95-636: Mediacorp Pte. Ltd. is the state-owned media conglomerate of Singapore. Owned by Temasek Holdings —the investment arm of the Government of Singapore —it owns and operates television channels, radio , and digital media properties. It is headquartered at the Mediapolis development in Queenstown's One-north precinct, which succeeded Caldecott Hill —the long-time home of its predecessors—in 2015; as of 2022, Mediacorp employs over 3,000 employees;
190-481: A 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 -hour Asiatic one. Included in the proposal was the creation of a second medium wave transmitter for the two programmes to be delivered from the extant facilities. Subsequently, a second plan to increase the power of the shortwave transmitter was held in early 1940, this time increasing its coverage to reach out to the entirety of Malaya, Borneo, the Netherlands Indies and Siam. Much of
285-480: A crown in heraldry and other imagery such as cap badges , uniforms, government logos and elsewhere. The heraldic crown is chosen by the reigning monarch. From 1661 to the reign of Queen Victoria , an image of St Edward's Crown was used. The early part of Victoria's reign depicted the Imperial State Crown created for her coronation , while a Tudor Crown began to be used from the 1860s. In 1901,
380-523: A large number of them are in both public and private sector broadcasting. The company forms half of the mass media duopoly in the country alongside SPH Media Trust ; the company was established in its current form in 1999, following the 1994 privatization of one of its predecessors—the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC)—as a group of state-owned enterprises known as Singapore International Media. Mediacorp holds
475-616: A monopoly on terrestrial television in Singapore, operating six channels broadcasting in the official languages of English ( Channel 5 and the pan-Asian news channel CNA ), Mandarin Chinese ( Channel 8 and Channel U ), Malay ( Suria ), and Tamil ( Vasantham ), as well as the streaming service meWatch . It also operates eleven radio stations, and the websites Today and 8days —both of which had previously operated as print publications. Its monopoly on terrestrial television
570-506: A network of other institutions of a similar nature." Canadian academic Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, "the Crown" is, in the UK and other Commonwealth realms, what in most other countries
665-566: A reliance on imported programmes rather than domestic productions. In September 1979, an act was proposed in the Parliament of Singapore to separate RTS from the Ministry of Culture, and replace it with a new statutory body known as the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC). The SBC was envisioned as an autonomous, state-owned enterprise akin to Singapore Airlines and comparable to the BBC in
760-613: A second shortwave transmitter was added on 29 September 1940, ZHP 3 (the existing transmitter was renamed ZHP 1). The station carried a special programme in German on Friday nights from 10pm to 10:30pm. The remainder of the line-up consisted of music and news, in Hindustani , Dutch , Tamil , Arabic and French. ZHL and ZHP 1 carried primarily content in English and Chinese dialects, with some Malay programming as well. By April 1941 ZHP 2
855-461: A word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state." Lord Simon of Glaisdale stated: The crown as an object is a piece of jewelled headgear under guard at the Tower of London . But it symbolizes the powers of government which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown ... The term "the Crown"
950-446: Is "the state"." Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible. Two judgments— Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta ( EWCA , 1982) and Ex parte Quark ( House of Lords , 2005)—challenged that view. Today, it is considered separate in every country, province, state, or territory, regardless of its degree of independence, that has the shared monarch as part of the respective country's government; though, limitations on
1045-496: Is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments." This interpretation was supported by section 8 of the Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887 ( 50 & 51 Vict. c. 13), which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning. The Crown was first defined as an 'imperial' crown during
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#17327796681211140-513: Is not to be confused with any physical crown , such as those of the British regalia . The term is also found in various expressions such as Crown land , which some countries refer to as public land or state land ; as well as in some offices, such as minister of the Crown , Crown attorney , and Crown prosecutor . The term the Crown does not have a single definition. Legal scholars Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of
1235-494: Is the royal prerogative by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the Crown. As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her private property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through
1330-403: Is therefore used in constitutional law to denote the collection of such of those powers as remain extant (the royal prerogative ), together with such other powers as have been expressly conferred by statute on "the Crown". Lord Diplock suggested the Crown means "the government [and] all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government
1425-621: The Common Informers Act 1951 ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers. The term "Crown forces" has been used by Irish republicans and nationalists , including members of paramilitary groups, to refer to British security forces which operate in Ireland . The term was used by various iterations of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during conflicts such as Irish War of Independence and
1520-536: The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative. In addition, use of images of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the Paris Convention ) under sections 4 and 99 of
1615-635: The Malaysia Agreement which garnered autonomy in this area, among others. Television advertising started on 15 January 1964. After the separation of Singapore from the Malaysian federation, its radio and television outlets became part of Radio Television Singapore (RTS), a division of the Ministry of Culture. This led to expansions of the network, including a move to the new $ 3.6 million Television Centre at Caldecott Hill on 27 August 1966. Within days of independence, TV Singapura's main studio
1710-588: The Singapore Bus Service (SBS) and others pejoratively nicknaming it " s i b ei c ham" which meant "damn terrible" in Hokkien. SBC introduced "weather girls" on 1 May 1980 for its English news broadcasts, before expanding to other languages in 1981. The format ended in March 1982 because it wanted the weather report to be the same as the other languages and the "weather report within the news bulletin
1805-679: The state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their subdivisions (such as the Crown Dependencies , overseas territories , provinces , or states ). The term can be used to refer to the office of the monarch or the monarchy as institutions; to the rule of law ; or to the functions of executive (the Crown- in-council ), legislative (the Crown-in- parliament ), and judicial (the Crown on
1900-421: The 13th century. The term the Crown then developed into a means by which to differentiate the monarch's official functions from his personal choices and actions. Even within mediaeval England, there was the doctrine of capacities separating the person of the king from his actions in the capacity of monarch. When the kingdom of England merged with those of Scotland and Ireland , the concept extended into
1995-420: The 5,104 licence holders (number of receivers) in Singapore, 2,574 were Europeans and Eurasians, 2,023 were Chinese, 219 were Malays, 195 were Indians, 87 were Japanese and six were Siamese. The shortwave transmitter carrying ZHO upgraded its power in mid-1939, from 400 watts to 2 kilowatts. At the 1939 Annual Report, there were plans to create two separate services, an 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 -hour European service and
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#17327796681212090-919: The Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the Crown Estate of the United Kingdom. The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey . Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from
2185-590: The Commonwealth realms is a similar, but separate, legal concept. To distinguish the institution's role in one jurisdiction from its place in another, Commonwealth law employs the expression the Crown in Right of [place] ; for example, the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, the Crown in Right of Canada, the Crown in Right of the Commonwealth of Australia, etc. Because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state . When referring to
2280-534: The Crown is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts. In the context of people considering the claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi , professor of history Alan Ward defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including Māori themselves—acted through elected parliament and government." In the Bailiwick of Guernsey , legislation refers to
2375-494: The Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term the Crown amounts to". Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson theorised that the Crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define", while William Wade stated the Crown "means simply the Queen". Warren J. Newman described the Crown is "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in
2470-403: The Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey or the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey" and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for
2565-618: The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom. Following the Lords' decision in Ex parte Quark , 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over British Overseas Territories , does not act on the advice of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom , but, in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with
2660-402: The Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of [place], and all its other capacities". The powers of a realm's crown are exercised either by the monarch, personally, or by his or her representative on the advice of the appropriate local ministers , legislature, or judges, none of which may advise the Crown in any other realm. In New Zealand, the term
2755-497: The Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a corporation sole , it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a corporation aggregate headed by the monarch. Frederic William Maitland argued the Crown is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community". J.G. Allen preferred to view the Crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to
2850-443: The Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common. The Crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such crown proceedings are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the Crown. Qui tam lawsuits on behalf of the Crown were once common, but have been unusual since
2945-529: The Dutch Indies, especially in tin mines and rubber estates. Thanks to the wider coverage range of ZHP, ZHL was able to broadcast more sporting events, namely horse races, tennis and the football, specifically the Malayan Cup . Before the change in policy, it was more likely for attendees to go to the matches. The shortwave frequency moved in on 1 October 1938 from 30.96 meters to 48.58 meters, under
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3040-488: The European Union , where "Miller" is Gina Miller , a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, ex parte Miller . Either form may be abbreviated R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union . In Scotland , criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the lord advocate (or the relevant procurator fiscal ) in
3135-590: The FM Stereo service started on 18 July 1969 using the 92.4 frequency. New radio studios were built in 1972, starting with the addition of the Radio House, then in 1975 by a new complex costing $ 4.2 million. From 30 March 1973, Channel 5 began focusing on English and Malay-language programmes, while Channel 8 would focus on Chinese- and Tamil-language programmes. On 24 October 1973, RTS aired a 40-minute documentary titled Addiction: Three Experiences , chronicling
3230-621: The Malay and Chinese versions of the corporation's sports programme Sports Parade were cancelled; the programme now only airs in English. In May 1981, on the day President Benjamin Sheares was pronounced dead, SBC's television channels cancelled their regular programming and replaced them with "solemn music and serious documentaries". The next day, the corporation aired two episodes of Destiny and an episode of Sandiwara , which SBC thinks were too serious to be aired. SBC also decided not to repeat
3325-742: The People's Action Party getting 12 minutes of broadcast, the United Front and the Workers' Party three minutes each and United People's Front three and a half minutes. The shortest available broadcasts were for parties with six candidates with two and a half minutes. The participating parties were required to send five copies of their manifestos to SBC. A final broadcast was held on 22 December. The English-language current affairs programme Friday Background debuted in March 1981. In April 1981, to maximise SBC's resources in improving its sports presentation,
3420-500: The SBC. The rebrand was not ceremonious. Ahead of closedown, an announcement was made telling viewers of the rename. The following morning, at 6 a.m., SBC formally started with no preamble, with the only visible changes being a new interim wordmark logo, updated startup and closedown sequences, and a new news intro. The new logo competition finished on 16 February. A preliminary selection was determined by five judges on 22 February. At first
3515-715: The Singapore Port Authority commenced its short wave broadcast every fortnight either on Sundays or Wednesdays. The BBC World Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was inaugurated on 19 December 1932 as the BBC Empire Service, broadcasting on shortwave and aimed principally at English speakers across the British Empire . In his first Christmas Message (1932), King George V characterised
3610-691: The Troubles . As noted by Irish republican Danny Morrison , "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests legitimacy , which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority." Due to the Irish War of Independence, "the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative". The Crown is represented by the image of
3705-631: The Tudor Crown design was standardised and continued in use until the reign of Elizabeth II in 1952 when a heraldic St Edward's Crown was restored. In 2022, Charles III opted for a modified Tudor Crown design. Crown copyright applies in perpetuity to depictions of the Royal Arms and any of its constituent parts under the royal prerogative , and The National Archives restricts rights to reproduce them. Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of
3800-517: The United Kingdom and its neighbours' RTM and TVRI. The SBC Act was approved in parliament on 12 January 1980. A competition for a new SBC logo was initiated in January 1980. The characteristics of the new brand were to be "simple and attractive", while not having more than three colours, including the background. The winner would receive a cash prize worth $ 5,000. The government officially dissolved RTS on 31 January 1980 and transferred its assets to
3895-400: The abbreviation R (i.e. the case name at trial would be R v Smith ; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be Smith v The King ). In Western Australia and Tasmania , prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g. The State of Western Australia v Smith ). Victorian trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in
Mediacorp - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-581: The appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as our sovereign lord the king (or our sovereign lady the queen ). In reporting on court proceedings in New Zealand , news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing
4085-597: The artists had paid more. The existing charter suggested that the daily schedule would last at least four hours, with extensions depending on listener feedback. Any potential expansion was hampered purely by lack of budget. The monthly income was of $ 3,500, $ 2,500 from the licence and $ 1,000 from the Municipality. There were hopes to increase the income due to the start of sponsored programmes. Plans for shortwave broadcasting had been outlined in July 1937, despite concerns over
4180-520: The bench) governance and the civil service . The concept of the Crown as a corporation sole developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of all 15 Commonwealth realms, their various dependencies, and states in free association with them. It
4275-413: The body politic (which never dies). The Crown and the sovereign are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible [...] The office cannot exist without the office-holder". The terms the state , the Crown , the Crown in Right of [jurisdiction] , His Majesty the King in Right of [jurisdiction] , and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's legal personality is sometimes referred to simply as
4370-574: The broadcaster. In accordance with the 1975 Geneva Frequency Plan , the RTS radio stations moved their frequencies effective 23 November 1978: Since their frequencies were already spaced in the multiples of 9 kHz before the Geneva Frequency Plan, the English and Malay stations had their frequencies unchanged. The ability for RTS to grow was hampered by administrative and budgetary constraints, leading to frequent turnover in staff, and
4465-533: The closing time moved to 10:30pm) with an additional hour-long period from 10am to 11am for educational programming. Programming was still in the same mix of languages as before but content in Japanese was added. In June 1942, the Syonan station broadcast Japanese language learning classes to students, installing sets in 87 schools. During occupation, a confidential British Far Eastern Broadcasting Service (BFEBS)
4560-408: The copyright for government publications ( Crown copyright ). This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper advice and consent of his or her relevant ministers. The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative , and judicial governance. While
4655-421: The court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures. In criminal proceedings , the state is the prosecuting party; the case is usually designated (in case citation ) as R v [ defendant ] , where R can stand for either rex (if the current monarch is male) or regina (if
4750-680: The equipment used was already manufactured in Singapore. The corporation was taken over by the Straits Settlements government in 1940 as a part of the British Department of Information, subsequently nationalised and reorganised as the Malaya Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), the local counterpart to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Additional French programming was added on 16 September 1940. In order to counter German propaganda,
4845-468: The first person to appear on Singapore TV, announcing that "Tonight might well mark the start of a social and cultural revolution in our lives." The first programme aired was a documentary, TV Looks at Singapore . The pilot service would broadcast for one hour and 40 minutes nightly; at the time, it was estimated that only one in 58 Singaporeans owned a television. On 2 April 1963, Channel 5 was officially inaugurated by Yang di-Pertuan Negara Yusof Ishak ;
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#17327796681214940-549: The formal launch the previous year. Ahead of the start of the shortwave service, it was reported that it would be picked up by over 9,000 radio receivers in Malaya - combined with over 4,000 in Singapore, the number of potential listeners was going to increase threefold. The station started on 19 July 1938 under the callsign ZHP (the "P" stood for " P rogress") attracting an audience not just in Malaya, but also in Sarawak, Borneo and
5035-659: The formation of the Amateur Wireless Society of Malaya (AWSM) in April 1925, which launched shortwave transmission from a studio in the Union Building at Collyer Quay using a 100-watt transmitter lent by the Marconi Company under callsign 1SE (One Singapore Experimental). The transmissions could be received as far as Penang , albeit with atmospheric interferences at times. In 1930, Sir Earl from
5130-490: The governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council". In the Bailiwick of Jersey , statements by the law officers of the Crown define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as the Crown in Right of Jersey , with all Crown land in
5225-420: The government, a case in judicial review is brought by the Crown against a minister of the Crown on the application of a claimant . The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of R (on the application of [X]) v [Y] , notated as R ([X]) v [Y] , for short. Thus, R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting
5320-556: The hill on Thomson Road. ZHL made its first broadcast of Chinese music on 10 June 1936 as an experiment. The BMBC conducted auditions in November 1936. On 1 March 1937 at 6pm, its studios and transmitters at Caldecott Hill were officially opened by Governor of the Straits Settlements Shenton Thomas , aiming at a potential target audience of 10,000 listeners. In a move to adjust its budget, BMBC cut
5415-537: The impending launch of full-time colour broadcasts, RTS held a contest to design a new logo. After 662 submissions, the winning design by Loh Hong Liat and Lawrence Wong Heng Kwok was unveiled in August 1975. Lok designed the letters "R and T" which represent recording, while Wong designed the letter "S". Full-time colour broadcasts began on 1 November 1977. RTS radio stations began extending broadcasting hours of programmes in stereo on 3 April 1978, adding technical costs to
5510-466: The legal lexicons of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent Commonwealth realms . There are, thus, now many distinct crowns, as a legal concept, "worn by"—or many different offices of monarch occupied by—one person as sovereign (supreme monarch) of each country. However, the Crown can also mean the pan-national institution shared by all 15 Commonwealth realms. In each Commonwealth realm,
5605-634: The lives of three drug addicts. The documentary was given a Special Commendation by the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union in 1974. In January 1974, RTS bought two colour television transmitters worth $ 700,000. The old transmitters installed in 1966 would remain as standby equipment. On 2 May 1974, the two channels conducted colour test broadcasts of The Mary Tyler Moore Show , followed in July by its first live colour broadcast—the 1974 FIFA World Cup final . About 2,000 colour television sets were sold in Singapore three days before
5700-585: The local counterpart to the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK). Broadcasts under the new administration started on 13 March 1942 and broadcast over three frequencies, one in medium wave for within Singapore, another to relay output from Tokyo and a shortwave frequency aimed at the time in Australia. After repairs, broadcasts officially started on 28 March. Programming was at the outset of occupation airing daily from 7pm to 10pm (later
5795-404: The logo was set to be introduced in March. A total of 4,042 entries were received. The new logo was unveiled to the public on 18 May 1980. The winner was Laurence Wong Heng Kwok—who had previously co-designed the RTS logo. Its programming had not changed much following the relaunch, to the point that some viewers mockingly said that "SBC" stood for "Same Boring Channel", while some confusing it for
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#17327796681215890-498: The match. On 9 August, that year's Singapore National Day Parade became the first live broadcast to be produced by RTS in colour. The second phase of the pilot colour service began on 11 November 1974, with newsreels being converted to colour, but it still had to air monochrome newsreels because some of the footage available was still in black and white. The number of weekly hours given to colour programming increased from two to four on weekdays and four to six on weekends. In honour of
5985-405: The monarch is female), and the v stands for versus . For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as R v Smith and verbally read as "the Crown and Smith". The Crown is, in general, immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits . So, R is rarely (albeit sometimes ) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by
6080-400: The name of the director of public prosecutions . The Commonwealth director of public prosecutions may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g. State of Queensland or Commonwealth of Australia ) or
6175-517: The name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation HMA is used in the High Court of Justiciary for His/Her Majesty's Advocate , in place of rex or regina ; as in, HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima . Most jurisdictions in Australia use R or The King (or The Queen ) in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words The King will be spelled out, instead of using
6270-410: The new Televisyen Malaysia from Kuala Lumpur and was subsequently rebranded as sister channel "Television Malaysia (Singapura)". During its time as part of Malaysia , Singapore, like its three other partners–Sabah, Sarawak and Malaya—had its own radio network, but Singapore was the only state to have its own television network. The state's radio and television broadcast right was included as an annex in
6365-422: The new callsign ZHO , at the request of the Posts and Telegraphs Department. The extant medium wave frequency (225 metres or 1333kc) remained unchanged. In February 1939, the government started giving aid to the BMBC. The listener base was by then upgraded to 15,000 listeners: 5,000 in Singapore, a further 5,000 in the Federated Malay States, 2,000 in Penang, 1,000 in Johor and 350 in Malacca. Statistically, out of
6460-411: The number of weekly hours in late June 1937, from the initial 34 3/4 hours to 28 3/4. The Sunday schedule was cut from seven hours to four: before the revision, the daytime period ran from 11am to 1:30pm and the evening period from 5:30pm to 10pm. This was cut to 11:30am to 1:30pm for the daytime period (reducing half an hour) and 6pm to 8pm for the evening period (cutting two and a half hours). On weekdays
6555-431: The power of the monarch in right of each territory vary according to relevant laws, thus making the difference between full sovereignty, semi-sovereignty, dependency, etc. The Lords of Appeal wrote, "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom." The Crown in each of
6650-426: The quality of its reception. In its first trimester on air, the BMBC was operating at a loss, a cause of "grave concern" for the staff. Work on the shortwave BMBC station started in October 1937, aiming at a March 1938 launch date. The station was to broadcast at a frequency of 31.48 meters daytime and 49.9 meters nighttime. The programming would be the same as the existing medium wave ZHL station. In January 1938, it
6745-431: The radio service for Singapore, organised into a station each for English, Malay and Mandarin listeners, plus a blocktime slot for Tamil speakers. Shortwave broadcasts commenced on 14 February 1960, consisting of relays of extant Radio Singapore output. The frequency changed in 1961, with test transmissions in the new frequencies (7250, 6175, 6615 and 4280) were carried from mid-January. A new radio station, Siaran Istimewa ,
6840-477: The realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth." The concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system . Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by
6935-580: The reign of Henry VIII in the Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 which declared that 'this realm of England is an empire ... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same'. In William Blackstone 's 1765 Commentaries on the Laws of England , he explained that "the meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of empire and imperial , and applies them to
7030-439: The relevant jurisdiction's name. (In countries using systems of government derived from Roman civil law , the state is the equivalent concept. ) However, the terms the sovereign or monarch and the Crown , though related, have different meanings: The Crown includes both the monarch and the government. The institution and powers of the Crown are formally vested in the king, but, conventionally , its functions are exercised in
7125-398: The ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage : owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to escheat ; i.e. return to direct ownership of the Crown ( Crown land ). Bona vacantia
7220-417: The schedule ran from 6pm to 10pm, simply cutting the last quarter hour on air (before then, the station closed at 10:15pm). On Saturdays, the afternoon period remained in the 12:45pm to 2pm slot, but the evening period, starting at 6pm, now ended at 9:35pm instead of 11:15pm. This also prompted ZHL to reduce the number of artists to those able to perform without paying fees. Juvenile sessions were dropped because
7315-507: The service as intended for "men and women, so cut off by the snow, the desert, or the sea, that only voices out of the air can reach them". First hopes for the Empire Service were low. The Director General , Sir John Reith , said in the opening programme: Don't expect too much in the early days; for some time we shall transmit comparatively simple programmes, to give the best chance of intelligible reception and provide evidence as to
7410-400: The service expanded to 7:15 to 11:00 p.m. nightly. By September, its broadcast day had been lengthened to begin at 6:30 p.m. Initially, Channel 5 carried programmes in all four of Singapore's official languages . On 31 August, Channel 8 started trial broadcasts, before starting its regular service on 23 November 1963. In January 1964, Television Singapura became the state branch of
7505-522: The sovereign's name by ministers of the Crown drawn from and responsible to the elected chamber of parliament . Still, the king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the viceroys , judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians), the guardian of foster children ( Crown wards ), as well as the owner of all state lands ( Crown land ), buildings and equipment (Crown property), state-owned companies (Crown corporations or Crown entities ), and
7600-693: The state funeral of Sheares because it would "lend levity to a sad occasion". On 1 January 1982, SBC renamed its radio stations: The revamp was the result of a 1978 survey where listeners preferred entertainment programming over talk. State media Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 185822345 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:41:08 GMT British crown The Crown broadly represents
7695-416: The term the Crown , at its broadest, now means the government or the polity known as the state , while the sovereign in all realms is the living embodiment of the state, or symbolic personification of the Crown. The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and
7790-536: The type of material most suitable for the service in each zone. The programmes will neither be very interesting nor very good. In Singapore, the BBC World Service in English is essentially treated as a domestic broadcaster, easily available 24/7 through long-term agreement with British Malaya Broadcasting Corporation which expanded the array of programmes available for resident listeners. In 1933, Radio ZHI
7885-625: Was activated. The station was merely a relayer of ZHL's output, that was also heard on ZHP 1. During World War II, when the Japanese Imperial Army occupied Singapore from 1942 to 1945, the radio station on the island of Singapore was seized by the Japanese authorities and renamed Syonan Hoso Kyoku ('Light of the South' Broadcasting Corporation, 昭南放送局, known in English as the Syonan Broadcasting Station or SBS),
7980-460: Was adequate". From June 1980, SBC would start sponsoring the clock before the news on its television channels, which it anticipated could bring in an additional S$ 1 million in revenue. SBC began adapting a new format for its television news broadcasts in August 1980. The new format would feature two newscasters and more on-location reporting. SBC introduced political party broadcasts for the 1980 general election campaign on 17 December 1980, with
8075-519: Was announced in May 1961 as the nation's first multilingual radio station signing on offially on 3 June, with programming in all 4 languages airing on the 990 kc (990 kHz) band. When Singapore joined Malaysia on 16 September 1963, Radio Singapura's stations became part of Radio Malaysia and rebranded as "Radio Malaysia (Singapura)". From 2 March 1964, the Malay, Tamil and Mandarin language divisions increased their airtime. The number of radio news bulletins
8170-461: Was announced that the BMBC would cease receiving its monthly $ 1,000 grant from the municipality effective the end of February. In the year ending February 28, 1938, the BMBC was operating at a net profit of $ 275.88; compared to the loss of $ 5,368.67 The number of listeners now stood at 4,213, up from the initial figure of 2,598 - even so, the figure was relatively lower than the planned target of 10,000 in
8265-547: Was briefly broken in the early-2000s by SPH MediaWorks . In 2004, amid struggles at its two channels, SPH sold the MediaWorks subsidiary to MediaCorp in exchange for stakes in its television and publishing businesses; only its Chinese-language Channel U would continue under MediaCorp. SPH divested its stake in MediaCorp in 2017 after Today ceased print publication. The history of radio broadcasting in Singapore began with
8360-477: Was carried out by the UK to its occupied territories, briefly having its offices at Caldecott Hill. The facilities were later used as a relay station for the BBC. After the war, the British came back into power and reclaimed the radio station, with the station managed by the interim government – British Military Administration (BMA). Two separate stations were introduced from 23 December 1945. The existing service
8455-605: Was damaged by a fire on the afternoon of 16 August 1965; this did not affect Radio Singapore's broadcasts. An FM service was announced in January 1967, set to start in June or July of that year, where the four existing stations would be relayed. The experimental FM service started testing in May 1967 and upgraded to a pilot service on 23 June, with FM being ideal for Singapore's size. The service went regular on 15 July, broadcasting over five frequencies: 94.2 (Malay), 95.8 and 96.8 (Chinese), 96.8 (Tamil) and 92.4 (English). Test broadcasts of
8550-615: Was due to requests from individual communities, who demanded more programmes for them. The Chinese output gained its own station on 1 January 1951, the Green Network . Radio Malaya left the Cathay building on 4 November 1951 at closedown. The two networks increased their schedule again in January 1952. On the basis of the Radio Malaya broadcasters that moved to Kuala Lumpur in 1958, Radio Singapura took over on 4 January 1959 as
8645-540: Was established in Singapore. Radio news and information, as well as local entertainment, were aired on its stations in English and later Mandarin Chinese and Malay . In June 1947, the BBC initiated a one-year takeover plan of the BFEBS. The plan was culminated on 8 August 1948. Changes to programming led to the Blue Network adding some Chinese content on from 1 January 1949. Both networks increased their airtime. This
8740-462: Was granted the status of having the radio monopoly. The British Malaya Broadcasting Corporation ( BMBC ) was created on 12 April 1935 with a nominal capital of $ 500,000, formed on 21 July 1935 and awarded a broadcasting license by the British crown on 1 June 1936 as a radio network. The station was initially scheduled to start broadcasting in 1935, but was subsequently delayed to 1936 due to initial government uncertainties. The station broadcast from
8835-455: Was increased from 29 to 42. Shortly after Singapore reached self-government status on 3 June 1959, there were plans to obtain television transmission rights. This manifested the founding of Television Singapura on 4 April 1961. Television Singapura aired test broadcasts on channel 5 from 21 January to 15 February 1963, ahead of its first official pilot broadcast on the evening of 15 February 1963. Minister for Culture S. Rajaratnam became
8930-578: Was launched as the first professional shortwave broadcasting station in Singapore. Owned by the Radio Service Company of Malaya, it was a shortwave radio station that delivered static-free broadcasts. Radio ZHI acquired a loyal following in Singapore and abroad. Despite its success, the station closed at the end of December 1936 when its license expired because the British Malaya Broadcasting Corporation
9025-636: Was renamed Blue Network , carrying programming in English and Malay. The second service, the Red Network , carried content in Tamil, Hindustani and Chinese dialects. The Blue Network was carried on the 41,61,225 metre band and the Red Network, on the 41,61,300 metre band. On 1 April 1946, Radio Malaya Singapore and the Federation of Malaya (RMSFOM; or Radio Malaya), a short- and mediumwave service,
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