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57-706: Minority The Michigan Senate is the upper house of the Michigan Legislature . Along with the Michigan House of Representatives , it composes the state legislature, which has powers, roles and duties defined by Article IV of the Michigan Constitution , adopted in 1963. The primary purpose of the Legislature is to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws. The Michigan Senate is composed of 38 members, each elected from

114-558: A single-member district with a population of between approximately 212,400 to 263,500 residents. Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures, provided by the federal decennial census. In January 2023, Democrats took the majority with 20 seats to Republicans' 18 seats. The Senate chamber is located in the State Capitol building. Members of the Michigan Senate are called senators. Because this shadows

171-824: A Legislative Council prior to joining Canada , as did Ontario when it was Upper Canada and Quebec from 1791 (as Lower Canada ) to 1968. Nebraska is the only state in the United States with a unicameral legislature, having abolished its lower house in 1934, while the Senate of Nebraska , the upper house prior to 1934, continues to assemble. The Australian state of Queensland also once had an appointed Legislative Council before abolishing it in 1922. All other Australian states continue to have bicameral systems, though all members are now directly elected (the two self-governing territories, along with Norfolk Island until 2016, have always been unicameral). Like Queensland,

228-528: A bill by a member for first reading, a member of the cabinet may move a motion to appoint or to instruct a committee to prepare a bill. In the Oireachtas of Ireland, the first stage of a bill is by either of two methods: In the Israeli Knesset , the committee consideration occurs between first and second readings and (for private member bills ) between preliminary and first readings, and

285-553: A bill is read with all amendments and given final approval by a legislative body. In legislatures whose procedures are based on those of the Westminster system, the third reading occurs after the bill has been amended by committee and considered for amendment at report stage (or, in Israel's case, second reading). In most bicameral legislatures, a bill must separately pass the third reading in both chambers. Once that happens, it

342-461: A bill to be defeated on first reading if a member introduced it and no one seconded it, even if the first reading did not require a formal vote. However, the practice of requiring a seconder for a motion has since been removed, and thus an introduced bill cannot be defeated until the end of its first reading. In the Polish Sejm , the first reading comprises a debate on the general outlines of

399-470: A final vote on the bill as amended. In both Houses of the British Parliament, after a bill has been reported from the committee to which it was assigned, consideration of the proposal moves to the so-called "Report Stage", during which further amendments may be table and voted on. After Report Stage has ended, a debate is held on the final bill, as amended, followed by a vote on the motion "That

456-469: A mixture of these. Many upper houses are not directly elected but appointed: either by the head of state, by the head of government or in some other way. This is usually intended to produce a house of experts or otherwise distinguished citizens, who would not necessarily be returned in an election. For example, members of the Senate of Canada are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of

513-656: A number of ways to block legislation and to reject it; however, the House of Commons can eventually use the Parliament Act to force something through. The Commons will often accept amendments passed by the Lords; however, the two houses have sometimes reached a constitutional standoff. For example, when the Labour Government of 1999 tried to expel all hereditary peers from the Lords, the Lords threatened to wreck

570-480: A second reading, it is now very rare for a bill to be considered clause-by-clause. In the Polish Sejm , the second reading comprises a consideration of the committee's report on the bill (as committee consideration between first and second readings), and an introduction of any proposed amendments, although the Sejm's standing orders do not provide for a clause by clause vote on the bill itself, or on any amendment, during

627-496: A single bloc. The starting point for the bill considered in second reading is its post-committee consideration text, which can vary widely from the bill voted on in first reading, even to the point of mergers and splits. In New Zealand, once a bill passes a second reading it is then considered clause-by-clause by the whole Parliament. If a majority of Parliament agree, the bill can be considered part-by-part, saving considerable time. Because most bills must have majority support to pass

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684-490: A state. The current two-year term of the legislature (January 1, 2023 – December 31, 2024) is the 102nd Legislature. Each year during which the legislature meets constitutes a new legislative session. According to Article IV Section 13 of the State Constitution, a new session of the legislature begins when the members of each house convene, on the second Wednesday of January every year at noon. A regular session of

741-468: A vote on whether or not to send it to committee. In both Houses of the British Parliament , bills introduced by the government or by MPs and Lords who won the private members' ballot automatically receive a first reading without the need for the bill being discussed or voted on; the same applies for bills brought from the other House (for example, a bill which has completed all its stages in

798-415: Is carried. After a bill has been read a first time, it is ordered to be printed. A second reading is the stage of the legislative process where a draft of a bill is read a second time. In most Westminster-style legislatures, a vote is taken on the general outlines of the bill before being sent to committee. In most non-Westminster-style legislatures, the bill's detailed provisions are considered in

855-519: Is described as unicameral . An upper house is usually different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects (though they vary among jurisdictions): Powers: Status: In parliamentary systems the upper house is frequently seen as an advisory or a "house of review" chamber; for this reason, its powers of direct action are often reduced in some way. Some or all of the following restrictions are often placed on upper houses: In parliamentary democracies and among European upper houses

912-522: Is sent on for promulgation , such as royal assent in the Westminster system or signing by the president or governor in the U.S. model. In some bicameral legislatures, such as the Parliament of Poland or of the Czech Republic , a bill must pass three readings in the lower house, but only one reading in the upper house, at which the bill may be passed unchanged, amended, or rejected; and if

969-554: Is to scrutinise legislation that may have been drafted over-hastily in the lower house and to suggest amendments that the lower house may nevertheless reject if it wishes to. An example is the British House of Lords . Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 , the House of Lords can no longer prevent the passage of most bills, but it must be given an opportunity to debate them and propose amendments, and can thereby delay

1026-517: The German state of Bavaria had an appointed second chamber, the Senate of Bavaria , from 1946 to 1999. The Senate of the Philippines was abolished – and restored – twice: from 1935 to 1945 when a unicameral National Assembly convened, and from 1972 to 1987 when Congress was closed, and later a new constitution was approved instituting a unicameral Parliament. The Senate was re-instituted with

1083-470: The Italian Senate is a notable exception to these general rules, in that it has the same powers as its lower counterpart: any law can be initiated in either house and must be approved in the same form by both houses. Additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as "perfect bicameralism" or "equal bicameralism." The role of a revising chamber

1140-645: The Ministerial Suitability Commission of Inquiry Bill 2021 (Cth), introduced by Greens Senator Larissa Waters in relation to the 1988 rape allegation against the Attorney-General Christian Porter , was narrowly negatived in a division . Similar arrangements are in place in the parliaments of the states and territories. In the House of Commons of Canada , in addition to the usual introduction of

1197-478: The United States also have readings. The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed. In the Israeli Knesset , private member bills do not enter

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1254-487: The United States , the title of the bill is read and the bill is immediately assigned to a committee. The bill is then considered by committee between the first and second readings. In the United States Senate and most British-influenced legislatures, the committee consideration occurs between second and third readings. In most non Westminster-style legislatures, a vote is taken on the general outlines of

1311-481: The Calendar of Business after second reading. No vote is held on whether to read the bill a second time. In U.S. legislatures where consideration in committee precedes second reading, the procedure varies as to how a bill reaches second reading. In Illinois, for example, legislation is automatically read a second time, after which amendments are in order. A third reading is the stage of a legislative process in which

1368-531: The Government's entire legislative agenda and to block every bill which was sent to the chamber. This standoff led to negotiations between Viscount Cranborne, the then Shadow Leader of the House, and the Labour Government, resulting in the Weatherill Amendment to the House of Lords Act 1999 , which preserved 92 hereditary peers in the house. Compromise and negotiation between the two houses make

1425-469: The House of Lords is immediately brought to the House of Commons, where it receives a first reading). Bills introduced under the Ten Minute Rule are subject to a debate lasting not more than ten minutes (equally divided between a supporter and an opponent), followed by a vote is held on the motion "That leave be granted to bring in" the bill; the latter receives a first reading only if the motion

1482-477: The House of Representatives and may be voted on. Amendments to or debate on the first reading is not permitted, except for bills subject to section 53 of the Constitution (i.e. appropriation and money bills ), in which case debate is permitted. This exception is necessary because section 53 gives senators the right to move requests to the House of Representatives for amendments to a financial bill (to which

1539-664: The November general election and end on January 1 when their replacements are sworn in. Senate elections are always held two years after the election for President of the United States , with the next election scheduled for November 3, 2026. On November 3, 1992, almost 59 percent of Michigan voters backed Proposal B, the Michigan Term Limits Amendment, which amended the state constitution, to enact term limits on federal and state officials. In 1995,

1596-486: The Parliament Act a very rarely used backup plan. Even without a veto, an upper house may defeat legislation. Its opposition may give the lower chamber a chance to reconsider or even abandon a controversial measure. It can also delay a bill so that it does not fit within the legislative schedule, or until a general election produces a new lower house that no longer wishes to proceed with the bill. Nevertheless, some states have long retained powerful upper houses. For example,

1653-660: The President of India. Similarly, at the state level, one-third of the members of the State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) are nominated by local governments, one-third by sitting legislators, and the rest are elected by select members of the electorate. The United States Senate was chosen by state legislatures until the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The upper house may be directly elected but in different proportions to

1710-749: The Prime Minister. In the past, some upper houses had seats that were entirely hereditary, such as in the British House of Lords until 1999 and in the Japanese House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947. It is also common that the upper house consists of delegates chosen by state governments or local officials. Members of the Rajya Sabha in India are nominated by various states and union territories, while 12 of them are nominated by

1767-478: The Senate but may cast a vote only in the instance of a tie. The presiding officers of the senate, apart from the president, are elected by the body at its first session and serve until their term of office is up. Majority and minority party officers are elected at the same time by their respective caucuses. The senate majority leader controls the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of

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1824-408: The Senate is not allowed to amend) at any stage of consideration of the bill, including on the first reading. The first readings of most ordinary bills are almost always a formality and are passed "on the voices". In extremely rare circumstances however, the Senate may vote against the first reading, which prevents the bill from proceeding further. This has happened as recently as June 2021, when

1881-549: The State Officers Compensation Commission. Any legislation pending in either chamber at the end of a session that is not the end of a legislative term of office continues and carries over to the next legislative session. The Michigan legislature is authorized by the Michigan Constitution to create and amend the laws of the U.S. state of Michigan, subject to the governor's power to veto legislation. To do so, legislators propose legislation in

1938-575: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states could not enact congressional term limits, but ruled that the state-level term limits remain. Under the amendment, a person could be elected to the state senate two times. A provision governing partial terms was also included. These provisions became Article IV, section 54 and Article V, section 30 of the Michigan Constitution. On November 8, 2022, nearly 2 in 3 voters approved Proposal 1, limiting state legislators to 12 years combined in either chamber of

1995-612: The abolition, while the centrist Fianna Fáil was alone among major parties in supporting the retention of the Seanad. Reading (legislature) In the Westminster system , developed in the United Kingdom , there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation . Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate. Legislative bodies in

2052-407: The agenda in the chamber. Upper house An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature , the other chamber being the lower house . The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house)

2109-544: The bill before being sent to committee. In the Australian House of Representatives , a bill is automatically read a first time without any question being proposed upon presentation of the bill or it being received from the Senate. However, in the Australian Senate , the question on the first reading is always moved immediately after introduction (which is a separate motion altogether) or receipt from

2166-436: The bill is not passed unchanged by the upper house, it is returned to the lower house, which may impose its original version by a supermajority , and is sent to promulgation after passing both chambers. This "imperfect" procedure requires that all bills must be introduced to the lower house, although this may be mitigated by giving the upper house the right to submit bills to the lower. In a unicameral legislature, after passing

2223-481: The bill passes second stage it is referred to a select committee of that house or taken in committee stage by the whole house. In the Knesset , the bill's detailed provisions are considered in the second reading, and then voted on clause by clause. However, continuous stretches of clauses without any proposed amendments (which includes different wordings for the same clause written in the original bill), are voted as

2280-584: The bill, followed by a vote on the motion "that the Bill be now read a second time" (or sometimes on a wrecking amendment to that motion). If the motion is carried, the bill is then sent either to a standing committee or to a Committee of the Whole House , where it is considered and voted on clause by clause. In the United States Senate, a bill is either referred to committee or placed on

2337-482: The bill, it is sent to the President of Ireland to be signed into law. In the Polish Sejm , the third reading comprises a presentation of the amendments passed in second reading (or of a second committee report on the bill that was returned to committee after second reading), and a voting sequence: first on a motion to reject the bill (if one is introduced), then on the amendments introduced in second reading, and

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2394-536: The bill. Notably, only constitutional amendment bills, money bills, electoral law bills, and law code bills have their first reading at a plenary session of the Sejm; all other bills have their first reading occur in committee, unless the Marshal of the Sejm decides to refer them to the plenum. In the Russian State Duma , the first reading includes a debate on the general outlines of the bill followed by

2451-582: The consent of the upper house to legislation may be necessary (though, as noted above, this seldom extends to budgetary measures). Constitutional arrangements of states with powerful upper houses usually include a means to resolve situations where the two houses are at odds with each other. In recent times, parliamentary systems have tended to weaken the powers of upper houses relative to their lower counterparts. Some upper houses have been fully abolished; others have had their powers reduced by constitutional or legislative amendments. Also, conventions often exist that

2508-557: The first reading includes a debate on the general outlines of the bill followed by a vote on whether or not to send it to committee. In New Zealand , once a bill passes first reading it is normally referred to a select committee . However, the government can have a bill skip the select committee stage by a simple majority vote in Parliament. It was possible in the earliest years of the New Zealand Parliament for

2565-532: The forms of bills drafted by a nonpartisan, professional staff. Successful legislation must undergo committee review, three readings on the floor of each house, with appropriate voting majorities, as required, and either be signed into law by the governor or enacted through a veto override approved by two-thirds of the membership of each legislative house. The Michigan Senate is headed by the Lieutenant Governor of Michigan , who serves as President of

2622-467: The house at first reading. Instead, they are subject to a preliminary reading , where the members introducing the bill present it to the Knesset, followed by a debate on the general outlines of the bill followed by a vote on whether to send it to committee to be prepared for first reading or to remove it from the agenda. A first reading is when a bill is introduced to a legislature . Typically, in

2679-616: The legislature typically lasts throughout the entire year with several periods of recess and adjourns sine die in late December. The Michigan legislature is one of ten full-time state legislative bodies in the United States. Members receive a base salary of $ 71,685 per year, which makes them the fourth-highest paid state legislators in the country, after California, Pennsylvania and New York. While legislators in many states receive per diems that make up for lower salaries, Michigan legislators receive $ 10,800 per year for session and interim expenses. Salaries and expense allowances are determined by

2736-426: The legislature, but incumbent senators re-elected in 2022 would remain eligible for their new terms even if it pushed them over the 12-year limit. Each senator must be a citizen of the United States, at least 21 years of age, and an elector of the district they represent. Under state law, moving out of the district shall be deemed a vacation of the office. No person who has been convicted of subversion or who has within

2793-567: The lower house - for example, the senates of Australia, Brazil and the United States have a fixed number of elected members from each state, regardless of the population. Many jurisdictions once possessed upper houses but abolished them to adopt unicameral systems, including Croatia , Denmark , Estonia , Hungary , Iceland , Iran , Mauritania , New Zealand , Peru , Sweden , Turkey , Venezuela , many Indian states , Brazilian states , Canadian provinces , subnational entities such as Queensland , and some other jurisdictions. Newfoundland had

2850-534: The passage of a bill with which it disagrees. Bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month. The House of Lords is sometimes seen as having a special role of safeguarding the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom and important civil liberties against ill-considered change. The House of Lords has

2907-417: The preceding 20 years been convicted of a felony involving a breach of public trust shall be eligible for either house of the legislature. For reckoning periods of time during which the legislature operates, each two-year period coinciding with the election of new members of the House of Representatives is numbered consecutively as a legislature, dating to the first legislature following Michigan's admission as

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2964-533: The restoration of a bicameral Congress via a constitutional amendment in 1941, and via adoption of a new constitution in 1987. A previous government of Ireland (the 31st Dáil) promised a referendum on the abolition of its upper house , the Seanad Éireann , during the 24th Seanad session. By a narrow margin, the Irish public voted to retain it. Conservative-leaning Fine Gael and Left-leaning Sinn Féin both supported

3021-550: The second reading, and then voted on clause by clause. In the Oireachtas, the second reading is referred to as "second stage", though the subheading "second reading" is used in Dáil standing orders, and the motion at second stage is still "that the Bill is to be read a second time". A bill introduced in one house enters the other house at second stage, except that the Seanad second stage is waived for Dáil consolidation bills . Once

3078-422: The second reading. If amendments are introduced to a bill, it is returned for further committee consideration between second and third readings unless the Sejm decides otherwise. In the Russian State Duma , the bill's detailed provisions are considered in the second reading, and then voted on clause by clause. In both Houses of the British Parliament the second reading includes a debate on the general outlines of

3135-513: The terminology used to describe members of the United States Senate , constituents and the news media, using The Associated Press Stylebook , often refer to members of the Michigan Senate as state senators when necessary to avoid confusion with their federal counterparts. Senators are elected on a partisan basis for four-year terms, concurrent with the election of the Governor of Michigan . Terms for senators begin on January 1 at noon, following

3192-458: The third reading in the sole chamber, the bill goes on directly for promulgation. In the Oireachtas of Ireland, the equivalent of the third reading is referred to as the "fifth stage" or "final stage". The motion is "That the Bill do now pass", except that the Seanad motion for a money bill is "That the Bill be returned to the Dáil". When a bill passes one house, it is sent to the other house and enters at second stage. After both houses have passed

3249-399: The upper house ought not to obstruct the business of government for frivolous or merely partisan reasons. These conventions have tended to harden with a passage of time. In presidential systems, the upper house is frequently given other powers to compensate for its restrictions: There are a variety of ways an upper house's members are assembled: by direct or indirect election, appointment or

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