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32-581: Meanjin ( / m i ˈ æ n dʒ ɪ n / ), formerly Meanjin Papers and Meanjin Quarterly , is one of Australia's longest-running literary magazines . Established in 1940 in Brisbane , it moved to Melbourne in 1945 and as of 2008 is an editorially independent imprint of Melbourne University Publishing . A print edition is produced quarterly, while it is updated continuously online. The magazine

64-415: A journal of literary criticism . In 1686, Bayle published the first two volumes of Philosophical Commentary , an early plea for toleration in religious matters. This was followed by volumes three and four in 1687 and 1688. In 1690 there appeared a work entitled Avis important aux refugiés , which Jurieu attributed to Bayle, whom he attacked with great animosity. After losing his chair, Bayle engaged in

96-685: A long, internal quarrel in the college that resulted in Bayle being deprived of his chair in 1693. Bayle remained in Rotterdam until his death on 28 December 1706. He was buried in Rotterdam in the Walloon church , where Pierre Jurieu would also be buried seven years later. After the demolition of this church in 1922, the graves were relocated to the Crooswijk General Cemetery in Rotterdam. A memorial stone shows that Pierre Bayle

128-640: A tutor for various families. In 1675, he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the Protestant Academy of Sedan . In 1681, the university at Sedan was suppressed by the government in action against Protestants. Just before that event, Bayle had fled to the Dutch Republic , where he almost immediately was appointed professor of philosophy and history at the École Illustre in Rotterdam . He taught for many years but became embroiled in

160-556: A word, all the Mischief arises not from Toleration, but from the want of it." Richard Popkin has advanced the view that Pierre Bayle was a skeptic who used the Historical and Critical Dictionary to criticise all prior known theories and philosophies. In Bayle's view, humans were inherently incapable of achieving true knowledge. Because of the limitations of human reason, men should adhere instead to their conscience alone. Bayle

192-521: Is in these graves. At Rotterdam, Bayle published his famous Reflections on the Comet  [ fr ] in 1682, as well as his critique of Louis Maimbourg 's work on the history of Calvinism. The reputation achieved by this critique stirred the envy of Pierre Jurieu , Bayle's Calvinist colleague of both Sedan and Rotterdam, who had written a book on the same subject. Between 1684 and 1687, Bayle published his Nouvelles de la république des lettres ,

224-461: Is produced quarterly, while the online edition is updated on a daily basis. The magazine has been the vehicle for important new work by Australian writers A. D. Hope , James McAuley , Douglas Stewart , Judith Wright , Patrick White , Randolph Stow , Joan London, Frank Moorhouse , and Les Murray . Special issues have been devoted to Joseph Furphy and Vance Palmer , among others. During Christina Thompson's editorship, in 1995 Cassandra Pybus

256-938: The Edinburgh Review in 1802. Other British reviews of this period included the Westminster Review (1824), The Spectator (1828), and Athenaeum (1828). In the United States, early journals included the Philadelphia Literary Magazine (1803–1808), the Monthly Anthology (1803–11), which became the North American Review , the Yale Review (founded in 1819), The Yankee (1828–1829) The Knickerbocker (1833–1865), Dial (1840–44) and

288-539: The Yale Review (founded in 1819) did not; thus the Yale journal is the oldest literary magazine in continuous publication. Begun in 1889, Poet Lore is considered the oldest journal dedicated to poetry. By the end of the century, literary magazines had become an important feature of intellectual life in many parts of the world. One of the most notable 19th century literary magazines of the Arabic-speaking world

320-559: The Dutch Republic in 1681 because of religious persecution in France. Bayle was a notable advocate of religious toleration , and his skeptical philosophy had a significant influence on the subsequent growth and development of the European Age of Enlightenment . Leibniz's theodicy was formed in response to Bayle. Bayle was born at Carla-le-Comte (later renamed Carla-Bayle in his honour), near Pamiers , Ariège , France. He

352-761: The National Endowment for the Arts , which created a committee to distribute support money for this burgeoning group of publishers called the Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines (CCLM). This organisation evolved into the Council of Literary Magazines and Presses (CLMP). Many prestigious awards exist for works published in literary magazines including the Pushcart Prize and the O. Henry Awards . Literary magazines also provide many of

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384-1083: The Arts, and New Ideas , which began publication in 1951 in England, the Paris Review , which was founded in 1953, The Massachusetts Review and Poetry Northwest , which were founded in 1959, X Magazine , which ran from 1959 to 1962, and the Denver Quarterly , which began in 1965. The 1970s saw another surge in the number of literary magazines, with a number of distinguished journals getting their start during this decade, including Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art , Ploughshares , The Iowa Review , Granta , Agni , The Missouri Review , and New England Review . Other highly regarded print magazines of recent years include The Threepenny Review , The Georgia Review , Ascent , Shenandoah , The Greensboro Review , ZYZZYVA , Glimmer Train , Tin House , Half Mystic Journal ,

416-518: The Canadian magazine Brick , the Australian magazine HEAT , and Zoetrope: All-Story . Some short fiction writers, such as Steve Almond , Jacob M. Appel and Stephen Dixon have built national reputations in the United States primarily through publication in literary magazines. The Committee of Small Magazine Editors and Publishers (COSMEP) was founded by Richard Morris in 1968. It

448-711: The New Orleans–based De Bow's Review (1846–80). Several prominent literary magazines were published in Charleston, South Carolina , including The Southern Review (1828–32) and Russell's Magazine (1857–60). The most prominent Canadian literary magazine of the 19th century was the Montreal-based Literary Garland . The North American Review , founded in 1815, is the oldest American literary magazine. However, it had its publication suspended during World War II, and

480-640: The Proofs it affords us of that Gentleness and Long-suffering, which constitute the distinguishing and essential Character of the Gospel." He did not regard toleration as a danger to the state; on the contrary: "If the Multiplicity of Religions prejudices the State, it proceeds from their not bearing with one another but on the contrary endeavouring each to crush and destroy the other by methods of Persecution. In

512-640: The evolution of independent literary journals. There are thousands of other online literary publications and it is difficult to judge the quality and overall impact of this relatively new publishing medium. Little magazines, or "small magazines", are literary magazines that often publish experimental literature and the non-conformist writings of relatively unknown writers. Typically they had small readership, were financially uncertain or non-commercial, were irregularly published and showcased artistic innovation. Pierre Bayle Pierre Bayle ( French: [bɛl] ; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706)

544-613: The journal's first-ever all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander edition, Meanjin 82.3, Spring 2023. Literary magazine Nouvelles de la république des lettres is regarded as the first literary magazine; it was established by Pierre Bayle in France in 1684. Literary magazines became common in the early part of the 19th century, mirroring an overall rise in the number of books, magazines, and scholarly journals being published at that time. In Great Britain , critics Francis Jeffrey , Henry Brougham and Sydney Smith founded

576-538: The moderates in the Contemporary Art Society ( Norman Macgeorge , Clive Stephen, Isobel Tweddle and Rupert Bunny , Sybil Craig, Guelda Pyke, Elma Roach, Ola Cohn and Madge Freeman , and George Bell ). Bryans created a free circle and was able to give the liberal, conservative modernist position in Melbourne a more vital character and a freer base than it would otherwise have had. The magazine

608-566: The most influential—though radically different—journals of the last half of the 20th century were The Kenyon Review ( KR ) and the Partisan Review . The Kenyon Review , edited by John Crowe Ransom , espoused the so-called New Criticism . Its platform was avowedly unpolitical. Although Ransom came from the South and published authors from that region, KR also published many New York–based and international authors. The Partisan Review

640-1020: The pieces in The Best American Short Stories and The Best American Essays annual volumes. SwiftCurrent , created in 1984, was the first online literary magazine. It functioned as more of a database of literary works than a literary publication. In 1995, the Mississippi Review was the first large literary magazine to launch a fully online issue. By 1998, Fence and Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern were published and quickly gained an audience. Around 1996, literary magazines began to appear more regularly online. At first, some writers and readers dismissed online literary magazines as not equal in quality or prestige to their print counterparts, while others said that these were not properly magazines and were instead ezines . Since then, though, many writers and readers have accepted online literary magazines as another step in

672-686: The preparation of his massive Dictionnaire Historique et Critique ( Historical and Critical Dictionary ), which effectively constituted one of the first encyclopaedias (before the term had come into wide circulation) of ideas and their originators. In the Dictionary , Bayle expressed his view that much that was considered to be "truth" was actually just opinion, and that gullibility and stubbornness were prevalent. The Dictionary would remain an important scholarly work for several generations after its publication. The remaining years of Bayle's life were devoted to miscellaneous writings; in many cases, he

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704-919: Was Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa . Among the literary magazines that began in the early part of the 20th century is Poetry magazine. Founded in 1912, it published T. S. Eliot 's first poem, " The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ". Another was The Bellman , which began publishing in 1906 and ended in 1919, was edited by William Crowell Edgar and was based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Other important early-20th century literary magazines include The Times Literary Supplement (1902), Southwest Review (1915), Virginia Quarterly Review (1925), World Literature Today (founded in 1927 as Books Abroad before assuming its present name in 1977), Southern Review (1935), and New Letters (1935). The Sewanee Review , although founded in 1892, achieved prominence largely thanks to Allen Tate , who became editor in 1944. Two of

736-510: Was a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer . He is best known for his Historical and Critical Dictionary , whose publication began in 1697. Many of the more controversial ideas in the book were hidden away in the voluminous footnotes , or they were slipped into articles on seemingly uncontroversial topics. Bayle is commonly regarded as a forerunner of the Encyclopédistes of the mid-18th century. A Huguenot , Bayle fled to

768-414: Was an attempt to organize the energy of the small presses. Len Fulton, editor and founder of Dustbook Publishing, assembled and published the first real list of these small magazines and their editors in the mid-1970s. This made it possible for poets to pick and choose the publications most amenable to their work and the vitality of these independent publishers was recognized by the larger community, including

800-460: Was critical of many influential rationalists, such as René Descartes , Baruch Spinoza , Nicolas Malebranche and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , as well as empiricists such as Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , and Isaac Newton . Popkin quotes the following passage as an example of Bayle's skeptical viewpoint: It [reason] is a guide that leads one astray; and philosophy can be compared to some powders that are so corrosive that, after they have eaten away

832-413: Was educated by his father, a Calvinist minister, and at an academy at Puylaurens . In 1669, he entered a Jesuit college at Toulouse and became a Roman Catholic a month later. After seventeen months, he returned to Calvinism and fled to Geneva , where he learned about the teachings of René Descartes . He returned to France and went to Paris , where for some years he worked under the name of Bèle as

864-854: Was established in December 1940 in Brisbane, by Clem Christesen as Meanjin Papers . The name is derived from the Turrbal/Yagara word for land on which the city of Brisbane is located. It moved to Melbourne in 1945 at the invitation of the University of Melbourne . Artist and patron Lina Bryans opened the doors of her Darebin Bridge House to the Meanjin group: then Vance and Nettie Palmer , Rosa and Dolia Ribush, Jean Campbell , Laurie Thomas , and Alan McCulloch . There they joined

896-613: Was first associated with the American Communist Party and the John Reed Club ; however, it soon broke ranks with the party. Nevertheless, politics remained central to its character, while it also published significant literature and criticism. The middle-20th century saw a boom in the number of literary magazines, which corresponded with the rise of the small press . Among the important journals which began in this period were Nimbus: A Magazine of Literature,

928-401: Was guest editor for Issue 2, titled O Canada. It features both Canadian and Australian writing including an essay by Gerry Turcotte, a Canadian writer teaching at the University of Wollongong and co-editor of Australia Canada Studies. During Esther Anatolitis's editorship, in 2023 Eugenia Flynn ( Larrakia and Tiwi ) and Bridget Caldwell-Bright (Jingle and Mudburra ) were guest editors of

960-484: Was identified by American President Thomas Jefferson to be among the one hundred foundational texts to form the first collection of the Library of Congress . Bayle advanced arguments for religious toleration in his Dictionnaire historique et critique and Commentaire Philosophique . Bayle rejected the use of scripture to justify coercion and violence: "One must transcribe almost the whole New Testament to collect all

992-682: Was renamed Meanjin in 1947, then to Meanjin Quarterly in 1961, and became Meanjin again in 1976. Since 2008 and as of 2021 Meanjin is published as an imprint of Melbourne University Publishing . In 2016, Meanjin lost its funding by the Australia Council , in its four-year cycle of funding. Meanjin is one of Australia's longest-running literary magazines . It is a scholarly, Peer-reviewed journal , which "manag[es] to be serious and playful at once". Itincludes philosophy, poetry, fiction, essays , memoirs , and other forms of writing, and also produces podcasts . A print edition

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1024-574: Was responding to criticisms made of his Dictionary . Voltaire , in the prelude to his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne , calls Bayle " le plus grand dialecticien qui ait jamais écrit ": the greatest dialectician to have ever written. The Nouvelles de la république des lettres was the first thoroughgoing attempt to popularise literature, and it was eminently successful. His multi-volume Historical and Critical Dictionary constitutes Bayle's masterpiece. The English translation of The Dictionary , by Bayle's fellow Huguenot exile Pierre des Maizeaux ,

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