Misplaced Pages

#880119

93-458: The founding editors were Anaïs Nin , Buckminster Fuller , Charles Newman , Daniel Halpern , Gordon Lish , Harry Smith , Hugh Fox , Ishmael Reed , Joyce Carol Oates , Len Fulton, Leonard Randolph, Leslie Fiedler , Nona Balakian , Paul Bowles , Paul Engle , Ralph Ellison , Reynolds Price , Rhoda Schwartz, Richard Morris , Ted Wilentz, Tom Montag, Bill Henderson and William Phillips . Many guest editors have served this collection over

186-471: A banker and artist from Boston, later known as "Ian Hugo", when he became an experimental filmmaker in the late 1940s. The couple moved to Paris the following year, where Guiler pursued his banking career and Nin began to pursue her interest in writing; in her diaries she also mentions having trained as a flamenco dancer in Paris in the mid-to-late 1920s with Francisco Miralles Arnau . Her first published work

279-500: A brief sexual relationship Nin had with her father in 1933: while visiting her estranged father in France, the then-thirty-year-old Nin had a brief incestuous sexual relationship with him. In 1944, she published a collection of short stories titled Under a Glass Bell , which were reviewed by Edmund Wilson . Nin was also the author of several works of non-fiction: Her first publication, written during her years studying psychoanalysis,

372-547: A century. "[T]hose who had the misfortune to be analyzed by [Rank] were required to undergo a second analysis in order to qualify" for membership in the American Psychoanalytic Association (Lieberman, 1985, p. 293). In May 1926, having made the feeling relationship in the "here-and-now" central to his practice of psychotherapy, Rank moved to Paris where he became a psychotherapist for artists such as Henry Miller and Anaïs Nin and lectured at

465-517: A chance meeting in 1926 at Penn Station in New York. "He was my best friend and he refused to speak to me," Rank said (Taft, 1958, p. xvi). Ferenczi's rupture with Rank cut short radical innovations in practice, and left no one in the inner circle who would champion relational, pre-Oedipal or "here-and-now" psychotherapy. Classical psychoanalysis, along the lines of Freud's 1911–15 technical writings, would now be entrenched in training institutes around

558-425: A child who has outgrown a toy, he discards the old parts of himself for which he has no further use ….The ego continually breaks away from its worn-out parts, which were of value in the past but have no value in the present. The neurotic [who cannot unlearn, and, therefore, lacks creativity] is unable to accomplish this normal detachment process … Owing to fear and guilt generated in the assertion of his own autonomy, he

651-522: A classically trained Cuban singer. Her father's grandfather had fled France during the French Revolution , going first to Saint-Domingue , then New Orleans , and finally to Cuba, where he helped build the country's first railway. Nin was raised a Roman Catholic but left the church when she was 16 years old. She spent her childhood and early life in Europe. Her parents separated when she

744-401: A close examination of his writings on the subject is not only apposite but is itself philosophically rewarding ... Rank was a Freudian dissident who, in introducing the concept of immortality ideologies, traced out historical and psychological roots of 'soul-belief' ( Seelenglaube )... [My chapter] points up the extraordinary cogency of Rank's distinction between the rational and the irrational to

837-404: A desperate need for money, Nin, Henry Miller and some of their friends began in the 1940s to write erotic and pornographic narratives for an anonymous "collector" for a dollar a page, somewhat as a joke. (It is not clear whether Miller actually wrote these stories or merely allowed his name to be used. ) Nin considered the characters in her erotica to be extreme caricatures and never intended

930-462: A language for intuition, feeling, instincts which are, in themselves, elusive, subtle, and wordless" (Nin, 1966, p. 276). According to Rank, all feelings are grounded in the present. In Will Therapy, published in German in 1929–31, Rank uses the term "here and now" for the first time in the psychotherapeutic literature: "Freud made the repression historical, that is, misplaced it into the childhood of

1023-439: A language for intuition, feeling, instincts which are, in themselves, elusive, subtle, and wordless." In late summer 1939, when residents from overseas were urged to leave France due to the approaching war, Nin left Paris and returned to New York City with her husband (Guiler was, according to his own wishes, edited out of the diaries published during Nin's lifetime; his role in her life is therefore difficult to evaluate). During

SECTION 10

#1732773193881

1116-466: A maximum degree of individuation (or "difference") within a maximum degree of connectedness (or "likeness"). Human beings need to experience both separation and union, without endlessly vacillating between the two poles. Foreshadowing the central themes of Piaget , Kohlberg , McClelland , Erikson and Robert Kegan , Rank was the first to propose that human development is a lifelong construction, which requires continual negotiation and renegotiation of

1209-418: A previously unpublished love letter written by Gore Vidal to Nin. This letter contradicts Gore Vidal's previous characterization of his relationship with Nin, showing that Vidal did have feelings for Nin that he later heavily disavowed in his autobiography, Palimpsest . Krizan did this research in the run up to the release of the fifth volume of Anaïs Nin's uncensored diary, Mirages , for which Krizan provided

1302-493: A safe container is created by a learning coach, questions allow group members to "step out of the frame of the prevailing ideology," as Rank wrote in Art and Artist (1932/1989, p. 70), reflect on their assumptions and beliefs, and reframe their choices. The process of "stepping out" of a frame, out of a form of knowing – a prevailing ideology – is analogous to the work of artists as they struggle to give birth to fresh ways of seeing

1395-504: A secret "committee" or " ring " to defend the psychoanalytic mainstream as disputes with Alfred Adler and Carl Jung developed. Rank was the most prolific author in the "ring" besides Freud himself, extending psychoanalytic theory to the study of legend , myth , art, creativity and The Double ("Doppelgänger"). He worked closely with Freud, contributing two chapters on myth and legend to Freud's key monograph The Interpretation of Dreams . Rank's name appeared underneath Freud's on

1488-633: A sexual relationship with Nin in the 1930s. Reigns is the President of the Board of the non-profit organization devoted to Nin's legacy, the Anaïs Nin Foundation. Cuban-American writer Daína Chaviano paid homage to Anaïs Nin and Henry Miller in her novel Gata encerrada (2001), where both characters are portrayed as disembodied spirits whose previous lives they shared with Melisa, the main character—and presumably Chaviano's alter ego —,

1581-631: A succession of immortality ideologies. Through the influence of Ernest Becker's writings, Rank's dialectic between "life fear and death fear" has been tested experimentally in Terror Management Theory by Skidmore College psychology professor Sheldon Solomon , University of Arizona psychology professor Jeff Greenberg , and University of Colorado at Colorado Springs psychology professor Tom Pyszczynski . The American priest and theologian, Matthew Fox , founder of Creation Spirituality and Wisdom University, considers Rank to be one of

1674-400: A woman and artist. Rank, she observes, helped her move between what she could verbalize in her journals and what remained unarticulated. She discovered the quality and depth of her feelings in the wordless transitions between what she could and could not say. "As he talked, I thought of my difficulties with writing, my struggles to articulate feelings not easily expressed. Of my struggles to find

1767-859: A writer, Nin appeared in the Kenneth Anger film Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome (1954) as Astarte ; in the Maya Deren film Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946); and in Bells of Atlantis (1952), a film directed by Guiler under the name "Ian Hugo" with a soundtrack of electronic music by Louis and Bebe Barron . In her later life, Nin worked as a tutor at the International College in Los Angeles. Nin

1860-714: A young Cuban obsessed with Anaïs Nin. The Cuban poet and novelist Wendy Guerra , long fascinated with Nin's life and works, published a fictional diary in Nin's voice, Posar desnuda en la Habana ( Posing Nude in Havana ) in 2012. She explained that "[Nin's] Cuban Diary has very few pages and my delirium was always to write an apocryphal novel; literary conjecture about what might have happened". On September 27, 2013, screenwriter and author Kim Krizan published an article in The Huffington Post revealing she had found

1953-492: Is a mere succession of separations. Beginning with birth, going through several weaning periods and the development of the individual personality, and finally culminating in death – which represents the final separation. At birth, the individual experiences the first shock of separation, which throughout his life he strives to overcome. In the process of adaptation, man persistently separates from his old self, or at least from those segments off his old self that are now outlived. Like

SECTION 20

#1732773193881

2046-562: Is little reason to believe, therefore, that any of the other writers credited with helping to invent object relations theory ( Melanie Klein or Donald Winnicott , for example) ever read the German text of this lecture, published as Zur Genese der Object-beziehung in Vol. 1 of Rank's Genetische Psychologie (1927, pp. 110–122). Rank died in New York City in 1939 from a kidney infection, one month after Freud's physician-assisted suicide on

2139-404: Is unable to free himself, and instead remains suspended upon some primitive level of his evolution" (Rank, 1996, p. 270). Reframing "resistance" as a creative function, not as opposition to interpretations offered by the psychoanalyst, Rank defined counterwill in the therapeutic relationship as a positive trait that defends the integrity of the self and helps in individuation, unlearning and

2232-580: The Hammer Museum in Westwood, Los Angeles. Reigns said: "Nin bonded and formed very deep friendships with women and men decades younger than her. Some of them are still living in Los Angeles and I thought it'd be wonderful to have them share their experiences with [Nin]." Bebe Barron , an electronic music pioneer and longtime friend of Nin, made her last public appearance at this event. Reigns also published an essay refuting Bern Porter 's claims of

2325-634: The Jewish Day of Atonement . "Komisch" (strange, odd, comical), Rank said on his deathbed (Lieberman, 1985, p. 389). Rollo May , a pioneer of existential psychotherapy in the United States, was deeply influenced by Rank's post-Freudian lectures and writings and always considered Rank to be the most important precursor of existential therapy. Shortly before his death, Rollo May wrote the foreword to Robert Kramer's edited collection of Rank's American lectures. "I have long considered Otto Rank to be

2418-652: The Sorbonne (Lieberman, 1985). Nin was transformed by her therapy with Rank. On her second visit to Rank, she reflects on her desire to be "re-born," feelingly, as a woman and artist. Rank, she observes, helped her move back and forth between what she could verbalize in her journals and what remained unarticulated. She discovered the quality and depth of her feelings in the wordless transitions between what she could say and what she could not say. "As he talked, I thought of my difficulties with writing, my struggles to articulate feelings not easily expressed. Of my struggles to find

2511-613: The Analysis of the Ego (S.E., 18: 90), "is an expression taken from the theory of the emotions." Emotion is the cause of neurotic disorder. Increases in emotion, according to Freud, are unpleasurable. Cure, for Freud, means analyzing, "working through" and eventually uprooting the emotions of the patient, "like the draining of the Zuyder Zee" (Freud, S.E., 22:80). The analyst makes the unconscious conscious by providing cognitive insight to

2604-514: The Anaïs Nin Literary Journal , which includes "Anaïs Nin and Joaquín Nin y Castellanos: Prelude to a Symphony – Letters between a father and daughter". So far sixteen volumes of her journals have been published. All but the last five of her adult journals are in expurgated form. Nin is hailed by many critics as one of the finest writers of female erotica . She was one of the first women known to explore fully

2697-634: The Year award. The Italian film La stanza delle parole (dubbed into English as The Room of Words) was released in 1989 based on the Henry and June diaries. Philip Kaufman directed the 1990 film Henry & June based on Nin's diaries published as Henry and June: From the Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin . She was portrayed in the film by actress Maria de Medeiros . In February 2008, poet Steven Reigns organized Anaïs Nin at 105 at

2790-564: The age of 44, Nin met former actor Rupert Pole in a Manhattan elevator on her way to a party. The two began a relationship and traveled to California together; Pole was sixteen years her junior. On March 17, 1955, while still married to Guiler, she married Pole at Quartzsite, Arizona , returning with him to live in California. Guiler remained in New York City and was unaware of Nin's second marriage until after her death in 1977, though biographer Deirdre Bair alleges that Guiler knew what

2883-480: The apartment of an American man who was away for the summer, and Nin came across a number of French paperbacks: "One by one, I read these books, which were completely new to me. I had never read erotic literature in America... They overwhelmed me. I was innocent before I read them, but by the time I had read them all, there was nothing I did not know about sexual exploits... I had my degree in erotic lore." Faced with

Pushcart Prize - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-494: The book Anaïs Nin: A Myth of Her Own by Clara Oropeza, that analyzes Nin's literature and literary theory through the perspective of mythological studies and depth psychology . In 2002, Alissa Levy Caiano produced a short film called The All-Seeing based on Nin's short story of the same name in Under a Glass Bell . In 2021, the porn film company Thousand Faces released a short film called Mathilde based on Nin's story of

3069-559: The calm, unemotional reserve; the unruffled assurance that one knows better; and the theories, the seeking and finding of the causes of failure in the patient instead of partly in ourselves … and finally the pessimistic view, shared only with a few, that neurotics are a rabble [ Gesindel ], good only to support us financially and to allow us to learn from their cases: psychoanalysis as a therapy may be worthless" (Ferenczi, 1995, pp. 185–186). After Freud turned against Rank, Ferenczi publicly rejected The Trauma of Birth , shunning Rank during

3162-545: The case histories to find how such differences between people were then absent from the literature." (Roazen & Swerdloff, 1995, pp. 82–83) All emotional experience by human beings was being reduced by analysis to a derivative, no matter how disguised, of libido. For Freud, emotion was always sexual, derived from a dangerous Id that must be surgically uprooted: "Where Id was [ Wo es war ]," Freud said famously, "there ego shall be [ soll ich werden ]" (S.E., 22:80). "Libido," according to Freud's 1921 work on Group Psychology and

3255-633: The collections of erotica Delta of Venus and Little Birds , was published posthumously amid renewed critical interest in her life and work. Nin spent her later life in Los Angeles , California, where she died of cervical cancer in 1977. She was a finalist for the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1976. Anaïs Nin was born in Neuilly , France, to Joaquín Nin , a Cuban pianist and composer, and Rosa Culmell,

3348-480: The cove as well. Rupert Pole was named Nin's literary executor , and he arranged to have new, unexpurgated editions of Nin's books and diaries published between 1985 and his death in 2006. Large portions of the diaries are still available only in expurgated form. The originals are located in the UCLA Library . The explosion of the feminist movement in the 1960s gave feminist perspectives on Nin's writings of

3441-463: The creative will, and "neurosis as a failure in creativity" (Rank, 1996). Just as Erik Erikson was the first analyst to focus on identity and adulthood, Rank was the first to propose that separation from outworn thoughts, feelings and behaviors is the quintessence of psychological growth and development. In the late 1920s, after he left Freud's inner circle, Rank explored how human beings can learn to assert their will within relationships, and advocated

3534-525: The cultural anthropologist Ernest Becker won the Pulitzer prize for The Denial of Death (1973), which was based on Rank's post-Freudian writings, especially Will Therapy (1929–31), Psychology and the Soul (1930) and Art and Artist (1932/1989). Becker's posthumously published book, Escape from Evil (1975) was devoted in large measure to exploring Rank's psychoanalysis rooted in the idea of history as

3627-466: The discovery of willing. According to Rank (1932/1989), unlearning or breaking out of our shell from the inside is "a separation [that] is so hard, not only because it involves persons and ideas that one reveres, but because the victory is always, at bottom, and in some form, won over a part of one's ego" (p. 375). In the organizational context, learning how to unlearn is vital because what we assume to be true has merged into our identity. We refer to

3720-462: The drama therapy program at New York University], who attempted to conceptualize balance as an integration of role and counterrole" (Landy, 2008, p. 29). Rank was the first to see therapy as a learning and unlearning experience focusing on feelings. The therapeutic relationship allows the patient to: (1) learn more creative ways of thinking, feeling and being in the here-and-now; and (2) unlearn self-destructive ways of thinking, feeling and being in

3813-501: The dual yearnings for individuation and connection, the will to separate and the will to unite. Decades before Ronald Fairbairn , now credited by many as the inventor in the 1940s of modern object-relations theory, Rank's 1926 lecture on "The Genesis of the Object Relation" marks the first complete statement of this theory (Rank, 1996, pp. 140–149). By 1926, Rank was persona non grata in the official psychoanalytic world. There

Pushcart Prize - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-540: The entire profession of counseling. The New York writer Paul Goodman , who was co-founder with Fritz Perls of the Gestalt method of psychotherapy that makes Otto Rank's "here-and-now" central to its approach, described Rank's post-Freudian ideas on art and creativity as "beyond praise" in Gestalt Therapy (Perls, Goodman and Hefferline, 1951, p. 395). Erving Polster, another well-known Gestalt therapist,

3999-408: The era, including Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse (“International Journal of Psychoanalysis”), managing director of Freud's publishing house, and a creative theorist and therapist. In 1926, Rank left Vienna for Paris and, for the remainder of his life, led a successful career as a lecturer, writer, and therapist in France and the United States. Rank was born in 1884 as Otto Rosenfeld ,

4092-745: The first biography of Rank and had a profound understanding of his thinking on how the creative will emerges from the empathic relationship between client and social worker. In addition, it was Jessie Taft and Frederick Allen's work at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic that introduced Carl Rogers , then a psychologist in the Child Study Department of the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty Children, to "relationship therapy" as

4185-473: The foreword. In 2015, a documentary film directed by Sarah Aspinall called The Erotic Adventures of Anais Nin was released, in which Lucy Cohu portrayed Nin's character. In 2019, Kim Krizan published Spy in the House of Anaïs Nin , an examination of long-buried letters, papers, and original manuscripts Krizan found while doing archival work in Nin's Los Angeles home. Also that year, Routledge published

4278-716: The foundational source of all art, myth, religion, philosophy, therapy – indeed of all human culture and civilization. It was the first time that anyone in the inner circle had dared to suggest that the Oedipus complex might not be the supreme causal factor in psychoanalysis. Rank coined the term "pre-Oedipal" in a public psychoanalytic forum in 1925. In a 1930 self-analysis of his own writings, Rank observes that "the pre-Oedipal super-ego has since been overemphasized by Melanie Klein , without any reference to me." After some hesitation, Freud distanced himself from The Trauma of Birth, signaling to other members of his inner circle that Rank

4371-557: The great unacknowledged genius in Freud's circle," said May (Rank, 1996, p. xi). In 1924, Jessie Taft , an early feminist philosopher, social worker, and student of George H. Mead , met Otto Rank. After becoming his patient, she was inspired to develop "relationship therapy" and eventually, the "functional model of social work" at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work, both explicitly based on Rank's ideas. Taft (1958) wrote

4464-539: The here-and-now. Patterns of self-destruction ("neurosis") represent a failure of creativity and not, as Freud assumed, a retreat from sexuality. Rank's psychoanalysis of creativity has recently been applied to action learning , an inquiry-based process of group problem solving, team building, leader development and organizational learning (Kramer 2007; 2008). Transformative action learning, synthesized by Robert Kramer from Rank's writings on art and spirituality, involves real people, working on real problems in real time. Once

4557-413: The identity of an individual as a "mindset." We refer to the identity of an organizational group as a "culture." Action learners learn how to question, probe and separate from, both kinds of identity—i.e., their "individual" selves and their "social" selves. By opening themselves to critical inquiry, they begin to learn how to emancipate themselves from what they "know" – they learn how to unlearn. In 1974,

4650-425: The ideology which they have themselves fostered," according to Art and Artist (Rank, 1932/1989, p. 368). Through the lens of Otto Rank's work on understanding art and artists, transformative action learning can be seen as the never-completed process of learning how to "step out of the frame" of any mindset, whether one's own or the culture's – in other words, of learning how to unlearn. (Kramer, 2012). Comparing

4743-472: The incomplete and confused theory of emotions in psychoanalysis. "[S]uch comments persisted through to the 1990s" (Weinstein, 2001, p. 40). "The emotional impoverishment of psychoanalysis," wrote Ernest Becker (1973) in The Denial of Death , which was strongly influenced by Rank's ideas, "must extend also to many analysts themselves and to psychiatrists who come under its ideology. This fact helps explain

SECTION 50

#1732773193881

4836-422: The individual and then wanted to release it from there, while as a matter of fact the same tendency is working here and now" (Rank, 1929–31, p. 39). Instead of the word "Verdrängung" ("repression"), which laid stress on unconscious repression of the past, Rank preferred to use the word "Verleugnung" ("denial"), which focused instead on the emotional will to remain ill in the present: "The neurotic lives too much in

4929-513: The intersubjective relationship, two first-person experiences, within the analytic situation. According to Sandor Rado , an influential analyst in New York who helped found the psychoanalytic center at Columbia University, "The characteristic of that time was a neglect of a human being's emotional life ... Everybody was looking for oral, pregenital, and genital components in motivation. But that some people are happy, others unhappy, some afraid, or full of anger, and some loving and affectionate – read

5022-538: The most brilliant of his Viennese disciples. Encouraged and supported by Freud, Rank completed the "Gymnasium" or college-preparatory high school, attended the University of Vienna, and was awarded his PhD in literature in 1912. His thesis, on the Lohengrin saga, was published in 1911, the first Freudian doctoral dissertation to be published as a book. Rank was one of Freud's six collaborators brought together in

5115-614: The most important psychologists of the 20th century. Stanislav Grof , a founder of transpersonal psychology , based much of his work in prenatal and perinatal psychology on Rank's The Trauma of Birth (Kripal, 2007, pp. 249–269). In 2008, the philosopher Maxine Sheets-Johnstone published The Roots of Morality (Pennsylvania State University Press). She compares Rank's thought favorably to that of René Descartes, Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida: "Because immortality ideologies were originally recognized and in fact so named by Rank,

5208-570: The past [and] to that extent he actually does not live. He suffers … because he clings to [the past], wants to cling to it, in order to protect himself from experience [ Erlebnis ], the emotional surrender to the present" (Rank, 1929–31, p. 27). In France and later in America, Rank enjoyed great success as a therapist and writer from 1926 to 1939. Traveling frequently between France and America, Rank lectured at universities such as Harvard , Yale , Stanford , and University of Pennsylvania on relational, experiential and "here-and-now" psychotherapy, art,

5301-584: The past twenty years, which made Nin a popular lecturer at various universities; contrarily, Nin dissociated herself from the political activism of the movement. In 1973, prior to her death, Nin received an honorary doctorate from the Philadelphia College of Art . She was also elected to the United States National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1974, and in 1976 was presented with a Los Angeles Times Woman of

5394-562: The patient, thereby subduing the pressing drive for the irrational, for emotions – for the Id – to emerge from the patient's unconscious (Kramer, 2019, pp. 45–48). In a 1927 lecture, Rank (1996) observes that "surgical therapy is uprooting and isolates the individual emotionally, as it tries to deny the emotional life" (p. 169), the same attack he and Ferenczi had leveled against psychoanalytic practice in their joint work. Reducing all emotional experience—all feeling, loving, thinking, and willing—to sex

5487-434: The practical application of Rank's ideas. In 1936 Carl Rogers , influenced by social workers on his staff trained at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work, invited Otto Rank to give a series of lectures in New York on Rank's post-Freudian models of experiential and relational therapy. Rogers was transformed by these lectures and always credited Rank with having profoundly shaped "client-centered" therapy and

5580-953: The present and future of America's arts and letters". Pushcart Press was awarded the 1979 Carey Thomas Prize for Publisher of the Year by Publishers Weekly . The Pushcart Prize series was honored with the Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Book Critics Circle in 2005, and the Poets & Writers/Barnes & Noble Writers for Writers award in 2006. Ana%C3%AFs Nin Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell ( / ˌ æ n aɪ ˈ iː s ˈ n iː n / AN -eye- EESS NEEN ; French: [ana.is nin] ; February 21, 1903 – January 14, 1977)

5673-431: The process of unlearning to the "breaking out" process of birth, Rank was the first psychologist to suggest that a continual capacity to separate from "internal mental objects" – from internalized institutions, beliefs and neuroses; from the restrictions of culture, social conformity and received wisdom – is the sine qua non for lifelong creativity. In a 1938 lecture at the University of Minnesota, Rank said: "Life in itself

SECTION 60

#1732773193881

5766-455: The published edition of the 1930s parts of her diary (Vol.   1–2) although the opening of Vol.   1 makes it clear that she is married, and the introduction suggests her husband declined to be included in the published diaries. The diaries edited by her second husband, after her death, tell that her union with Miller was very passionate and physical, and that she believed that it was a pregnancy by him that she aborted in 1934. In 1947, at

5859-400: The question of the human need for immortality ideologies" (Sheets-Johnstone, 2008, p. 64). Sheets-Johnstone concludes her book on a note reminiscent of Rank's plea for the human value of mutual love over arid intellectual insight: "Surely it is time for Homo sapiens sapiens to turn away from the pursuit of domination over all and to begin cultivating and developing its sapiential wisdom in

5952-750: The realm of erotic writing, and certainly the first prominent woman in the modern West known to write erotica. Before her, erotica acknowledged to be written by women was rare, with a few notable exceptions, such as the work of Kate Chopin . Nin often cited authors Djuna Barnes and D. H. Lawrence as inspirations, and she states in Volume One of her diaries that she drew inspiration from Marcel Proust , André Gide , Jean Cocteau , Paul Valéry , and Arthur Rimbaud . According to Volume One of her diaries, 1931–1934 , published in 1966, Nin first came across erotica when she returned to Paris with her husband, mother and two brothers in her late teens. They rented

6045-519: The same name in Delta of Venus . Otto Rank Otto Rank ( / r ɑː ŋ k / ; Austrian German: [ʀaŋk] ; né Rosenfeld ; 22 April 1884 – 31 October 1939) was an Austrian psychoanalyst , writer, and philosopher. Born in Vienna , he was one of Sigmund Freud 's closest colleagues for 20 years, a prolific writer on psychoanalytic themes, editor of the two leading analytic journals of

6138-401: The sexual sphere, therefore his sexualization in reality means emotionalization" (p. 165), two experiences that psychoanalysts continued to conflate for half a century after Freud's death. Psychoanalysis had no theory of emotional experience and, by extension, no theory of emotional intelligence . Weinstein (2001) identified over two dozen articles in the major psychoanalytic journals criticizing

6231-399: The significance of Rank's pre-Oedipal theory but not on Rank's objections to classical analytic technique. The recommendation in Freud's technical papers for analysts to be emotionless, according to Ferenczi and Rank (1924), had led to "an unnatural elimination of all human factors in the analysis" (pp. 40–41), and to "a theorizing of experience [ Erlebnis ]" (p. 41): the feeling experience of

6324-460: The son of a Jewish craftsman in Vienna. In 1905, at the age of 21, he impressed Freud with a study that he invited Rank to become Secretary of the emerging Vienna Psychoanalytic Society . Rank thus became the first paid member of the psychoanalytic movement, and Freud's "right-hand man" for almost 20 years. Freud considered Rank, with whom he was more intimate intellectually than his own sons, to be

6417-468: The terrible deadness of emotion that one experiences in psychiatric settings, the heavy weight of the character armor erected against the world" (p. 195n). Written privately in 1932, Ferenczi's Clinical Diary identified the "personal causes for the erroneous development of psychoanalysis" (Ferenczi, 1995, p. 184). According to Ferenczi, "… One learned from [Freud] and from his kind of technique various things that made one's life and work more comfortable:

6510-513: The title page of Freud's greatest work from 1914 until 1930. Between 1915 and 1918, Rank served as Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association which Freud had founded in 1910. Everyone in the small psychoanalytic world understood how much Freud respected Rank and his prolific creativity in expanding psychoanalytic theory. Freud announced to his inner circle, full of jealous rivals, that Rank

6603-692: The two different names. And she had a collection of file cards. And she said, "I tell so many lies I have to write them down and keep them in the lie box so I can keep them straight." In 1966, Nin had her marriage with Pole annulled, due to the legal issues arising from both Guiler and Pole trying to claim her as a dependent on their federal tax returns. Though the marriage was annulled, Nin and Pole continued to live together as if they were married until her death in 1977. According to Barbara Kraft, prior to her death, Nin had written to Guiler asking for his forgiveness. He responded by writing how meaningful his life had been because of her. After Guiler's death in 1985,

6696-654: The unexpurgated versions of her journals were commissioned by Pole. Six volumes have been published: Henry and June , Fire , Incest , Nearer the Moon , Mirages , and Trapeze . Pole arranged for Guiler's ashes to be scattered in the same area where Nin's ashes were scattered, Mermaid Cove in Santa Monica Bay . Pole died in July 2006. Nin once worked at Lawrence R. Maxwell Books, located at 45 Christopher Street in New York City. In addition to her work as

6789-477: The war, Nin sent her books to Frances Steloff of the Gotham Book Mart in New York for safekeeping. In New York, Nin rejoined Otto Rank, who had previously moved there, and moved into his apartment. She actually began to act as a psychoanalyst herself, seeing patients in the room next to Rank's. She quit after several months, however, stating: "I found that I wasn't good because I wasn't objective. I

6882-438: The way for encounter to become accepted as a deep therapeutic agent" (Polster, 1968, p. 6). Rank also affected the practice of action-oriented and reflective therapies such as dramatic role-playing and psychodrama. "Although there is no evidence of a direct influence, Rank's ideas found new life in the work of such action psychotherapists as Moreno, who developed a psychodrama technique of doubling ... and Landy [director of

6975-651: The work to be published, but changed her mind in the early 1970s and allowed them to be published as Delta of Venus and Little Birds . In 2016, a previously undiscovered collection of Nin's erotica, Auletris , was published for the first time. Nin was a friend, and in some cases lover, of many literary figures, including Miller, John Steinbeck , Antonin Artaud , Edmund Wilson , Gore Vidal , James Agee , James Leo Herlihy , and Lawrence Durrell . Her passionate love affair and friendship with Miller strongly influenced her both sexually and as an author. Claims that Nin

7068-595: The world, perspectives that allow them to see aspects of the world that no artists, including themselves, have ever seen before. The heart of transformative action learning, as developed by Kramer, is asking powerful questions to promote the unlearning or letting go of taken-for-granted assumptions and beliefs. The most creative artists, such as Rembrandt , Michelangelo and Leonardo , know how to separate even from their own greatest public successes, from earlier artistic incarnations of themselves. Their "greatness consists precisely in this reaching out beyond themselves, beyond

7161-618: The world. The attack leveled in 1924 by Ferenczi and Rank on the increasing "fanaticism for interpretation" and the "unnatural elimination of all human factors" from the practice of analysis would be forgotten (Kramer, 2019, p. 19). Relational, expressive and "here-and-now" therapy would not be acceptable to most members of the American Psychoanalytic Association or the International Psychoanalytic Association for half

7254-1113: The years. They are listed in each edition that they edited. More than 200 contributing editors make nominations for each edition. They are listed on the masthead. Each edition of the Pushcart Prize includes a complete index of presses and writers reprinted in the anthology since 1976. More than 2,000 writers and 600 presses have been selected. Among the writers who received early recognition in Pushcart Prize anthologies were: Kathy Acker , Steven Barthelme , Rick Bass , Charles Baxter , Bruce Boston , Anne Carson , Raymond Carver , Joshua Clover , Junot Diaz , Andre Dubus , William H. Gass , Suzanne Kamata , Seán Mac Falls , William Monahan , Paul Muldoon , Tim O'Brien , Lance Olsen , Miha Mazzini , Peter Orner , Kevin Prufer , Kay Ryan , Mona Simpson , Ana Menéndez , Ladette Randolph , Kaveh Akbar and Wells Tower . The Pushcart Prize anthology has earned national recognition. Kirkus Reviews praised it as "must reading for anyone interested in

7347-455: Was D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study (1932), an assessment of the works of D.H. Lawrence . In 1968, she published The Novel of the Future , which elaborated on her approach to writing and the writing process. According to her diaries, Vol. 1, 1931–1934 , Nin shared a bohemian lifestyle with Henry Miller during her time in Paris. Her husband Guiler is not mentioned anywhere in

7440-449: Was bisexual were given added circulation by the 1990 Philip Kaufman film Henry & June about Miller and his second wife June Miller . The first unexpurgated portion of Nin's journal to be published, Henry and June , makes it clear that Nin was stirred by June to the point of saying (paraphrasing), "I have become June," though it is unclear to what extent she consummated her feelings for her sexually. To both Anaïs and Henry, June

7533-417: Was "my heir." In 1924, Rank published Das Trauma der Geburt (translated into English as The Trauma of Birth in 1929), exploring how art, myth, religion, philosophy and therapy were illuminated by separation anxiety in the "phase before the development of the Oedipus complex." But there was no such phase in Freud's theories. The Oedipus complex , Freud explained, was the nucleus of the neurosis and

7626-401: Was a femme fatale  – irresistible, cunning, and erotic. Nin gave June money, jewelry, clothes, often leaving herself without money. In addition to her journals and collections of erotica, Nin wrote several novels, which were frequently associated by critics with the surrealist movement . Her first book of fiction, House of Incest (1936), contains heavily veiled allusions to

7719-1069: Was a French-born American diarist, essayist, novelist, and writer of short stories and erotica . Born to Cuban parents in France, Nin was the daughter of the composer Joaquín Nin and the classically trained singer Rosa Culmell. Nin spent her early years in Spain and Cuba, about sixteen years in Paris (1924–1940), and the remaining half of her life in the United States, where she became an established author. Nin wrote journals prolifically from age eleven until her death. Her journals, many of which were published during her lifetime, detail her private thoughts and personal relationships. Her journals also describe her marriages to Hugh Parker Guiler and Rupert Pole , in addition to her numerous affairs, including those with psychoanalyst Otto Rank and writer Henry Miller , both of whom profoundly influenced Nin and her writing. In addition to her journals, Nin wrote several novels, critical studies, essays, short stories, and volumes of erotic literature . Much of her work, including

7812-413: Was a critical 1932 evaluation of D. H. Lawrence called D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study , which she wrote in sixteen days. Nin became interested in psychoanalysis and studied extensively, first with René Allendy in 1932 and then with Otto Rank . Both men eventually became her lovers, as she recounts in her Journal . On her second visit to Rank, Nin reflects on her desire to be reborn as

7905-507: Was acquainted, often intimately, with a number of prominent authors, artists, psychoanalysts , and other figures, and wrote of them often, especially Otto Rank. Moreover, as a female author describing a primarily masculine group of celebrities, Nin's journals have acquired importance as a counterbalancing perspective. She initially wrote in French and did not begin to write in English until she

7998-460: Was also strongly influenced by Rank's practice of focusing on the "here-and-now": "Rank brought the human relationship directly into his office. He influenced analysts to take seriously the actual present interaction between therapist and patient, rather than maintain the fixed, distant, 'as though' relationship that had given previous analysts an emotional buffer for examining the intensities of therapeutic sensation and wish. Rank's contributions opened

8091-529: Was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1974. She battled the cancer for two years as it metastasized , and underwent numerous surgical operations, radiation , and chemotherapy . Nin died of the cancer at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles , California, on January 14, 1977. Her body was cremated , and her ashes were scattered over Santa Monica Bay in Mermaid Cove. Her first husband, Hugh Guiler, died in 1985, and his ashes were scattered in

8184-592: Was happening while Nin was in California, but consciously "chose not to know". Nin referred to her simultaneous marriages as her "bicoastal trapeze". According to Deidre Bair: [Anaïs] would set up these elaborate façades in Los Angeles and in New York, but it became so complicated that she had to create something she called the lie box. She had this absolutely enormous purse and in the purse she had two sets of checkbooks. One said Anaïs Guiler for New York and another said Anaïs Pole for Los Angeles. She had prescription bottles from California doctors and New York doctors with

8277-480: Was haunted by my patients. I wanted to intercede." It was in New York that she met the Japanese-American modernist photographer Soichi Sunami , who went on to photograph her for many of her books. Nin's most studied works are her diaries or journals, which she began writing in her adolescence. The published journals, which span six decades, provide insight into her personal life and relationships. Nin

8370-471: Was one of Freud's biggest mistakes, according to Rank, who first pointed out this confusion in the mid-twenties. Emotions, said Rank, are relationships. Denial of the emotional life leads to denial of the will, the creative life, as well as denial of the interpersonal relationship in the analytic situation (Rank, 1929–31). For Freud, said Rank in Will Therapy (1929–31), "the emotional life develops from

8463-614: Was perilously close to anti-Oedipal heresy. "I am boiling with rage," Freud told Sándor Ferenczi , then Rank's best friend (Kramer, 2015). Confronted with Freud's decisive opposition, Rank resigned in protest from his positions as Vice-President of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, director of Freud's publishing house, and co-editor of Imago and Zeitschrift . Ferenczi, with whom Rank had collaborated from 1920 through 1924 on new experiential, object-relational and "here-and-now" approaches to therapy, vacillated on

8556-576: Was seventeen. Nin felt that French was the language of her heart, Spanish was the language of her ancestors, and English was the language of her intellect. The writing in her diaries is explicitly trilingual ; she uses whichever language best expresses her thought. In the second volume of her unexpurgated journal, Incest , she wrote about her father candidly and graphically (207–15), detailing her incestuous adult sexual relationship with him. Previously unpublished works were released in A Café in Space,

8649-637: Was two; her mother then moved Nin and her two brothers, Thorvald Nin and Joaquín Nin-Culmell , to Barcelona , and then to New York City, where she attended high school. Nin dropped out of high school in 1919 at age sixteen, and according to her diaries, Volume One, 1931–1934 , later began working as an artist's model . After being in the United States for several years, Nin had forgotten how to speak Spanish, but retained her French and became fluent in English. On March 3, 1923, in Havana , Cuba, Nin married her first husband, American Hugh Parker Guiler (1898–1985),

#880119