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38-660: Vijñāneśvara lived at Marthur near Kalaburagi (in the modern-day state of Karnataka ), near the end of the eleventh century during the reign of Vikramaditya VI of the Cālukya dynasty of Kalyāni, one of the great rulers of the Deccan. He was a "profound student of the Mimamsa system," a system of exegetical thought focused on the interpretation of the Vedas. Contrary to Derrett's opinion based on Yajnavalkya 2.4 and 2.305 that Vijñāneśvara

76-687: A tropical wet and dry climate (Aw). The climate of the district is generally dry, with temperatures ranging from 8 °C to 45 °C and an annual rainfall of about 750 mm. The year in Kalaburagi is divided into three main seasons. The summer lasts from late February to May. It is followed by the southwest monsoon, which lasts from late June to late October. This is then followed by dry winter weather from late November until February. Gulburga has been ranked 33rd best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India. As of

114-603: A synthesis of apparently unconnected smṛti injunctions ." In this sense, the commentary is similar to a digest (nibandha) in that it attempts to draw into the commentary outside opinions about the same passages of the text which he is commenting on. Although he is commenting on the Yājñavalkya Smṛti , he cites numerous earlier commentators as well, including Viśvarūpa, Mēdhātithi , and Dhāreśvara. The Mitākṣarā 's most important topics include property rights, property distribution, and inheritance. This text has become

152-464: Is an industrially backward district but is showing signs of growth in the cement, textile, leather and chemical industries. Kalaburagi has a university with Medical and Engineering Colleges. Central University of Karnataka (CuK) is located in Kadaganchi, Åland Taluk of Kalaburagi. The geographical area of the city is 64 square kilometres. Kalaburagi has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) bordering on

190-469: Is directly linked through daily trains with Mumbai , Bangalore , Hyderabad , Chennai , Itarsi Junction , Mysore , Hassan , Hubli , Vijayawada , Coimbatore , Kochi , Kanyakumari etc. Kalaburagi is planned to be a part of proposed high-speed rail corridor running from Mumbai to Hyderabad . Kalaburagi is the headquarter of the NEKRTC also called as Kalyana Karnataka RTC bus transport which

228-773: Is headquarters of eponymous Kalaburagi district and Kalaburagi division , Kalaburagi city is governed by a Municipal Corporation, It is called a Sufi city. It has famous religious structures, like the Hazrath Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah , the Sharana Basaveshwara Temple and the Buddha Vihar . It also has a fort built during the Bahmani rule, Other Bahmani monuments include the Haft Gumbaz (seven domes together) and

266-494: Is seen at the domed ceiling and walls are adorned with paintings containing calligraphy designs and floral, flower and plants and geometric patterns inside the 14th-century tomb of Sufi saint Syed Shah Qhabulullah Husayni with natural colours. By religious restrictions, the artist was prohibited from depicting living beings in the interior of tomb, and his imagination was therefore employed either in inventing new designs for religious texts or in adding further delicacy and subtleness to

304-734: Is the Member of Parliament (MP) since 2024. Mallikarjun Kharge (born 21 July 1942) is an Indian politician, who is the current president of the Indian National Congress, and Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Karnataka since 16 February 2021. He was also Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 16 February 2021 to 1 October 2022. He was the Former Minister of Railways and Minister of Labour and Employment in

342-581: The Pratītākṣarā of Nandapaṇḍita . The Bālaṃbhaṭṭī is notable for having greatly informed Colebrooke 's translation of the Mitākṣarā , and also for possibly having been written by a woman, Lakṣmīdevī. The 13th-century Telugu language text Vijnaneshvaramu is based on Mitākṣarā . Kalaburagi Kalaburagi , formerly known as Gulbarga , is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka , It

380-513: The Krishna and Bhima , flow through the district. The predominant soil type is black soil . The district has many tanks, which irrigate the land along with the river. The Upper Krishna Project is a major irrigation venture in the district of Kalaburagi. The main crops are groundnuts, rice, and pulses. Kalaburagi is the largest producer of toor dal , or pigeon peas , in Karnataka. Kalaburagi

418-539: The college of Fort William . In 1807 he became a member of council, serving for five years, and was elected President of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta . Colebrooke married Elizabeth Wilkinson in 1810. The marriage was short-lived and she died in 1814. He returned to England in 1815. In 1816 he was elected to the fellowship of both the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Edinburgh In 1820 he

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456-647: The 12th century. Around the end of the 12th century, the Yadavas of Devagiri and the Hoysalas of Dwarasamadra destroyed the supremacy of the Chalukyas and Kalachuris of Kalyani . Around the same period, the Kakatiya kings of Warangal came into prominence and the present Kalaburagi and Raichur districts formed part of their domain. The Kakatiya power was subdued in 1308 AD and the entire Deccan , including

494-412: The 2011 Indian census, Kalaburagi city has a population of 533,587. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Kalaburagi has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 70%, while that of females is 30%. In Kalaburagi, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Languages of Kalaburgi city (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 55.04% of

532-466: The British insight on how to deal with inheritance issues. At that point, the Mitākṣarā held the status of a legislative text because it was used as a direct resource regarding inheritance in the courts of law in most of India. Colebrooke did the first translation of the Mitākṣarā in 1810 because there was an immediate need in the British courts for the "law" (or as close as they could get to

570-647: The East India Company's governors. He was appointed to the magistracy of Mirzapur in 1795 and was sent to Nagpur in 1799 to negotiate an allowance with the Raja of Berar. He was unsuccessful in this, due to events elsewhere, and returned in 1801. On his return was made a judge of the new court of appeal in Calcutta, of which he became president of the bench in 1805. Also in 1805, Lord Wellesley appointed him honorary professor of Hindu law and Sanskrit at

608-651: The Government of India. Kharge was a Member of Parliament for Gulbarga, Karnataka from 2009 to 2019. Kalaburagi city has two Vidhan Sabha constituencies: Kalaburagi Uttar (North) and Kalaburagi Dakshin (South) . Both are part of the Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency. The MLA for Kalaburagi Uttar is Kaneez Fatima from Indian National Congress, while the MLA for Kalaburagi Dakshin is from Indian National congress (2023). The largest collection of Islamic art

646-601: The Persian words gul ‘flower’ and bāgh ‘garden’. Gulbarga was renamed as Kalaburagi in 2014, Kalaburagi (Kal-means stone in Kannada, bur means thorns in Kannada the whole name represents "The Land of stones and thorns") The history of Kalaburagi dates to the sixth century. The Rashtrakutas gained control over the region, but the Chalukyas regained their domain within a short period and reigned supreme for over 200 years. The Kalyani Kalachuris who succeeded them ruled until

684-915: The Shor Gumbad. Kalaburagi has the world's largest cannon, Kalaburagi has a few architectural marvels built during the Bahamani Kingdom rule, including the Jama Masjid in the Kalaburagi Fort. Kalaburagi houses the circuit bench of the High Court of Karnataka . Under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate , Several buildings in the city and with others in the region were put by UNESCO on its "tentative list" of World Heritage Site in 2014. The name Gulbarga means ‘(City of) ‘Flower Gardens’ ultimately from

722-657: The authority, especially on inheritance, throughout most of India after the British began to move in. The Mitākṣarā , along with the Dāyabhāga , became an influential source for British Courts in India. The Mitākṣarā was influential throughout the majority of India, except in Bengal , Assam and some of the parts in Odisha and Bihar , where the Dāyabhāga prevailed as an authority for law. The British were interested in administering law in India, but they wanted to administer

760-593: The city. It also has an ESIC Medical College. Muslim Monuments of Gulbarga (A Cultural Study) by Dr. Md, Salahuddin Munshi The study entitled " Muslim Monuments of Gulbarga (A Cultural Study) 14th century to 17th century A.D" is about the rich culture of Gulbarga heritage, and the kingdoms ruled in this era and their significance, for the development of area's as their capital city of the kingdom. Henry Thomas Colebrooke Henry Thomas Colebrooke FRS FRSE FLS (15 June 1765 – 10 March 1837)

798-559: The creepers and floral patterns, the numerous geometric devices and calligraphic styles. The most notable building, however, of this period is the Jama Masjid of Kalaburagi fort, built by a Persian architect named Rafi in 1367 during the reign of Bahmani King Mohammed Shah I . The glory of the towns in north Karnataka waned with the decline of the Bahmani dynasty, although Barid Shahi and Adil Shahi Kings kept up its beauty during their chequered rule. It suffers from pollution through nickel and lead. Royal patronage played an important role in

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836-758: The district of Kalaburagi, passed under the control of the Delhi Sultanate . The revolt of the officers appointed from Delhi resulted in the founding of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347 CE by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah , who chose Kalaburagi (Hasanabad) to be the capital. When the Bahmani Sultanate came to an end in 1527, the kingdom broke up into five independent Deccan sultanates , Bijapur , Bidar , Berar , Ahmednagar , and Golconda . The present Kalaburagi district came partly under

874-410: The geometric and floral devices by making the drawings more and more intricate. A small tomb beside the said Sufi's has an excellent work of painted flower plants on the ceiling. Another vacant Shore Gumbad outside the city has delicate designs on its domed ceiling is superb. The walls and ceiling of the tomb of Sultan Firuz Shah Bahmani can be appreciated which, although monotone, represents faithfully

912-654: The kingdom of Hyderabad , in which a major part of the Kalaburagi area was also included. In 1948, Hyderabad State became a part of the Indian Union, and in 1956, excluding two talukas which were annexed to Andhra Pradesh, Kalaburagi district became part of the new Mysore State through the States Reorganisation Act in 1956. The entire district is on the Deccan Plateau, and the elevation ranges from 300 to 750 m above MSL. Two main rivers,

950-406: The law that already existed to the people. Thus, they searched for a text that could be used to help solve disputes among the people of India in manners which were already customary in the sub continent. These disputes often involved property rights or inheritance issues. Thus, the first translation of the Mitākṣarā was by Colebrooke in 1810, and it was only this section of the text that gave

988-524: The law) regarding inheritance that already existed among the people of India. W. Macnaghten did the second translation, dealing with procedure, in 1829. Finally, J. R. Gharpure provided us with a complete translation of the Mitākṣarā . Several sub-commentaries have been written on the Mitākṣarā , including the Subodhinī of Viśveśvara (c.1375), the Bālaṃbhaṭṭī of Bālaṃbhaṭṭa Payagunde (c.1770). and

1026-491: The making of Islamic art, as it has in the arts of other cultures. From the 14th century onwards, especially in eastern lands, the books of art provide the best documentation of courtly patronage. For more information about the rich culture of Gulbarga, the book titled, Muslim Monuments of Gulbarga, (A Cultural Study) by Dr. Md. Salahuddin Munshi can be referred. Kalaburagi has its own airport named Kalaburagi airport which

1064-544: The population spoke Kannada , 35.78% Urdu , 3.56% Marathi , 2.37% Hindi , 1.20% Telugu and 1.14% Lambadi as their first language. Kalaburagi has been home to two ex- chief ministers of Karnataka , namely Veerendra Patil (1968–1971, 1988–1992) and Dharam Singh (2004–2006); both belonged to the Indian National Congress party. Kalaburagi comes under Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency . Radhakrishna Doddamani from Indian National Congress (INC)

1102-611: The study of the Sanskrit language ; and to him was entrusted the translation of the major Digest of Hindu Laws , a monumental study of Hindu law which had been left unfinished by Sir William Jones . He translated the two treatises, the Mitacshara of Vijnaneshwara and the Dayabhaga of Jimutavahana , under the title Law of Inheritance . During his residence at Calcutta he wrote his Sanskrit Grammar (1805), some papers on

1140-527: The sultanate of Bidar and partly under the sultanate of Bijapur . The last of these sultanates, Golconda, finally fell to Aurangzeb in 1687. With the conquest of the Deccan by Aurangzeb in the 17th century, Kalaburagi passed under the Mughal Empire . In the early part of the 18th century, with the decline of the Mughal Empire, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I , one of Aurangzeb's generals, formed

1178-408: The text between 1121 CE and 1125 CE, a much shorter time frame than Kane, but Kane claims that this time frame is purely arbitrary, and Derrett does not provide the evidence to support his claim. Lingat, however, is content to place the Mitākṣarā simply at the end of the eleventh century. Historically, Vijñāneśvara was attempting to clarify and explain parts of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti , and he

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1216-581: Was a founder of the Royal Astronomical Society . He often chaired the society's meetings in the absence of the first president, William Herschel , and was elected as its second president on Herschel's death, serving 1823–1825. In 1823 he was also a founder of the Royal Asiatic Society , chairing its first meeting although he declined to become its president. After eleven years of residence in India, Colebrooke began

1254-474: Was a judge, Kane holds that these passages about characteristics of judges do not reflect a social or historical reality, but rather an interpretation based upon Mimamsa. Kane places the Mitākṣarā between 974 CE and 1000 CE, but he says, "there is no evidence to establish the exact time when the work was undertaken." He places it after 1050 CE because it names Viśvarūpa, Medhātithi , and Dhāreśvara, other commentators, as authoritative sources. Derrett places

1292-641: Was an English orientalist and botanist. He has been described as "the first great Sanskrit scholar in Europe". Henry Thomas Colebrooke was born on 15 June 1765. His parents were Sir George Colebrooke, 2nd Baronet , MP for Arundel and Chairman of the East India Company from 1769, and Mary Gaynor, daughter and heir of Patrick Gaynor of Antigua . He was educated at home, and from the age of twelve to sixteen he lived in France. In 1782 Colebrooke

1330-618: Was appointed through his father's influence to a writership with the East India Company in Calcutta . In 1786 and three years later he was appointed assistant collector in the revenue department at Tirhut . He wrote Remarks on the Husbandry and Commerce of Bengal , which was privately published in 1795, by which time he had transferred to Purnia . This opposed the East India Company's monopoly on Indian trade, advocating instead for free trade between Britain and India, which caused offence to

1368-461: Was criticizing and discussing earlier commentaries on the same text in an attempt to reconcile differences and further explain the meaning and the significance of the text. Vijñāneśvara's commentary "brings together numerous smṛti passages, explains away contradictions among them by following the rules of interpretation laid down in the Mimamsa system, brings about order by assigning to various dicta their proper scope and province...and effects

1406-475: Was founded and started on 15 August 2000 and serves the North-Eastern Districts of Karnataka . It also has Nrupatunga city bus service which serves Kalaburagi urban and Sedam and is operated by NEKRTC itself. The Central University of Karnataka is located in Kalaburagi. The Gulbarga University , Sharnbasva University , and Khaja Bandanawaz University , are the other universities in

1444-731: Was inaugurated by Karnataka CM Yediyurappa on 22 November 2019 and started on the same day. It is connected with Bangalore and Tirupati by Star Air and Alliance Air . Kalaburagi airport has second longest runway in Karnataka after the Kempegowda International Airport of Bangalore. Kalaburagi has a railway station named Kalaburagi Junction which comes under the Solapur division of Indian Railways . There are two railway lines that pass through Kalaburagi namely, Mumbai–Chennai line ( Solapur–Guntakal section ) and Kalaburagi - Bidar line. Kalaburagi

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