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78-592: The Akkadian nabû means "announcer" or "authorised person", derived from the Semitic root n-b-y or nbʾ . It is cognate with Classical Syriac : ܢܒܝܐ , romanized:  nəḇiyyā , Arabic : نبي , romanized :  nabiyy , and Hebrew : נביא , romanized :  nāḇi , all meaning ' prophet '. Nabu was worshiped by the Babylonians and the Assyrians. Nabu gained prominence among

156-492: A change in Proto-Semitic language structure concomitant with the transition to agriculture . In particular, monosyllabic biconsonantal names are associated with a pre- Natufian cultural background, i.e., older than c.  14500 BCE . As we have no texts from any Semitic language older than c.  3500 BCE , reconstructions of Proto-Semitic are inferred from these more recent Semitic texts. A quadriliteral

234-565: A charm on Argus's eyes with the caduceus to cause the giant to sleep, after which he slew the giant with a harpe . The eyes were then put into the tail of the peacock , a symbol of the goddess Hera. Hermes was called Cyllenian ( Greek : Κυλλήνιος ), because according to some myths he was born at the Mount Cyllene , and nursed by the Oread nymph Cyllene . In ancient Greek culture, kriophoros ( Greek : κριοφόρος ) or criophorus ,

312-585: A collection, these works are referred to as the Hermetica . Though worship of Hermes had been almost fully suppressed in the Roman Empire following the Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I in the 4th century AD, Hermes continued to be recognized as a mystical or prophetic figure, though a mortal one, by Christian scholars. Early medieval Christians such as Augustine believed that

390-447: A euhemerised Hermes Trismegistus had been an ancient pagan prophet who predicted the emergence of Christianity in his writings. Some Christian philosophers in the medieval and Renaissance periods believed in the existence of a " prisca theologia ", a single thread of true theology that could be found uniting all religions. Christian philosophers used Hermetic writings and other ancient philosophical literature to support their belief in

468-566: A god associated with the Athenian empire and its expansion, and of democracy itself, as well as all of those closely associated with it, from the sailors in the navy, to the merchants who drove the economy. A section of the agora in Athens became known as the Hermai, because it was filled with a large number of herms, placed there as votive offerings by merchants and others who wished to commemorate

546-607: A letter sent by the priest Petosiris to King Nechopso, probably written in Alexandria c. 150 BC, stating that Hermes is the teacher of all secret wisdoms, which are accessible by the experience of religious ecstasy. An epithet of Thoth found in the temple at Esna , "Thoth the great, the great, the great", became applied to Hermes beginning in at least 172 BC. This lent Hermes one of his most famous later titles, Hermes Trismegistus (Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος), "thrice-greatest Hermes". The figure of Hermes Trismegistus would later absorb

624-526: A mediator and messenger who moves between worlds. Mercury became one of the most popular Roman gods, as attested by the numerous shrines and depictions in artwork found in Pompeii . In art, the Roman Mercury continued the style of depictions found in earlier representations of both Hermes and Turms, a young, beardless god with winged shoes or hat, carrying the caduceus. His role as a god of boundaries,

702-492: A mediator between celestial and chthonic realms, as well as the one who facilitates interactions between mortals and the divine, often being depicted on libation vessels. Due to his mobility and his liminal nature, mediating between opposites (such as merchant/customer ), he was considered the god of commerce and social intercourse, the wealth brought in business, especially sudden or unexpected enrichment, travel, roads and crossroads, borders and boundary conditions or transient,

780-623: A messenger, and a psychopomp also remained unchanged following his adoption into the Roman religion (these attributes were also similar to those in the Etruscan's worship of Turms). The Romans identified the Germanic god Odin with Mercury, and there is evidence that Germanic peoples who had contact with Roman culture also accepted this identification. Odin and Mercury/Hermes share several attributes in common. For example, both are depicted carrying

858-594: A personal success in commerce or other public affair. The Hermai was probably destroyed in the Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87–86 BC) . There was a popular, now lost play by the tragedian Astydamas with Hermes as the primary subject. As Greek culture and influence spread following the conquests of Alexander the Great , a period of syncretism or interpretatio graeca saw many traditional Greek deities identified with foreign counterparts. In Ptolemaic Egypt , for example,

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936-473: A previous association of a more Odin-like Celtic god as the "Celtic Mercurius". A further Roman Imperial-era syncretism came in the form of Hermanubis , the result of the identification of Hermes with the Egyptian god of the dead, Anubis . Hermes and Anubis were both psychopomps the primary attribute leading to their conflation as the same god. Hermanubis depicted with a human body and a jackal head, holding

1014-591: A quadriliteral root is actually a reduplication of a two-consonant sequence. So in Hebrew דגדג ‎ digdeg / Arabic دغدغ ‎ daġdaġa means "he tickled", and in Arabic زلزل ‎ zalzala means "he shook". Generally, only a subset of the verb derivations formed from triliteral roots are allowed with quadriliteral roots. For example, in Hebrew, the Piʿel, Puʿal, and Hiṯpaʿel , and in Arabic, forms similar to

1092-544: A role of mediator between the worlds of the visible and invisible. According to a theory that has received considerable scholarly acceptance, Hermes originated as a form of the god Pan , who has been identified as a reflex of the Proto-Indo-European pastoral god * Péh 2 usōn , in his aspect as the god of boundary markers . The PIE root * peh 2 "protect" also shows up in Latin pastor "shepherd" (whence

1170-536: A sceptre. A similar-appearing but distinct symbol is the Rod of Asclepius , associated with the patron of medicine and son of Apollo , Asclepius , which bears only one snake. The Rod of Asclepius , occasionally conflated with the caduceus in modern times, is used by most Western physicians as a badge of their profession. After the Renaissance, the caduceus also appeared in the heraldic crests of several, and currently

1248-507: A sequence of two consonants (a relaxation of the situation in early Semitic, where only one consonant was allowed), which has opened the door for a very small set of loan words to manifest apparent five root-consonant forms, such as טלגרף ‎ tilgref "he telegraphed". However, -lgr- always appears as an indivisible cluster in the derivation of this verb and so the five root-consonant forms do not display any fundamentally different morphological patterns from four root-consonant forms (and

1326-484: A staff and wearing a wide-brimmed hat, and both are travelers or wanderers. However, the reasons for this interpretation appear to go beyond superficial similarities: Both gods are connected to the dead (Mercury as psychopomp and Odin as lord of the dead in Valhalla ), both were connected to eloquent speech, and both were associated with secret knowledge. The identification of Odin as Mercury was probably also influenced by

1404-423: A stone to the pile. In the 6th century BC, Hipparchus , the son of Pisistratus , replaced the cairns that marked the midway point between each village deme at the central agora of Athens with a square or rectangular pillar of stone or bronze topped by a bust of a bearded Hermes. An erect phallus rose from the base. In the more primitive Mount Kyllini or Cyllenian herms, the standing stone or wooden pillar

1482-439: A strong wind'. The conjugation of this small class of verb roots is explained by Wolf Leslau . Unlike the Hebrew examples, these roots conjugate in a manner more like regular verbs, producing no indivisible clusters. Hermes This is an accepted version of this page Hermes ( / ˈ h ɜːr m iː z / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἑρμῆς ) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology considered

1560-645: A teenager. As a patron of the gym and fighting , Hermes had statues in gyms and he was also worshiped in the sanctuary of the Twelve Gods in Olympia where Greeks celebrated the Olympic Games . His statue was held there on an altar dedicated to him and Apollo together. A temple within the Aventine was consecrated in 495 BC. Pausanias wrote that during his time, at Megalopolis people could see

1638-444: A variety of other esoteric wisdom traditions and become a major component of Hermeticism , alchemy , and related traditions. As early as the 4th century BC, Romans had adopted Hermes into their own religion, combining his attributes and worship with the earlier Etruscan god Turms under the name Mercury . According to St. Augustin, the Latin name "Mercury" may be a title derived from " medio currens ", in reference to Hermes's role as

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1716-452: A winged cap). Hermes was known as the patron god of flocks, herds, and shepherds, an attribute possibly tied to his early origin as an aspect of Pan. In Boeotia , Hermes was worshiped for having saved the town from a plague by carrying a ram or calf around the city walls. A yearly festival commemorated this event, during which a lamb would be carried around the city by "the most handsome boy" and then sacrificed, in order to purify and protect

1794-488: Is a consonantal root containing a sequence of four consonants (instead of three consonants , as is more often the case). A quadriliteral form is a word derived from such a four-consonant root. For example, the abstract quadriliteral root t-r-g-m / t-r-j-m gives rise to the verb forms תרגם ‎ tirgem in Hebrew, ترجم ‎ tarjama in Arabic, ተረጐመ täräggwämä in Amharic , all meaning "he translated". In some cases,

1872-421: Is a literal translation of jiḏr . Although most roots in Hebrew seem to be triliteral, many of them were originally biliteral, cf. the relation between: The Hebrew root ש־ק־ף ‎ – √sh-q-p "look out/through" or "reflect" deriving from ק־ף ‎ – √q-p "bend, arch, lean towards" and similar verbs fit into the shaCCéC verb-pattern. This verb-pattern sh-C-C is usually causative , cf. There

1950-613: Is a peculiarity of Semitic linguistics that a large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals (although there are a number of quadriliterals, and in some languages also biliterals). Such roots are also common in other Afroasiatic languages. While Berber mostly has triconsonantal roots, Chadic , Omotic , and Cushitic have mostly biconsonantal roots, and Egyptian shows a mix of biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots. A triliteral or triconsonantal root ( Hebrew : שורש תלת־עיצורי , šoreš təlat-ʻiṣuri ; Arabic : جذر ثلاثي , jiḏr ṯulāṯī ; Syriac : ܫܪܫܐ , šeršā )

2028-755: Is a root containing a sequence of three consonants. The following are some of the forms which can be derived from the triconsonantal root k-t-b כ־ת־ב ك-ت-ب (general overall meaning "to write") in Hebrew and Arabic: Note: The Hebrew fricatives stemming from begadkefat lenition are transcribed here as "ḵ", "ṯ" and "ḇ", to retain their connection with the consonantal root כ־ת־ב k-t-b. They are pronounced [ x ] , [ θ ] , [ β ] in Biblical Hebrew and [ χ ] , [ t ] , [ v ] in Modern Hebrew respectively. Modern Hebrew has no gemination ; where there

2106-512: Is a symbol of commerce. Hermes's sandals, called pédila by the Greeks and talaria by the Romans, were made of palm and myrtle branches but were described as beautiful, golden and immortal, made a sublime art, able to take the roads with the speed of wind. Originally, they had no wings, but late in the artistic representations, they are depicted. In certain images, the wings spring directly from

2184-668: Is debate about whether both biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots were represented in Proto-Afroasiatic , or whether one or the other of them was the original form of the Afroasiatic verb. According to one study of the Proto-Semitic lexicon, biconsonantal roots are more abundant for words denoting Stone Age materials, whereas materials discovered during the Neolithic are uniquely triconsonantal. This implies

2262-485: Is depicted both as a protector and a trickster. In Homer 's Iliad , Hermes is called "the bringer of good luck", "guide and guardian", and "excellent in all the tricks". In Hesiod 's Works and Days , Hermes is depicted giving Pandora the gifts of lies, seductive words, and a dubious character. The earliest known theological or spiritual documents concerning Hermes are found in the c.  7th century BC Homeric Hymns . In Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes describes

2340-425: Is related to his function as a god of boundaries (the boundary between life and death), but he is considered a psychopomp , a deity who helps guide souls of the deceased to the afterlife, and his image was commonly depicted on gravestones in classical Greece. In Ancient Greece, Hermes was a phallic god of boundaries. His name, in the form herma , was applied to a wayside marker pile of stones and each traveler added

2418-710: The Queen of Heaven . In the Hebrew Bible , Nabu is mentioned as Nəḇo ( נְבוֹ ) in Isaiah 46:1 and Jeremiah 48:1 . In the Hellenistic period, Nabu was sometimes identified with Apollo as a giver of prophecies. As the god of wisdom and a divine messenger, Nabu was linked with the Greek god Hermes , the Roman god Mercury , and the Egyptian deity Thoth . Semitic root The roots of verbs and most nouns in

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2496-408: The Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or " radicals " (hence the term consonantal root ). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants (or " transfixes ") which go with a particular morphological category around the root consonants, in an appropriate way, generally following specific patterns. It

2574-421: The herald of the gods. He is also widely considered the protector of human heralds, travelers, thieves , merchants , and orators . He is able to move quickly and freely between the worlds of the mortal and the divine aided by his winged sandals . Hermes plays the role of the psychopomp or "soul guide"—a conductor of souls into the afterlife . In myth, Hermes functions as the emissary and messenger of

2652-500: The pantheon – the role of the most important son of the father of the gods that had previously belonged to Ninurta as son of Enlil (now replaced by Marduk); was thus taken over by Nabu, and Nabu became associated with the planet Mercury as well as being given connections with the moon god Sin, because as addressed in the MUL.APIN – even when Mercury was considered the planet of Ninurta, it still retained some moon-like aspects since it traveled

2730-406: The phallus being included among his major symbols. The inclusion of phallic imagery associated with Hermes and placed, in the form of herma , at the entrances to households may reflect a belief in ancient times that Hermes was a symbol of the household's fertility, specifically the potency of the male head of the household in producing children. The association between Hermes and the underworld

2808-478: The prisca theologia, arguing that Hermes Trismegistus was a contemporary of Moses, or that he was the third in a line of important prophets after Enoch and Noah. The 10th-century Suda attempted to further Christianize the figure of Hermes, claiming that "He was called Trismegistus on account of his praise of the trinity, saying there is one divine nature in the trinity." There are only three temples known to have been specifically dedicated to Hermes during

2886-519: The "ram-bearer," is a figure that commemorates the solemn sacrifice of a ram. It becomes an epithet of Hermes. The chief office of the god was as messenger. Explicitly, at least in sources of classical writings, of Euripides 's Electra and Iphigenia in Aulis and in Epictetus 's Discourses . Hermes ( Diactorus , Angelos ) the messenger, is in fact only seen in this role, for Zeus, from within

2964-562: The Babylonian tradition, planet Mercury was connected with Ninurta (as well as Saturn ); because in the MUL.APIN Ninurta is consistently identified with Mercury, and it is read that: "Mercury whose name is Ninurta travels the (same) path the Moon travels." As Marduk took over the role of King of the gods from Enlil and inherited both his cultic roles and epithets as well as his position within

3042-589: The Babylonians in the 1st millennium BC when he was identified as the son of the god Marduk . Nabu was worshipped in Babylon's sister city Borsippa , from where his statue was taken to Babylon each New Year so that he could pay his respects to his father. Nabu's symbols included a stylus resting on a tablet as well as a simple wedge shape; King Nabonidus , whose name references Nabu, had a royal sceptre topped with Nabu's wedge. Clay tablets with especial calligraphic skill were used as offerings at Nabu's temple. His wife

3120-617: The Bronze Age Mycenaean period . Here, Hermes's name is rendered as e‐ma‐a (Ἑρμάhας). This name is always recorded alongside those of several goddesses, including Potnija, Posidaeja, Diwja, Hera, Pere, and Ipemedeja, indicating that his worship was strongly connected to theirs. This is a pattern that would continue in later periods, as worship of Hermes almost always took place within temples and sanctuaries primarily dedicated to goddesses, including Hera, Demeter, Hecate, and Despoina. In literary works of Archaic Greece , Hermes

3198-607: The Classical Greek period, all of them in Arcadia . Though there are a few references in ancient literature to "numerous" temples of Hermes, this may be poetic license describing the ubiquitous herms, or other, smaller shrines to Hermes located in the temples of other deities. One of the oldest places of worship for Hermes was Mount Cyllene in Arcadia, where some myths say he was born. Tradition holds that his first temple

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3276-510: The Egyptian god Thoth was identified by Greek speakers as the Egyptian form of Hermes. The two gods were worshiped as one at the Temple of Thoth in Khemenu, a city which became known in Greek as Hermopolis . This led to Hermes gaining the attributes of a god of translation and interpretation, or more generally, a god of knowledge and learning. This is illustrated by a 3rd-century BC example of

3354-567: The English pastoral ). A zero grade of the full PIE form — * ph 2 usōn — yields the name of the Sanskrit psychopomp Pushan , who, like Pan, is associated with goats. Later, the epithet supplanted the original name itself and Hermes took over the role of psychopomp and as god of messengers, travelers, and boundaries, which had originally belonged to Pan, while Pan himself continued to be venerated by his original name in his more rustic aspect as

3432-434: The Hermai, which served as boundary markers, roadside markers, and grave markers, as well as votive offerings. In Classical and Hellenistic Greece , Hermes was usually depicted as a young, athletic man lacking a beard. When represented as Logios (Greek: Λόγιος, speaker), his attitude is consistent with the attribute. Phidias left a statue of a famous Hermes Logios and Praxiteles another, also well known, showing him with

3510-466: The Upper world". This function gradually expanded to encompass roads in general, and from there to boundaries, travelers, sailors, commerce, and travel itself. Beginning with the earliest records of his worship, Hermes has been understood as a chthonic deity (heavily associated with the earth or underworld). As a chthonic deity, the worship of Hermes also included an aspect relating to fertility , with

3588-457: The ankles. Hermes has also been depicted with a purse or a bag in his hands, wearing a robe or cloak, which had the power to confer invisibility. His weapon was a harpe , which killed Argos ; it was also lent to Perseus to kill Medusa and Cetus . Hermes began as a god with strong chthonic, or underworld, associations. He was a psychopomp , leader of souls along the road between "the Under and

3666-408: The baby Dionysus in his arms. At all times, however, through the Hellenistic periods, Roman, and throughout Western history into the present day, several of his characteristic objects are present as identification, but not always all together. Among these objects is a wide-brimmed hat, the petasos, widely used by rural people of antiquity to protect themselves from the sun, and that in later times

3744-593: The caduceus. In addition to his function of guiding souls to the afterlife, Hermanubis represented the Egyptian priesthood the investigation of truth. Beginning around the turn of the 1st century AD, a process began by which, in certain traditions Hermes became euhemerised – that is, interpreted as a historical, mortal figure who had become divine or elevated to godlike status in legend. Numerous books of wisdom and magic (including astrology, theosophy, and alchemy) were attributed to this "historical" Hermes, usually identified in his Alexandrian form of Hermes Trismegistus. As

3822-477: The changes from the threshold, agreements and contracts, friendship, hospitality, sexual intercourse , games, data, the draw, good luck, the sacrifices and the sacrificial animals, flocks and shepherds and the fertility of land and cattle. In Athens, Hermes Eion came to represent the Athenian naval superiority in their defeat of the Persians, under the command of Cimon, in 475 BC. In this context, Hermes became

3900-697: The city from disease, drought, and famine. Numerous depictions of Hermes as a shepherd god carrying a lamb on his shoulders ( Hermes kriophoros ) have been found throughout the Mediterranean world, and it is possible that the iconography of Hermes as "The Good Shepherd" had an influence on early Christianity, specifically in the description of Christ as "the Good Shepherd" in the Gospel of John. The earliest written record of Hermes comes from Linear B inscriptions from Pylos, Thebes, and Knossos dating to

3978-544: The discovery of the Linear B evidence considered Hermes to be a uniquely Athenian god. This region had numerous Hermai , or pillar-like icons, dedicated to the god marking boundaries, crossroads, and entryways. These were initially stone piles, later pillars made of wood, stone, or bronze, with carved images of Hermes, a phallus, or both. In the context of these herms, by the Classical period Hermes had come to be worshiped as

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4056-403: The god of the wild in the relatively isolated mountainous region of Arcadia . In later myths, after the cult of Pan was reintroduced to Attica, Pan was said to be Hermes's son. The image of Hermes evolved and varied along with Greek art and culture. In Archaic Greece he was usually depicted as a mature man, bearded, and dressed as a traveler, herald, or shepherd. This image remained common on

4134-473: The god to have existed as a Mesopotamian snake-god, similar or identical to Ningishzida , a god who served as mediator between humans and the divine, especially Ishtar , and who was depicted in art as a caduceus . Angelo (1997) thinks Hermes to be based on the Thoth archetype. The absorbing ("combining") of the attributes of Hermes to Thoth developed after the time of Homer amongst Greeks and Romans; Herodotus

4212-451: The god's birth and his theft of Apollo 's sacred cattle. In this hymn, Hermes is invoked as a god "of many shifts" ( polytropos ), associated with cunning and thievery, but also a bringer of dreams and a night guardian. He is said to have invented the chelys lyre , as well as racing and the sport of wrestling . The cult of Hermes flourished in Attica , and many scholars writing before

4290-401: The god. Sacrifices to Hermes involved honey, cakes, pigs, goats, and lambs. In the city of Tanagra , it was believed that Hermes had been nursed under a wild strawberry tree , the remains of which were held there in the shrine of Hermes Promachus , and in the hills Phene ran three waterways that were sacred to him, because he was believed to have been bathed there at birth. Hermes's feast

4368-525: The gods, and is often presented as the son of Zeus and Maia , the Pleiad . He is regarded as "the divine trickster", about which the Homeric Hymn to Hermes offers the most well-known account. Hermes's attributes and symbols include the herma , the rooster , the tortoise , satchel or pouch, talaria (winged sandals), and winged helmet or simple petasos , as well as the palm tree , goat ,

4446-522: The name Hermes is the Mycenaean Greek * hermāhās , written 𐀁𐀔𐁀 e-ma-a 2 ( e-ma-ha ) in the Linear B syllabic script. Most scholars derive "Hermes" from Greek ἕρμα ( herma ), "stone heap." The etymology of ἕρμα itself is unknown, but is probably not a Proto-Indo-European word. R. S. P. Beekes rejects the connection with herma and suggests a Pre-Greek origin. However,

4524-647: The name for Mercury is ʻ Nbu ( ࡏࡍࡁࡅ ), which is derived from the name Nabu. Nabu's cult spread to ancient Egypt . Names with Nabu in them are the most common theophoric names for Semitic speakers in Egypt as it was in the Neo-Babylonian texts. Nabu was also one of the Canaanite and Israelite deities worshipped in Elephantine and Aswan alongside gods like Yahweh , Nanay , Bethel , Anat , and

4602-426: The number four, several kinds of fish, and incense. However, his main symbol is the caduceus , a winged staff intertwined with two snakes copulating and carvings of the other gods. In Roman mythology and religion many of Hermes's characteristics belong to Mercury , a name derived from the Latin merx , meaning "merchandise," and the origin of the words " mer chant" and "com merce ." The earliest form of

4680-545: The patron god of travelers and sailors. By the 5th century BC, Hermai were also in common use as grave monuments, emphasizing Hermes's role as a chthonic deity and psychopomp. This was probably his original function, and he may have been a late inclusion in the Olympic pantheon; Hermes is described as the "youngest" Olympian, and some myths, including his theft of Apollo's cows, describe his initial coming into contact with celestial deities. Hermes therefore came to be worshiped as

4758-482: The pattern and جذر jiḏr (plural جذور , juḏūr ) for the root have not gained the same currency in cross-linguistic Semitic scholarship as the Hebrew equivalents, and Western grammarians continue to use "stem"/"form"/"pattern" for the former and "root" for the latter—though "form" and "pattern" are accurate translations of the Arabic grammatical term wazan (originally meaning 'weight, measure'), and "root"

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4836-508: The ruins of the temple of Hermes Acacesius. In addition, the Tricrena (Τρίκρηνα, meaning Three Springs) mountains at Pheneus were sacred to Hermes, because three springs were there and according to the legend, Hermes was washed in them, after birth, by the nymphs of the mountain. Furthermore, at Pharae there was a water sacred to Hermes. The name of the spring was Hermes's stream and the fish in it were not caught, being considered sacred to

4914-475: The same path of the moon. Nabu wore a horned cap, and stood with his hands clasped in the ancient gesture of priesthood. He rode on a winged dragon known as Sirrush that originally belonged to his father Marduk. In Babylonian astrology , Nabu was identified with the planet Mercury . Nabu was continuously worshipped until the 2nd century, when cuneiform became a lost art. Today in Mandaean cosmology ,

4992-648: The same root, means "number"; and מִסְפֶּר ‎ misper , from the secondary root מ-ס-פ-ר ‎, means "numbered". An irregular quadriliteral verb made from a loanword is: A quinqueliteral is a consonantal root containing a sequence of five consonants. Traditionally, in Semitic languages, forms with more than four basic consonants (i.e. consonants not introduced by morphological inflection or derivation) were occasionally found in nouns, mainly in loanwords from other languages, but never in verbs. However, in modern Israeli Hebrew, syllables are allowed to begin with

5070-422: The stem II and stem V forms of triliteral roots . Another set of quadriliteral roots in modern Hebrew is the set of secondary roots. A secondary root is a root derived from a word that was derived from another root. For example, the root מ-ס-פ-ר ‎ m-s-p-r is secondary to the root ס-פ-ר ‎ s-p-r . סָפַר ‎ saphar , from the root s-p-r , means "counted"; מִסְפָּר ‎ mispar , from

5148-492: The stone etymology is also linked to Indo-European *ser- ("to bind, put together"). Scholarly speculation that "Hermes" derives from a more primitive form meaning "one cairn " is disputed. Other scholars have suggested that Hermes may be a cognate of the Vedic Sarama . It is likely that Hermes is a pre-Hellenic god, though the exact origins of his worship, and its original nature, remain unclear. Frothingham thought

5226-518: The term "quinqueliteral" or "quinquiliteral" would be misleading if it implied otherwise). Only a few Hebrew quinqueliterals are recognized by the Academy of the Hebrew Language as proper, or standard; the rest are considered slang. Other examples are: In Amharic , there is a very small set of verbs which are conjugated as quinqueliteral roots. One example is wäšänäffärä 'rain fell with

5304-476: Was about to set sail for Syracuse during the Peloponnesian War , all of the Athenian hermai were vandalized. The Athenians at the time believed it was the work of saboteurs, either from Syracuse or from the anti-war faction within Athens itself. Socrates 's pupil Alcibiades was suspected of involvement, and one of the charges eventually made against Socrates which led to his execution 16 years later

5382-404: Was adorned with a pair of small wings; sometimes this hat is not present, and may have been replaced with wings rising from the hair. Another object is the caduceus , a staff with two intertwined snakes, sometimes crowned with a pair of wings and a sphere. The caduceus, historically, appeared with Hermes, and is documented among the Babylonians from about 3500 BC. Two snakes coiled around a staff

5460-441: Was also a symbol of the god Ningishzida , who, like Hermes, served as a mediator between humans and the divine (specifically, the goddess Ishtar or the supreme Ningirsu ). In Greece, other gods have been depicted holding a caduceus, but it was mainly associated with Hermes. It was said to have the power to make people fall asleep or wake up, and also made peace between litigants, and is a visible sign of his authority, being used as

5538-483: Was also called Atlantiades ( Greek : Ατλαντιάδης ), because his mother, Maia was the daughter of Atlas . Hermes's epithet Argeïphontes ( Ancient Greek : Ἀργειφόντης ; Latin : Argicida ), meaning "slayer of Argus", recalls the slaying of the hundred-eyed giant Argus Panoptes by the messenger god. Argus was watching over the heifer-nymph Io in the sanctuary of Queen Hera , herself in Argos. Hermes placed

5616-1177: Was built by Lycaon . From there, the Hermes cult would have been taken to Athens, from which it radiated to the whole of Greece. In the Roman period, additional temples to Hermes (Mercury) were constructed across the Empire, including several in modern-day Tunisia. Mercury's temple in Rome was situated in the Circus Maximus , between the Aventine and Palatine hills, and was built in 495 BC. In most places, temples were consecrated to Hermes in conjunction with Aphrodite, as in Attica, Arcadia, Crete, Samos and in Magna Graecia. Several ex-votos found in his temples revealed his role as initiator of young adulthood, among them soldiers and hunters, since war and certain forms of hunting were seen as ceremonial initiatory ordeals. This function of Hermes explains why some images in temples and other vessels show him as

5694-616: Was historically gemination, they are reduced to single consonants, with consonants in the begadkefat remaining the same. In Hebrew grammatical terminology, the word binyan ( Hebrew : בניין , plural בניינים binyanim ) is used to refer to a verb derived stem or overall verb derivation pattern, while the word mishqal (or mishkal ) is used to refer to a noun derivation pattern , and these words have gained some use in English-language linguistic terminology. The Arabic terms, called وزن wazan (plural أوزان , awzān ) for

5772-400: Was simply a carved phallus. "That a monument of this kind could be transformed into an Olympian god is astounding," Walter Burkert remarked. In Athens, herms were placed outside houses, both as a form of protection for the home, a symbol of male fertility, and as a link between the household and its gods with the gods of the wider community. In 415 BC, on the night when the Athenian fleet

5850-513: Was that he had either corrupted Alcibiades or failed to guide him away from his moral corruption. In association with his role as a psychopomp and god who is able to easily cross boundaries, Hermes is predominantly worshiped as a messenger, often described as the messenger of the gods (since he can convey messages between the divine realms, the underworld, and the world of mortals). As a messenger and divine herald, he wears winged sandals (or, in Roman art influenced by Etruscan depictions of Turms ,

5928-518: Was the Akkadian goddess Tashmet . Nabu was the patron god of scribes, literacy, and wisdom. He was also the inventor of writing, a divine scribe , the patron god of the rational arts, and a god of vegetation. As the god of writing, Nabu inscribed the fates assigned to men and he was equated with the scribe god Ninurta . As an oracle he was associated with the Mesopotamian moon god Sin . In

6006-511: Was the Hermaea , which was celebrated with sacrifices to the god and with athletics and gymnastics, possibly having been established in the 6th century BC, but no documentation on the festival before the 4th century BC survives. However, Plato said that Socrates attended a Hermaea. Of all the festivals involving Greek games, these were the most like initiations because participation in them was restricted to young boys and excluded adults. Hermes

6084-576: Was the first to identify the Greek god with the Egyptian ( Hermopolis ) (Plutarch and Diodorus also did so), although Plato thought the gods were dissimilar (Friedlander 1992). His cult was established in Greece in remote regions, likely making him originally a god of nature, farmers, and shepherds. It is also possible that since the beginning he has been a deity with shamanic attributes linked to divination , reconciliation , magic , sacrifices , and initiation and contact with other planes of existence,

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