International founded 1885. Despite the gains in higher ed, the region has sought to obtain equitable share of the state's education budget to place into local primary education as well. Several communities in western Massachusetts have fought to have changes made

2880-613: The reliefs is approximately 2 tonnes. They were transported from Nimrud to eastern Mediterranean ports, and then shipped to the United States. When the panels reached Amherst College they were first displayed in the library, but soon were moved to the purpose-built “Nineveh Gallery” attached to the Octagon. The Rotherwas Room is an English Jacobean-style room currently in the Mead Art Museum, in Amherst College . It

2940-410: The request of William Pynchon, settled the land that they considered most advantageous for both agriculture and trading in modern-day Agawam , adjacent to modern Metro Center , Springfield . In 1636, a group of English colonists—lured by the promise of a "great river" and the northeast's most fertile farmland—ventured to Springfield, where they established a permanent colony. Originally, this settlement

3000-461: The room to the college. It had been previously installed in his Neo-Jacobean House "The Braes," in Glen Cove, Long Island. Although the wall panelling and the mantelpiece of the original room remain, no specific records of the furniture or the ceiling design of this room in the original Rotherwas Court house have been found. The Mead hosts free programs throughout the academic school year for

3060-484: The site of the fledgling United States' National Armory . Built atop a high bluff overlooking the Connecticut River, Washington and Knox agreed that Springfield provided an ideal location—beside a great river and at the confluence of major rivers and highways. For the following 200 years, the Springfield Armory would bring concentrated prosperity and innovation to Springfield and its surrounding towns. After

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3120-666: The so-called Second Industrial Revolution when railroads were built along the rivers to take advantage of relatively gentle grades over the Appalachians. And so as hilltop farming towns declined in importance, industrial towns in the river valleys rose to local prominence. In northern Massachusetts, the higher altitude area to the east of the Connecticut River Valley is known as the North Quabbin region. These northern municipalities include Warwick , Orange , Petersham , Phillipston , Wendell , New Salem , and Athol near

3180-468: The state as a whole. Western Massachusetts' population is concentrated in the cities and suburbs along the Connecticut River in an urban axis surrounding Springfield that is contiguous with greater Hartford, Connecticut (i.e. the Knowledge Corridor .) A secondary population concentration exists in the Housatonic-Hoosic valley due to the industrial heritage of Pittsfield and North Adams, and

3240-530: The town of Stockbridge ). Cultural institutions include Lenox's Tanglewood , Becket's Jacob's Pillow , and Stockbridge's Norman Rockwell Museum , as well the Clark Art Institute in Williamstown . The city of Pittsfield is the largest community located in the Berkshires. New England's largest river, the Connecticut , flows through the center of its agricultural valley. Nearly bisected by

3300-499: The valley's so-called "Knowledge Corridor" include Northampton , Amherst , Easthampton , Holyoke , Chicopee , West Springfield , East Longmeadow , Longmeadow , Ludlow , Agawam , and Westfield . The Hilltowns include the areas of Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties west of and above the escarpment bordering the ancient rift valley through which the Connecticut River flows. Elevations increase from about 200 feet (60 m) to at least 1,000 feet (300 m) in

3360-483: The walls of the ceremonial halls and corridors were decorated with monumental relief carvings. The king Ashurnasirpal II is shown in the central panel wearing a fringed robe and royal headdress. In his right hand, he carries a shallow cup used for pouring offerings to the gods, and in his left hand he holds his bow, symbol of his bravery and military might. The central panel is flanked by panels depicting winged protective spirits called genii, or apkallu (as they are termed in

3420-445: The year 2020 collectively had 828,188 residents, a population greater than that of any one of the six smallest U.S. states. The population amounted to approximately 12.84% of the 2000 population of the entire state of Massachusetts, which was 6,349,097. Its average population density is 293.07 inhabitants per square mile (113.16/km ), compared to 422.34/km (1,093.87/sq mi) for the rest of Massachusetts, and 312.68/km (809.83/sq mi) for

3480-431: Was called Agawam Plantation , and administered by the Connecticut Colony . (Springfield lies only 4 miles north of Connecticut; however, Agawam included lands as far south as Windsor Locks , as far north as Holyoke , and as far west as Westfield . ) In 1640, Springfield voted to separate from the Connecticut Colony following a series of contentious incidents and, after a brief period of independence, decided to align with

3540-761: Was completed in early 2014, connecting public institutions throughout central and western Massachusetts, but also providing a fiber-optic backbone to allow for further expansion in these regions. Building off of that project, the Commonwealth launched a 'Last Mile' initiative targeting 54 communities that were unserved or under-served by broadband. That program has invested in municipal fiber-to-the-home networks, which are also supported by municipal bonds; private provider projects; and advanced wireless projects to connect homes and businesses in these communities. Small, rural towns such as Mount Washington, Mass., now have access to internet speeds that reach 500 megabit per second (Mbps) symmetrical service. In recent years there has been

3600-507: Was originally installed in the estate of the Bodenham family called Rotherwas Court, in Herefordshire, England, as part of the country house where the family lived. It was commissioned by Sir Roger Bodenham sometime after 1600 and completed in 1611. Some of the room's most prominent aspects include a carved oak mantelpiece and walnut wall panelling. The room originally functioned as a parlor, where families would dine privately or entertain guests informally. In 1945, Herbert L. Pratt bequeathed

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