Marduk-apla-iddina I , contemporarily written in cuneiform as 𒀭𒀫𒌓𒌉𒍑𒋧𒈾 ᵈ AMAR.UTU-IBILA-SUM -na and meaning in Akkadian : " Marduk has given an heir", was the 34th Kassite king of Babylon c. 1171–1159 BC ( short chronology ). He was the son and successor of Meli-Shipak II , from whom he had previously received lands , as recorded on a kudurru , and he reigned for 13 years. His reign is contemporary with the Late Bronze Age collapse . He is sometime referred to as Merodach-Baladan I.
36-450: (Redirected from Merodach-baladan ) Marduk-apla-iddina or Merodach-Baladan may refer to: Marduk-apla-iddina I , king of Babylon ca. 1171–1159 BC Marduk-apla-iddina II (died 702 BC), Babylonian king [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
72-402: A divine curse, “May Nabû, Nanaya and Tašmētum, lords of the decrees and decisions, surround him with evil and search him out for misfortune.” The continuity of the reign with those earlier in the dynasty is evident in a kudurru providing confirmation of an earlier land grant by Adad-šuma-uṣur and a copy of a kudurru from the reign of Nazi-Maruttaš , the original of which was destroyed when
108-460: A message of/about my life, but if I am dead, the message of/about my death [will be sent to you(?)]”, “one hundred years, my brother[...” and “you have loved me with all your heart.” Tukulti-Ninurta, who “carried criminal designs against Babylon,” was succeeded by his son and possible assassin Aššur-nadin-apli , but whose brief reign was succeeded in turn by his son, Aššur-nirari III . He was
144-548: A wall collapsed on it. Kudurrus were also used to record legal settlements, and two examples include a lawsuit concerning land in Ḫudadu (Baghdad?) province, on the Elamite border east of the Tigris from his accession year, and one recording legal actions over a field. Around eighteen kudurrus could be assigned to his reign based upon the art-history of their iconography. The following lists those which actually identify him as
180-622: A “ son of a nobody , whose name is not mentioned” exploited the chance to enthrone himself in Babylon, so a revolt was propagated and Adad-šuma-uṣur took the city and his place in the Kassite dynastic list. The events were captured for posterity in the Adad-šuma-uṣur Epic , a late Babylonian historical literary work where a rebellion of officers and nobles is caused by the neglect of Marduk and Babylon. The penitent king confesses his sins to
216-400: Is a characteristic trait of this tablet that concurrent kings and dynasties are presented successively as if one followed another. A late copy of an inscription on a bronze statue from Ur, begins “When Anu and Enlil looked with steady favour on Adad-šuma-uṣur, the shepherd who pleased their heart, at that time Marduk , the great lord, named his name as ruler of (all) land[s],” supporting
252-421: Is best known for his rude letter to Aššur-nirari III , the most complete part of which is quoted below, and was enthroned following a revolt in the south of Mesopotamia when the north was still occupied by the forces of Assyria , and he may not have assumed authority throughout the country until around the 25th year of his 30-year reign, although the exact sequence of events and chronology remains disputed. There
288-1552: Is known about this period. ( Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi ( Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon
324-471: Is neither sense nor reason in your heads. Since the great [gods] have driven you mad you speak [...]. Your faces [.....with] iniquitous and criminal counsel The Ilī-ḫaddâ mentioned is Ilī-padā, the viceroy of Hanigalbat , Ashur-nirari's distant relative (sharing a common ancestor in Eriba-Adad I ), and father of the later Assyrian king, Ninurta-apal-Ekur . He had been the eponymous official ( limmu ) for
360-475: Is surprisingly little contemporary evidence for this king considering the purported length of his reign, which was the longest recorded in the Kassite dynasty. The tablet known as King List A shows him following Adad-šuma-iddina and his predecessor-but-one, Enlil-nadin-šumi , but in Chronicle P he makes his appearance in the narrative before them. Brinkman argues that this is for stylistic purposes but
396-480: The Walker Chronicle suggests a simpler explanation. Adad-šuma-uṣur was elevated to the position of king in the south of the country years before he conquered Babylon and made himself its king. The early part of his reign may well have been concurrent with that of the three kings preceding him on King List A , but it is quite probable that he followed them in ascending the throne of the city of Babylon. It
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#1732772917167432-555: The Babylonian throne after their reigns. Others place his rule before them, or propose the first two ruled in the two-year period between Tukulti-Ninurta's two campaigns. Walker suggest that after them, it seems likely that Tukulti-Ninurta's successors appointed governors over Babylon until they fled in the face of Adad-šuma-uṣur's triumph over the Assyrian king Enlil-kudurri-usur fifteen years or so after Tukulti-Ninurta died at
468-780: The Elder Siamun Psusennes II Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef ( Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Adad-shuma-usur Adad-šuma-uṣur , inscribed IM-MU-ŠEŠ , meaning "O Adad, protect
504-562: The Foroughi Collection is inscribed with his filiation to this king, and this claim may have helped reinforce his legitimacy. It reads: ša IŠKUR-MU-URÙ, LUGAL KIŠ, DUMU Kaš-til-ia-šu , LUGAL KÁ .DINGIR.RA , “(property) of Adad-šuma-uṣur, king of the world, son of Kaštiliašu, king of Babylon.” Tukulti-Ninurta wrote a letter to the Hittite king, thought to be Suppiluliuma II , four fragments of which were discovered at
540-558: The Kassite elders demanding the right to the Babylonian throne through blood, describes Adad-šuma-uṣur as “son of Dunna-Sah, from the region by the bank of the Euphrates”, in his criticism of their choice of regent. Unfortunately the Tukulti-Ninurta tablet is fragmentary and the text barely readable so a variety of restorations are possible. The letter ends with a plea for military aid and a moving, “If I am alive, [I will send(?)]
576-654: The Market Prices references his 21st year, but neither king with this name ruled longer than 13 years. Like his two predecessors, some of the economic texts show a curious double-dating formula which has yet to be satisfactorily explained. The Synchronistic King List gives his Assyrian contemporary as Ninurta-apal-Ekur , which is unlikely as he is also shown against the earlier two Kassite kings, despite his short reign. Several inscribed kudurrus , or boundary stones, survive which document large donations of land and tax exemptions during his reign. Marduk-zākir-šumi,
612-593: The burnt ruins of the Tell-el-Abyad quarter which marked the later Elamite destruction of the city, are dated in the first two years of his reign. These include lists of garments received or distributed for the New Year, or akitu , festival and indicate a normal economic relationship with Babylonia's western and eastern neighbors, the Subarians and Elamites respectively, whose singers apparently entertained
648-451: The bēl pīḫati, or provincial governor, was the beneficiary of a piece of land as a perquisite from the king. He was son of Nabû-nadin-aḫe, grandson of Rimeni-Marduk, great grandson of Uballissu-Marduk , who had been šatammu , or an official under Kurigalzu II ’s regime and descendant of Arad-Ea, um-mi-a-niğ 2 -kas 7 , scholar of accounting. His responsibilities included inspector of temple and land and controller of forced labor . One of
684-490: The cause of his demise, or whether they followed a succession crisis in which Zababa-šuma-iddina , an individual whose relationship with Marduk-apla-iddina is unknown, attempted to succeed him to the kingship, has yet to be determined. The Prophecy A text may portray him in the figure of the 4th king, whose 13-year reign ends with an Elamite attack on Akkad, the booty of Akkad taken away, confusion, social disorder, usurpation and famine, events which seem to mirror much of what
720-429: The extant tablets have provenance from excavation at Ur . The earliest of these is dated to his 3rd year and records that Šamaš-zēra-šubši had inspected and “plucked” 103 sheep. Much of the remainder concern cattle, their sale and the legal actions taken to secure recompense for their theft. The determination of innocence or guilt was often arbitrated by “river ordeal,” a process still poorly understood. In two documents,
756-453: The god and restores his temple, Esagila . The end of Enlil-kudurri-usur's reign is dated 1193 or 1183 depending on uncertainty about the duration of his successor's, Ninurta-apal-Ekur ’s, rule, three or thirteen years. As a son of Ilī-padā, Ninurta-apal-Ekur had exploited Enlil-kudurri-usur’s demise to seize power in Aššur . He had “(come) up from Karduniaš", where he may conceivably have been
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#1732772917167792-505: The hand of assassins in his eponymous city. Adad-šuma-uṣur had been “put on his father’s throne” by a rebellion against Tukulti-Ninurta among the Akkadian officers. Most of the contemporary economic texts dated to his reign come from Ur , suggesting the location of his investiture. The identity of his father is never explicitly stated in the chronicle but it was assumed in antiquity to have been Kaštiliašu IV . A Luristan bronze dagger in
828-452: The judge was Adad-šuma-uṣur, the šakkanakku , “appointee, governor,” a role similarly adopted by his predecessor Šagarakti-Šuriaš and two other texts feature the same group of miscreants, Abu-ṭābu, Zēru-kīnu and Sîn-pūtu, suspects in three separate cases of cattle rustling. The cities of Nippur, Dur , Isin and Marad had been sacked by the marauding Elamites under their king, Kidin-Hutran III, and two of these, Nippur and Isin were
864-515: The last Assyrian governor of Babylon, as his brother, Mardukīia, was governor of Katmuḫi. The length of his reign does rather crucially determine the likely date range for the beginning of Adad-šuma-uṣur's thirty-year reign, because there is no datable event that takes place at the beginning, such as the passing of a preceding monarch. The interregnum between Babylon's fall to Tukulti-Ninurta and its conquering by Adad-šuma-uṣur had been at least twenty two years and perhaps even more than thirty years. He
900-575: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marduk-apla-iddina&oldid=932980422 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Marduk-apla-iddina I He claimed, like his father, descent from Kurigalzu and evidently kept court in Dūr-Kurigalzu itself because tablets found in
936-473: The monarch in their texts. Also dated to his reign is the stone copy of the Nazimaruttaš kudurru stone . The events at the end of his reign are uncertain, but it is clear from later sources that it ended dramatically, when Elamite troops led by Shutruk-Nahhunte , who had married a sister of Marduk-apla-iddina, invaded Babylonia and sacked several cities, including the capital. Whether these events were
972-411: The name!," and dated very tentatively c. 1216–1187 BC ( short chronology ), was the 32nd king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon and the country contemporarily known as Karduniaš . His name was wholly Babylonian and not uncommon, as for example the later Assyrian King Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) had a personal exorcist, or ašipu , with the same name who was unlikely to have been related. He
1008-405: The recipient of an extremely offensive letter from Adad-šuma-uṣur, which he addressed to “the Assyrian kings,” putting Aššur-nirari on an equal footing with his subordinate for added insult, a fragment of which has fortuitously survived: [The god Ash]ur to Aššur-nirari and Ilī-ḫaddâ [...through] slovenliness, drunkenness, and indecisiveness, things have taken a turn for the worse for you. Now there
1044-525: The royal household. Documents surviving from his reign date only as late as his sixth year and include his repair of the E-zida temple at Borsippa , where he credited the god Enlil with raising him to kingship despite recording this in an inscription wholly dedicated to Marduk. There is evidence of thriving commerce in woolen garments with Assyrian traders, and numerous royal land grants in northern and especially northeastern Babylonia. The Chronicle of
1080-469: The second one, perhaps around 1225 BC. He had taken the Babylonian kingship and then ruled there probably through governors, for seven years. There is an economic text from Nippur dated to his accession year. When exactly the three native kings, Enlil-nādin-šumi, Kadašman-Ḫarbe II and Adad-šuma-iddina succeeded one another is still uncertain, but their short reigns totalled around nine years. Yamada, for example, argues that Tukulti-Ninurta only ascended
1116-473: The site of excavations of Ḫattuša in the 1930s. It was dated to the limmu year of Ilī-padâ , in the latter part of Tukulti-Ninurta's reign. In it, he recaps the genealogy of the recent Kassite dynasty, mentioning Kurigalzu II , Kadašman-Enlil II and Kudur-Enlil then apparently castigating Šagarakti-Šuriaš, the “non-son of Kudur-Enlil”, and his sons, one of whom, Kaštiliašu, had provoked the war by his dastardly pre-emptive strike against Assyria. In one place,
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1152-443: The sons of Šagarakti-Šuriaš have been killed, almost certainly by none other than Tukulti-Ninurta himself. He then makes reference to a “servant of Suhi ”, where Suhu is a region of northeast Syria, and Itamar Singer proposes this individual to be Adad-šuma-uṣur, the implication being he was a foreigner, not of the royal stock and consequently unqualified for office. A letter from an Elamite king, thought to be Shutruk-Nahhunte, to
1188-656: The subjects of construction work by Adad-šuma-uṣur. Bricks from Isin were excavated in 1975/76 with a Sumerian inscription recording his work on the Egalmaḫ and also earlier from Nippur recording work on the Ekur (example text pictured). He had been credited with rebuilding the walls of Nippur in the Walker Chronicle. Tukulti-Ninurta I , the king of Assyria, had captured Adad-šuma-uṣur's predecessor, Kaštiliašu IV , on one of his two campaigns and conquered Babylon during
1224-558: The theory that he reigned in Uruk and Nippur before being appointed by Marduk in Babylon. The brevity of his reign over Babylon proper also explains the minimal contemporary inscriptions found. Only sixteen dated economic or legal texts attest to his reign, with just two of them from Babylon, bearing the curious double-dating formula adopted by Adad-šuma-uṣur and his immediate successors. These are inscribed 7 KAM 3 KAM and 9 KAM 3 KAM, speculated to represent his 27th and 29th years. Twelve of
1260-399: The witnesses was Nabû-šakin-šumi, also described as “son of” Arad-Ea. Another stele records that Ina-Esağila-zēra-ibni, “son of” Arad-Ea, measured a field, after replacing the previous land surveyor. The symbol of the stylus, representing the god of writing and wisdom, Nabû, makes its first appearance on one of his kudurrus. A kudurru comes with an unusual trinity of gods in its invocation of
1296-779: The year in which Tukulti-Ninurta's letter was sent to the Hittite king. The letter was carefully copied and preserved in the library at Nineveh. Grayson speculates it was kept to “goad” the Assyrians to vengeance. Ashur-nirari's rule proved to be fairly transitory and he was probably swept aside by his uncle, Enlil-kudurri-usur , another son of Tukulti-Ninurta. Adad-šuma-uṣur “muster]ed [his army] and attacked and defeated him” and then [...The officers of Assyria] seized [Enlil-kudu]r-usur their lord and gave (him) to Adad-šuma-uṣur. ...the peop]le of Karduniash who had fled to Assyria ...they gave [to Adad-šu]ma-uṣur. Following this famous victory,
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