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102-618: Prime Minister of Uganda (1962–1966) 2nd President of Uganda (1966-1971) First Exile (1972–1979) Second Presidency (1980–1985) The Buganda Crisis , also called the 1966 Mengo Crisis , the Kabaka Crisis , or the 1966 Crisis , domestically, was a period of political turmoil that occurred in Buganda . It was driven by conflict between Prime Minister Milton Obote and the Kabaka of Buganda , Mutesa II , culminating in

204-465: A 1964 referendum . It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others, Buganda , Busoga , Tooro , remained banned during the regime of dictator Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985) and remained banned until 1993. In 1993 the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing

306-491: A cabinet meeting; Ibingira, Emmanuel Lumu , Balaki K. Kirya, Mathias Ngobi, and George Magezi were detained by men of the Special Forces—responsible for the security of government officials—and taken to separate locations. Historian A.B.K. Kasozi states that the meeting was organized by the cabinet in an attempt to appoint a new commission of inquiry into the gold scandal. According to Lumu and historian P. G. Okoth,

408-492: A key point in Ugandan history, saying, "It had become very clear that the military had become a central institution for solving internal political problems - and that political leaders like Obote would not shy away from using military force at whatever cost." 0°18′6″N 32°33′58″E  /  0.30167°N 32.56611°E  / 0.30167; 32.56611 Buganda Buganda's history includes unification during

510-473: A lush vegetation of which the characteristic feature is tenfoot-tall Elephant grass . Ganda villages, sometimes as large as forty to fifty homes, were generally located on hillsides, leaving hilltops and swampy lowlands uninhabited, to be used for crops or pastures. Early Ganda villages surrounded the home of a chief or headman, which provided a common meeting ground for members of the village. The chief collected tribute from his subjects, provided tribute to

612-621: A military assault upon the latter's residence that drove him into exile. In 1960, Milton Obote helped to establish a political party in Uganda, known as the Uganda People's Congress (UPC). The UPC aimed to erode the power and influence of the "Mengo Establishment", a group of traditionalist Baganda that led the sub-national kingdom of Buganda . The Mengo establishment was plagued by rivalries and infighting, but most of its members, as Protestant Christians , were united by their dislike of

714-603: A month’s supply of food, though it generally lived off the countryside. Kabaka Kamanya’s reign in the early nineteenth century was known as one of “restless warfare”. His successor Suna, carried on sixteen major military expeditions in a twenty-six- year reign. Under the Reign of Kabaka Suna II, Buganda's borders were strengthened through the perfection of an army organization which was able to field 50,000 warriors. The Katikiro (prime minister) Apollo Kaggwa speaks of wars being waged regularly every six months. The reign of Mutesa I

816-412: A new suit, but in a hearing the court affirmed the legality of the new law. The cabinet ministers remained incarcerated until Amin released them following his seizure of power in 1971. Following the crisis, Obote moved to increase his power by growing his appeal in the military through patronage , particularly through increased defence expenditure in the 1966 budget. Soldiers who had served loyally during

918-410: A period of political instability where two kings ruled in a volatile political environment. In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire Buganda region north of Lake Victoria was given to Great Britain . In 1894 Great Britain declared the region its protectorate . In alliance with Buganda , King Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro resisted the efforts of Great Britain, aiming to take control of

1020-455: A regular basis with the avoidance of haemorrhage and sepsis using antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron. The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing. From the well-developed nature of the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time. Bunyoro surgeons treated lung inflammations , Pneumonia and pleurisy by punching holes in

1122-479: A sharp sword. Banyoro surgeons had a good knowledge of anatomy, in part obtained by carrying out autopsies. Inoculation against smallpox was carried out in Bunyoro and its neighbouring kingdoms. Over 200 plants are used medicinally in eastern Bunyoro alone and recent tests have shown that traditional cures for eczema and post-measles bloody diarrhoea were more effective than western medications. Bunyoro's Medical elite,

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1224-480: A threat to his leadership of the UPC. With Obote's support, Ibingira ousted Kakonge by two votes. He used his new position to purge the party of a number of leftists. Meanwhile, Mutesa increasingly feared that the UPC would deny his kingdom its traditional autonomy and concluded that in order to retain power he would have to garner influence in national politics. He proceeded to instruct Baganda members of Parliament to join

1326-560: A wide margin to return to Bunyoro. The result of the vote bolstered Obote's support in Bunyoro and created outrage in Buganda. Baganda rioted and attacked ministers of their kingdom's government. On 9 November Michael Kintu , the Kattikiro (Prime Minister) of Buganda, resigned and was replaced by Jehoash Mayanja Nkangi . When Obote presented the necessary documents officiating the transfer of jurisdiction for Mutesa to sign as President,

1428-410: Is a patriotic fiction, one which, however, has proved extremely popular with historians. More systematic studies of oral traditions in other parts of the interlacustrine region are likely to reveal that, with the exception of Kooki and Toro, countries such as Kiziba have never been Babito subdynasties, although they were subject to sporadic raids Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, Buganda

1530-534: Is indeed very likely that the Buganda state is much more ancient than has previously been thought. Buganda began as a small kingdom in the north of Lake Victoria in what is now Busiro County. A political structure of some sort, small in scale and mainly ritual in function, may be taken to have existed in northern Busiro, where the ancient shrines are clustered, at a time far beyond the reach of historical tradition...the rituals of Ganda kingship are both too elaborate and too archaic in character to have been evolved within

1632-488: Is made up of 18 political divisions called amasaza in Luganda. These are: The explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875. At Buganda's capital, Lubaga , Stanley found a well-ordered town surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A tall cane fence surrounded the palace compound, which was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage buildings. Thronging

1734-406: Is said to have provided his soldiers were anti-malarial herbs, and even to have organized medical research. A Munyoro healer reported in 1902 that when an outbreak of what he termed sleeping sickness occurred in Bunyoro around 1886–87, causing many deaths, Kabaleega ordered him "to make experiments in the interest of science", which were "eventually successful in procuring a cure". Barkcloth , which

1836-469: Is supposed to have ruled in the region from about 400 AD until about 1300 AD. These seven clans are referred to as the Nansangwa, or the indigenous: The Abalasangeye dynasty came to power through the conquests of Kabaka of Buganda ssekabaka Kintu, which are estimated to have occurred sometime between 1200 and 1400 AD. Thirteen clans that are believed to have come with Kintu: The descendants of

1938-596: Is unknown. Being on the Equator it is warm all the year round, but as it is around 4,000 feet above sea-level it is never oppressively hot. And if climate has been kind, geology has been even kinder. Buganda is a land of small green hills, each rising some 200-400 feet above the valley floor. Many are flat-topped; for the land was once a plateau that has mostly crumbled away. As a result, the long slopes are covered with soils that are young and well supplied with plant nutrients. Deep, well structured, not easily eroded, they support

2040-619: The Basimba people (also known as Bashimba) which is a Bisa and Ambo nickname of the Clan of the leopards, the bena Ngo in Zambia, who settled at Mpogo, Sironko District , are among the Ngo Clan group that come along with Kabaka Kato Kintu in his immigration. Around 1370 AD another wave of immigration began, assisted by Kabaka Kimera , who was the son of Omulangira Kalemeera. Kabaka Kimera

2142-482: The Buvuma Islands . Buganda had a projected population of about 11,952,600 people in 2021. As of 2009, there were at least 52 recognized clans within the kingdom, with at least another four making a claim to clan status. Within this group of clans, there are four distinct sub-groups, which reflect historical waves of immigration to Buganda. The oldest clans trace their lineage to Bakiranze Kivebulaya, who

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2244-599: The Democratic Party (DP), which was dominated by Catholics . The DP won a majority in Uganda's first free national elections in 1961 , and formed a government. The UPC and traditionalist Baganda both disliked the Catholic orientation of the DP, but were diametrically opposed to each others' ideals. Despite this, the UPC gave Grace Ibingira , a conservative member of its ranks, the responsibility of making contact with

2346-527: The Great Lakes region of Africa during the 19th century reported cases of surgery in Bunyoro. Medical historians, such as Jack Davies argued in 1959 that Bunyoro's traditional healers were perhaps the most highly skilled in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, possessing a remarkable level of medical knowledge. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard". Caesarean sections and other abdominal and thoracic operations were performed on

2448-405: The Kabaka , who was the ruler of the kingdom, distributed resources among his subjects, maintained order, and reinforced social solidarity through his decision-making skills. During the late 19th century, Ganda villages became more dispersed as the role of the chiefs diminished in response to political turmoil, population migration, and occasional popular revolts. Buganda's boundaries are marked by

2550-593: The President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was officially restored in 1993. Buganda is now a traditional kingdom and so occupies a largely ceremonial role. Since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993, the King of Buganda, known as the Kabaka , has been Muwenda Mutebi II . He is recognized as the 36th Kabaka of Buganda. The current queen, known as the Nnabagereka or Kaddulubale is Queen Sylvia Nagginda . It

2652-583: The Tanzanian border in Lake Victoria (Lake Nnalubaale) to the south, the River Nile (River Kiira) to the east, Lake Kyoga to the north, Ankole to the west and River Kafu to the northwest. Buganda currently is divided into 26 districts as of 2021. These are: Ganda oral history reveals that Buganda was distinct and of at least equal antiquity to that of its historical rival, Kitara . It

2754-803: The Uganda Army . Obote had most of this effort executed by Colonel Idi Amin without the knowledge of other military leaders. There was division in the Ugandan cabinet on the policy taken towards the rebels, as it strained relations with the Congolese government and with the United States. On 16 March 1965 KY MP Daudi Ochieng lodged an accusation in Parliament that Amin, Obote, Minister of Internal Affairs Felix Onama , and Minister of Planning and Community Development Adoko Nekyon , had illegally profited off of gold, ivory, and cash originating from

2856-403: The "Bafumu", had a system of apprenticeship and even "met at periods for conferences". In Bunyoro, there was a close relationship between the state and traditional healers. Kings gave healers "land spread in the different areas so that their services would reach more people". Moreover, "in the case of a disease hitting a given area", the king would order healers into the affected district. Kabaleega

2958-585: The 13th century by the first king Kato Kintu , the founder of Buganda's Kintu Dynasty, Buganda grew to become one of the largest and most powerful states in East Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Scramble for Africa , and following unsuccessful attempts to retain its independence against British imperialism , Buganda became the center of the Uganda Protectorate in 1884;

3060-410: The 1830s, the large province of Tooro separated, claiming much of the lucrative salt works. To the south Rwanda and Ankole were both growing rapidly, taking over some of the smaller kingdoms that had been Bunyoro's vassals. Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known as Unyoro at the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still wealthy due to the income generated from controlling

3162-703: The Babiito, a people who succeeded the Bachwezi. In the Acholi language , the term "Bito" is used "generally of the sons of an aristocratic lineage". The Empaako praise names that every Munyoro is given after birth are still found in Acholi, where they are called "Pak", meaning 'praise'. Many of the mpako names are also of Luo origin. Although many Bito personal names are Luo, Bunyoro’s political terminology features only two words of Luo origin, "ekikali" and "dyangi". Some of

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3264-532: The Baganda to establish an alliance to unseat the DP. The UPC chose him for the role because he was personally acquainted with the Kabaka (King) of Buganda, Mutesa II . After several negotiations, the UPC and Baganda leaders held a conference whereupon an agreement was reached. Soon afterwards the Baganda created the Kabaka Yekka (KY), a traditionalist party that entered an alliance with the UPC. Following

3366-579: The Congo. According to Ochieng, in February 1965 Amin opened an account with the Ottoman Bank . Within 24 days, Sh. 340,000 (£17,000 sterling , equivalent to £415,758 in 2023) was deposited in the account. The government promised to investigate the matter. By September, no action had been taken, and in a closed session of Parliament Ochieng introduced a motion that would urge the government to act on

3468-518: The DP floor leader. On 24 August 1964 Obote, with the UPC having consolidated a majority in Parliament, declared that the coalition with KY was dissolved. In December 1964 Ibingira, under the cover of checking on his ranch in Ankole, traveled to the United States to raise funds to support anti- socialist causes. Upon his return, he successfully used the money to expand his following. By 1965 it

3570-570: The Kabaka, there were three types of chief: bakungu (administrative) chiefs, who were appointed directly by the Kabaka; traditional bataka chieftains; and batongole chiefs, who served as representatives of the Kabaka, charged with "maintaining internal security, supervising royal estates and military duties". The 1900 agreement, however, greatly enhanced the power of the Lukiiko (which had previously been simply an advisory council) at

3672-501: The Kingdom of Bunyoro around the turn of the 20th century with the United Kingdom's consent. Bunyoro had demanded the return of the "lost counties" before independence, but this did not occur. On 25 August 1964, Obote submitted a bill in Parliament that called for the matter to be settled through a referendum . Mutesa and Obote held opposing stances on the issue; the former wished for the territories to remain with Buganda, while

3774-494: The Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts of Buliisa District , Hoima district , Kibaale District , Kakumiro District , Kagadi District , Kiryandongo District and Masindi District . According to 1997 projections, the total population of the Kingdom is between 800,000 but there may be 1,400,000 (depending on sources) living in 250,000-350,000 households. 96% of the population lives in rural areas, and only 1% of

3876-605: The Lukiko's 20 May resolution. Many Bugandans began rebelling against the central government. Early the following morning, the army attacked the Luburi Palace. The palace was defended by 120 guards armed with Lee–Enfield rifles, three carbines, six Sterling machine guns and six automatic rifles. The army's attack was slowed by rain. Concluding that they could not win, the guards, decided to help Mutesa flee. The king and 20 guards scaled palace wall, though Mutesa injured his back in

3978-714: The Minister of Interior, and the Inspector General of Police. After discussion of the crisis, Obote declared that situation necessitated military involvement. Following the meeting, Obote telephoned Amin and requested that he report to the lodge. Once Amin arrived, Obote instructed him to launch an attack on Mutesa's palace the following day. On 23 May, the Uganda Army cordoned off the Lubiri Palace and arrested three Bugandan chiefs who had strongly supported

4080-500: The UPC with the goal of bolstering Ibingira's position and unseating Obote, thus allowing for a reorientation of the UPC-KY alliance that would be more favorable to Buganda. As his working relationship with Mutesa improved, Ibingira amassed a coalition of non-Baganda southerners, dubbed the "Bantu Group". Meanwhile Obote began appealing to DP MPs to defect and join his party in Parliament. He successfully convinced several to do so, including

4182-520: The UPC's victory in the April 1962 general elections, Obote was tasked with forming a government. He became Prime Minister of a UPC-KY coalition government. The KY held mostly insignificant portfolios, while Obote obtained control of the security services and armed forces. Ibingira was made Minister of Justice. Uganda was granted independence from the United Kingdom on 9 October 1962. In 1963 Mutesa

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4284-486: The Ugandan government in 1966. In September 2009, some members of the minority Banyala ethnic group, led by the recently retired UPDF Captain Isabanyala Baker Kimeze , announced that Bugerere had seceded from the Kingdom of Buganda. The Banyala make up 0.09% of the population of Uganda and 13% of the population of the district, Kayunga, which they claimed to be leading into secession. Because of

4386-416: The accusations. Obote assured the legislature that progress was being made in the investigation and Ochieng withdrew his motion. In January 1966 Ochieng, frustrated by the wait in the publishing of a report on the investigation, decided to reintroduce his motion urging the government to take action. On 31 January Obote met with the UPC parliamentary group in secret to explain the delays. The group decided that

4488-420: The capital to all corners of the kingdom. The importance of these rapid means of communication in what the anthropologist Audrey Richards has called a "pedestrian state", especially one whose terrain is covered with dense vegetation and contains innumerable papyrus swamps and streams, is evident. They enabled the king and his officials at the capital to maintain close political contact even with outlying parts of

4590-422: The chest until the air passed freely. Trephining was carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. Amputations were done by tying a tight ligature just above the line of amputation and neatly cutting off the limb, stretched out on a smooth log, with one stroke of

4692-410: The crew of 50 to 100). These vessels were organized into a squadron under a leader. When engaged in battle, the paddlers squatted on the sides of the canoes while the warriors stood upright holding spears and shields. In 1878, Mutesa sent a fleet to Ukerewe Island , where it helped the local ruler, Lukonge put down a rebellion. The next year, the Baganda mounted successful slave raids against Busoga and

4794-482: The crisis were rewarded for their fidelity. In 1967 he introduced a third constitution which abolished all of Uganda's traditional kingdoms. Many Baganda collectively hold Obote responsible for the 1966 Crisis. They also blame him for the disestablishment of the Buganda Kingdom and Mutesa's flight into exile. The Lubiri Palace was restored in 1993. Historian Frank Schubert posited that Obote's takeover marked

4896-591: The detention legal and denied the petition, but the East African Court of Appeal ruled that the ordinance violated a Ugandan citizen's constitutional right to freedom of movement and ordered a writ of habeas corpus to be granted. The ministers were released and then immediately rearrested outside the courthouse in Buganda under the colonial Emergency Regulations, and the government passed the Deportation Act to cover its actions. The ministers filed

4998-414: The expense of the Kabaka. While Buganda retained self-government, as one part of the larger Uganda Protectorate, it would henceforth be subject to formal British overrule. The Buganda Agreement of 1955 continued the transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy. During Uganda independence, the constitutional position of Buganda (and the degree to which it would be able to exercise self-government)

5100-491: The form of writing that developed in Bunyoro was based on a floral code, as the absence of both writing and flowers in African culture have been used by Jack Goody as evidence of African culture's separateness from that of "Eurasia." Goody has written that African peoples generally did not make significant use of flowers in worship, gift-giving or decoration. He does "not know of any indigenous use of odours", nor of plants playing

5202-601: The gold scandal allegations. On 24 February 1966, Obote announced the suspension of Mutesa from his duties as president, citing his reaction to the lost counties referendum, his ordering of troop movements without ministerial consultation, and his seeking of foreign military support. Mutesa later admitted to having "sounded out" the British high commissioner and several African ambassadors for military assistance. Mutesa also appealed to United Nations Secretary-General U Thant to intervene. On 4 March, Obote declared he would assume

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5304-473: The greatest in east africa. Bunyoro’s historical ties with Luo speakers to the north, many of whom considered Bunyoro as “home,” and with Buganda to the south secured the stability of trade in Bunyoro. The ties also ensured that “Bunyoro’s ironsmiths had a guaranteed market among the Iteso and Langi [to the northeast], peoples who did not smelt”. Having the highest quality of metallurgy in the region made it one of

5406-486: The grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages. He estimated the population of the kingdom at 2,000,000 Population estimates for Kampala, the capital of Buganda, at the time of Kabaka Mutesa, in 1862, run as high as 77,000. Wrigley thinks that Kampala was probably the largest agglomeration of population in interior Africa, and that it had certain urban characteristics by

5508-450: The headwaters of the Nile in 1862. They found a highly organized political system. Buganda was colonized by the British and made a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1884. The move towards independence reached a climax when the Lukiiko, the parliament of Buganda, declared independence on 8 October 1960 and requested that the British protectorate be terminated. While in exile, Mwanga II

5610-449: The kingdom, all of which could easily be reached by a runner within a day or two. Buganda's excellent means of communication enabled the Kabaka "to maintain active control over a territory one quarter the size of England without written communication and with no means of travel on land beyond the human foot" When John Hanning Speke visited Buganda in 1862, he described the kingdom's roads as being "as long as our coach-roads, cut through

5712-615: The kingdom. Buganda is a constitutional monarchy . The current Head of State is the Kabaka , Muwenda Mutebi II who has reigned since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993. The Head of Government is the Katikkiro (Prime Minister) Charles Mayiga , who was appointed by the Kabaka in 2013. The Parliament of Buganda is the Lukiiko . Prior to the Buganda Agreement of 1900 , Buganda was an almost absolute monarchy . Under

5814-571: The kingdom. However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the Seychelles , and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the British Empire . Because of Bunyoro's resistance to the British, a portion of the Bunyoro kingdom's territory was given to Buganda and Tooro . The country was put under the governance of Buganda administrators. The Banyoro revolted in 1907; the revolt was put down, and relations improved somewhat. After

5916-564: The lake, and outlying areas of the Kingdom along the lake shore, as well as the islands. The island chiefs had to maintain a great fleet of canoes ready for state service. The Mamba clan specialized in water transport and provided the kingdom’s overall “chief of canoes.” messages were sent by "runners of athletic renown". These messengers were called bakayungirizi and were trained from an early age in prolonged, rapid marches, moving night and day with only short breaks; king Mutesa had many in his service. The use of talking drums to spread messages

6018-530: The latter refused, declaring, "I can never give away Buganda land." Obote signed in his place, but relations between the two men were strained by the ordeal. The transfer took effect on 1 January 1965. In late 1964 the Ugandan government offered covert aid to Christophe Gbenye , who was leading a rebellion in the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , which shared a border with Uganda. This included direct military assistance from

6120-416: The latter wanted them to be returned to Bunyoro. In an attempt to sway the vote, Mutesa arranged for large numbers of his subjects to settle in the counties. Obote foiled his plan by decreeing that only persons registered in the area for the 1962 elections could participate in the referendum. Mutesa then vainly attempted to bribe the electorate. The referendum was held on 4 November 1964, and the voters chose by

6222-406: The long grasses, straight over the hills and down through the woods in the dells—a strange contrast to the wretched tracks in all the adjacent countries." water transport was very important for Buganda and greatly helped in the kingdom's expansion via its fleet of war canoes. Water transport also provided a means of political communication between the capital, which was usually sited fairly close to

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6324-589: The lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of the Indian Ocean . In particular, Bunyoro benefited from the trade in ivory . Due to the volatile nature of the ivory trade , an armed struggle developed between the Baganda and the Banyoro . As a result, the capital was moved from Masindi to the less vulnerable Mparo . Following the death of Omakuma Kyebambe III, the region experienced

6426-519: The matter into court we were certain to win our case. Obote chose to see it as an ultimatum." Obote's government viewed the resolution as an act of rebellion. When an army unit was dispatched to the Lubiri Palace to investigate an alleged weapons stockpile, Mutesa shot at the soldiers. On 22 May, Obote convened a meeting at the presidential lodge in Kampala which included the Minister of Defence,

6528-480: The matter involved sensitive information pertaining to national security, so all UPC MPs would reject Ochieng's motion to avoid an open debate in Parliament on the investigation's findings. Obote then left the capital, Kampala , to go on a tour of northern Uganda. Shortly before the session of Parliament on 4 February was convened, the cabinet hurriedly met without him. Only half of the ministers attended, and most of those present were sympathetic to Ibingira. The decision

6630-467: The meeting was called by Obote. The arrested ministers had all been parties to Ibingira's wing in the cabinet, and all had attended the 4 February meeting. Upon hearing about the arrests, Vice President William Nadiope fled to Kenya and remained there for three weeks. Though the threat posed by Ibingira to his leadership was eliminated, Obote decided to consolidate his position by deprecating his ex-rival's allies, specifically Mutesa. He announced that Mutesa

6732-459: The morgue, while the military buried uncounted numbers in mass graves. President Julius Nyerere of neighbouring Tanzania, who supported Obote and disliked Mutesa, stationed a large force at the border to prevent the Baganda from regrouping there and launching a counter-attack. Obote went before Parliament and declared "There is nothing to regret. The oneness of Uganda must be assured." While the army completely secured Kampala, unrest spread throughout

6834-549: The motion only when the debate opened—unaware that many ministers had not participated in the discussion—and followed the direction of their government. On the day following the debate, Onama placed Amin on a short leave of absence. Minister of Internal Affairs Basil Bataringaya appointed a commission to investigate the accusations. When Obote returned to Kampala on 15 February, he was unable to dissuade his ministers from proceeding with an investigation. On 22 February, Obote had five ministers of his government placed under arrest during

6936-729: The name Uganda, the Swahili term for Buganda, was adopted by British officials. Under British rule, many Baganda acquired status as colonial administrators, and Buganda became a major producer of cotton and coffee . Following Uganda's independence in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Uganda's first Prime Minister Dr Apollo Milton Obote in 1966, declaring Uganda a republic. Following years of disturbance caused by Obote and dictator Field Marshall Idi Amin Dada , as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa ,

7038-569: The new regime sued for their release. Sir Egbert Udo Udoma , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , granted it to them in his decision for Uganda v Commissioner of Prisons, Ex Parte Matovu . When the Bugandan government petitioned the court to declare Obote's actions invalid, Udoma ruled that Obote had orchestrated a coup which, according to international law , was a legitimate means of assuming power. He thus declared that Obote's government

7140-462: The objects which make up the regalia of the Nyoro kings can be identified with artefacts of Nilotic origin. The early Bito kings surpassed the feats of their Chwezi forefathers and achieved regional pre-eminence. Recent historical studies by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Henri Médard and Christopher Wrigley have concluded that Bunyoro during the first one or two centuries of Bito rule was the greatest power in

7242-625: The past few centuries. Ganda oral history has no mention of the Chwezi and According to the historian Christopher Wrigley, "It is unlikely that Buganda was fully integrated into the system that was probably not called Kitara . Its language is distinct from ' Rutara ', and the directors of the Ntusi and Biggo systems would not have had much interest in a land that was not really suited to cattle-rearing". Some traditions from Buganda's historical enemy Bunyoro claim (likely propaganda in order to increase

7344-772: The population uses electricity for lighting and cooking. More than 92% of the population is poor, and earned less than half that of the Ugandan national average, and about 50% of the population is illiterate. In describing the Kingdom of Bunyoro, Samuel Baker states that the people of Bunyoro "have become the most advanced nation in Central Africa; they are well clothed and clean in their persons, courteous and dignified in demeanour, and susceptible of enlarged political organization.” Bunyoro consists of 3 classes of people, Iru, Huma and Bito. Iru are commoners who engage in farming and some cattle rearing. The Huma are those engaged only in pastoralism. The name "Bahuma" comes from

7446-455: The powers of the presidency. On 15 April, he proposed a new national constitution. The Lukiiko passed a resolution on 20 May demanding that Uganda's national government leave Buganda within the next ten days owing to its lack of compliance with the original constitution. Mutesa later wrote of the resolution, "We did not for a moment expect them to leave. The purpose was to bring a case against them for remaining, for we felt that if we could get

7548-639: The prestige of their own state) that their "first Bito first king allotted Buganda to his son" or supposed twin brother. The kings of Buganda do not claim to be Bito and the Ganda do not use the Luo Empaako names. The Baganda regarded the Banyoro as "inferior Foreigners". studies of the oral traditions of, for instance, Buganda strongly suggest that the Kinyoro claim that Buganda was once a Babito subdynasty

7650-617: The process. The king's brother, Prince Alexander David Ssimbwa was captured at the palace and tortured by the Ugandad Army. Mutesa then hailed a passing taxi cab. The driver took him to the Rubaga Cathedral , where the priests (among them Emmanuel Wamala and Emmanuel Nsubuga ) were having breakfast. After he explained what had happened, they gave him clerical robes and arranged for a driver to take him to Busiro County. Volunteers carried over 200 bodies of fallen Baganda to

7752-474: The region remained loyal to Great Britain in World War I a new agreement was made in 1933 giving the region more autonomy. Bunyoro remains as one of the five constituent kingdoms of Uganda , along with Buganda , Busoga , Rwenzururu , and Tooro . During the first regime of Milton Obote , the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two "lost counties" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following

7854-510: The region. Bito princes established themselves in the kingdom of Kiziba (in northern kagera), the northern Busoga kingdoms and west of the Rwenzoris. As far away as Buzinza, kings claimed to have their origins in Bunyoro. Bunyoro began to decline in the late eighteenth century due to internal divisions. Buganda seized the Kooki and Buddu regions from Bunyoro at the end of the century. In

7956-546: The rest of Buganda. The central government issued an emergency decree and dispatched the army throughout the kingdom to restore order. Violence subsided over the following days. Within a few days, the Kabaka and two of his bodyguards were able to cross the border to Burundi and exile. After brief stays in Nairobi and Addis Ababa he was given asylum in the United Kingdom where he stayed until his death, under mysterious circumstances, in 1969. Various Baganda chiefs, members of

8058-407: The resulting tensions, the government of Uganda prevented the Kabaka of Buganda from traveling to Bugerere, leading to riots in the capital Kampala and its neighboring districts. Thirty were killed in what came to be known as the Buganda riots. On July 31, 2023, Buganda unveiled portraits of its former Kings (bassekabaka) based on oral narrations and written histories dating back to the founding of

8160-488: The royal family and others thought loyal to the Kabaka, were imprisoned. The Lubiri Palace was almost completely destroyed in the course of the fighting and the looting which followed. Historic artifacts and royal regalia were stolen and destroyed, including the Mujaguzo drums. This desecration caused immense psychological suffering for many Baganda who regarded the event as an apocalypse. Kabaka Mutesa II died in exile, but

8262-451: The speech in which he presented the motion, Ochieng also accused Obote, Onama, and Minister of Planning and Community Development Adoko Nekyon of being complicit in Amin's alleged activities. During the intense debate that followed, Foreign Minister Sam Odaka , referencing previous dubious corruption allegations made by Ochieng, accused Ochieng of abusing his parliamentary immunity to attack

8364-469: The standing of government ministers and failing to reinforce his claims with adequate evidence. Parliament passed the resolution with a single dissenting vote from Kakonge. Kakonge stated that the sudden reversal of the UPC parliamentary group's decision by the cabinet was unusual and must have been the product of a careful strategy. The rest of the UPC MPs had been informed of the cabinet's decision to accept

8466-456: The state as many have done so in historical times. Samuel Baker praised the manufactures of Bunyoro artisians, saying that the banyoro "make good earthenware, they sew with needles of their own make, the eye of the needles being simply a fine end overlapped; their smiths are clever and use hammers instead of stones as in neighbouring countries and they draw fine brass and copper wire for ornamenting belts, knife handles". European travelers in

8568-472: The strongest economic and military powers in the Great Lakes region. Bunyoro had a well mantained road system. Henry Colvile was able to move his army along well maintained roads and across carefully bridged streams. John Roscoe , a missionary, also picked up on Bunyoro’s network of roads. The people of Bunyoro developed a form of writing based on a floral code It is especially interesting that

8670-410: The time Mutesa had ascended the throne Kampala, the capital, was the heart of the Ganda state and the center of the redistributive network that encompassed it. As a rule, Ganda roads were remarkably straight, cutting over the crests of hills and through valleys, forests, swamps and rivers. Early visitors to Buganda describe the well-planned and carefully maintained system of roads, which radiated from

8772-543: The verb "okuhuma" which literally means the cacophony of sound made by a herd of cattle on the move, lowing, thudding of hooves and cries of herdsmen. The Bito are The royal clan originally descended from the Bachwezi and the Luo. Unlike in other kingdoms to the south, intermarriage between the Iru and Huma (Hima) in Bunyoro was never prohibited. It has always been possible for Bunyoro of Iru (commoner) origin to rise to high position in

8874-561: Was a major issue. Discussions as part of the Uganda Relationships Commission resulted in the Buganda Agreement of 1961 and the first Constitution of Uganda (1962), as part of which Buganda would be able to exercise a high degree of autonomy. This position was reversed during 1966–67, however, before the Kabakaship and Lukiiko were disestablished altogether in 1967 before being restored in 1993. Buganda

8976-614: Was a rich country, the most favoured part of the Lakeland, which is the most favoured part of Africa. Thanks to the great inland sea that the Ganda call Nalubaale, 'Mother of the gods', it enjoys a very reliable supply of rain. There are two official seasons of precipitation, the long rains from March through June and the shorter but fiercer rains, often accompanied by thunderstorms of extraordinary violence, in October-November; but few months are wholly rainless and prolonged drought

9078-539: Was allowed to be buried in Buganda by a new president, Idi Amin. Amin promoted the narrative of a Muslim boy from the poor outskirts of the country taking on the Christian leader of Uganda's dominant tribe. The mystique of this action granted him greater legitimacy at least in some sub-populations. The crisis led to lawsuits being brought against Obote's government. Members of the Mengo establishment that were jailed by

9180-482: Was an expanding, "embryonic empire". It built fleets of war canoes from the 1840s to take control of Lake Victoria and the surrounding regions and subjugated several weaker peoples. These subject peoples were then exploited for cheap labor. The first Europeans to enter the Kingdom of Buganda were British explorers John Hanning Speke and Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton while searching for

9282-428: Was apparent that the UPC had divided into an Ibingira-led wing and an Obote-led wing. When Ibingira attempted to convene a UPC conference in his capacity as party secretary general, the police shut it down. The 1962 constitution granted Buganda a federal autonomy, but it did not provide a resolution to a territorial dispute surrounding the counties of Buyaga and Bugangaizi. The two regions had been annexed by Buganda from

9384-637: Was born in Kibulala , and returned to Buganda with Jjumba of the Nkima clan and other Buganda elders. These eleven clans are: The largest city in Buganda is Kampala. Others include Masaka City, Entebbe , Nansana , Kira , Makindye-Ssabagabo , Njeru and Mukono. Bunyoro in Uganda  (pink) Bunyoro , also called Bunyoro-Kitara , is a traditional Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda . It

9486-435: Was elected President of Uganda, a largely ceremonial post. Obote supported his election with the intention of appeasing the Baganda population. In 1964 Ibingira initiated a struggle to gain control of the UPC with the ultimate goal of deposing Obote from the party presidency. At a party conference in April he challenged the left-leaning John Kakonge for the secretariat-general of the UPC. He convinced Obote that Kakonge posed

9588-425: Was involved in a military coup plot to overthrow his government. On 23 February he moved Opolot to the position of Chief of Defence Staff, and Amin was made Chief of Army and Air Force Staff. Officers loyal to Opolot were moved to more marginal positions while those with connections to Obote were transferred to more politically advantageous positions. Obote also appointed three judges to his own commission to investigate

9690-476: Was legal and that the new constitution was in force. The former cabinet ministers that had been arrested were transferred to Karamoja as per a colonial law, the Deportation Ordinance, that allowed for the detention and removal of "undesirable" persons. They subsequently petitioned the courts for a writ of habeas corpus . In Grace Ibingira & Others v Uganda , a Uganda High Court judge found

9792-516: Was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King ( Omukama ) of Bunyoro-Kitara. The current ruler is Solomon Iguru I , the 27th Omukama . The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of the Empire of Kitara . The founders of Bunyoro-Kitara were known as

9894-476: Was received into the Anglican Church and was baptized with the name of Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, at 35 years of age. In 2010 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. On 24 July 1993, the monarchy of Buganda was restored when Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was crowned king. Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was the son of King 'Freddy', who had been deposed by

9996-413: Was soon thereafter tabled in Parliament and debated by its members. It read as follows: That this House do urge Government to suspend from duty Col Idi Amin of the Uganda Army forthwith pending conclusion of police investigations into the allegations regarding his bank account which should then be passed on to the appropriate public authority whose final decision on the matter shall be made public. During

10098-476: Was the zenith of Ganda military power. Under Mutesa, there were sixty-six wars in twenty-eight years. In the 1890s, raiding parties of up to 20,000 Baganda were mobilized to plunder the rival kingdom of Bunyoro. The explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875 and provided an estimate of Buganda troop strength. Stanley counted 125,000 troops and a fleet of war canoes. Baganda war canoes could carry 60 to 100 warriors (not including

10200-550: Was then made that all UPC MPs should support the resolution. According to lawyer and intelligence officer Akena Adoko , the meeting and decision was taken at Ibingira's initiative on advice from Mutesa, who reportedly told him, "Let us join forces right now. Obote and ministers loyal to him are all out, you are the Cabinet boss, let Cabinet meet now and reverse the decision not to support my motion. This has given me much pains. You and I can do wonders working together." Ochieng's motion

10302-898: Was used to bandage wounds, has been proven to be antimicrobial. Bunyoro drew various communities together in trade. This trade heavily depended on Bunyoro's rich salt deposits in the lucrative Kibiro saltworks of Lake Mwitanzige and the saltworks located in Lake Katwe . Bunyoro’s markets fostered complex interactions between the Banyoro and regional groups such as the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Kumam Iteso, Basoga, Banyankore, Congolese, and Haya populations, and, further, witnessed brisk trade not only in iron implements, salt, and ivory, but also in items like cattle, foodstuffs, beer, tobacco, and coffee. Even despite their bitter rivalry, Bunyoro traded iron hoes and salt with Buganda in exchange for Barkcloth and Bananas Bunyoro blacksmiths were regarded as among

10404-428: Was widespread in Buganda. Buganda was described as a "warefare state", with warefare being "the main activity which dominated the lives of most male Ganda". The Baganda army consisted of district levies and each was headed by a royal-appointed chief or governor and remained the basic unit of military organization. All districts were expected to provide soldiers when called by the king. An army usually carried at least

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