66-555: Millisle or Mill Isle (from Scots mill + isle , meaning "the meadow of the mill") is a village on the Ards Peninsula in County Down , Northern Ireland . It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Donaghadee . It is situated in the townlands of Ballymacruise (from Irish Baile Mhic Naosa MacNeice’s townland ) and Ballycopeland (from Irish Baile Chóplainn Copeland's townland ),
132-576: A portmanteau neologism popularised by the physician, amateur historian and politician Ian Adamson , merging Ulster and Lallans – the Scots for 'Lowlands' – but also said to be a backronym for 'Ulster-Scots language in literature and native speech'. The North American ancestry of the X-linked form of the genetic disease congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus has been traced to Ulster Scots who travelled to Nova Scotia in 1761 on
198-644: A Grammar of the Traditional Written and Spoken Language ), the Ulster-Scots Language Society and supporters of an Ulster-Scots Academy are of the opinion that Ulster Scots is a language in its own right. That position has been criticised by the Ulster-Scots Agency , with a BBC report stating: "[The Agency] accused the academy of wrongly promoting Ulster-Scots as a language distinct from Scots." This position
264-604: A duty to "adopt a strategy setting out how it proposes to enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture." This reflects the wording used in the St Andrews Agreement to refer to the enhancement and development of "the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture". There is still controversy on the status of Ulster Scots. Scots , mainly Gaelic -speaking, had been settling in Ulster since
330-440: A hotchpotch of obsolete words, neologisms (example: stour-sucker for vacuum cleaner ), redundant spellings (example: qoho for who ) and "erratic spelling". This spelling "sometimes reflects everyday Ulster Scots speech rather than the conventions of either modern or historic Scots, and sometimes does not". The result, Mac Póilin writes, is "often incomprehensible to the native speaker". In 2000, John Kirk described
396-550: A letter from Agnes Campbell of County Tyrone to Queen Elizabeth on behalf of Turlough O'Neil, her husband. Although documents dating from the Plantation period show conservative Scots features, English forms started to predominate from the 1620s as Scots declined as a written medium. In Ulster Scots-speaking areas there was traditionally a considerable demand for the work of Scottish poets, often in locally printed editions. These include Alexander Montgomerie 's The Cherrie and
462-620: A linguistic form, and "Ulster Scots culture" broadly referring to cultural forms associated with the Scottish-descended population, continued thereafter. The Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006 amended the Northern Ireland Act 1998 to insert a section (28D) entitled Strategies relating to Irish language and Ulster Scots language etc. which inter alia laid on the Executive Committee
528-417: A result of the competing influences of English and Scots, varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as "more English" or "more Scots". While once referred to as Scotch-Irish by several researchers, that has now been superseded by the term Ulster Scots . Speakers usually refer to their vernacular as 'Big Scots', ' Scotch ' or 'the hamely tongue'. Since the 1980s Ullans , a neologism popularized by
594-461: A reward for helping him escape from English captivity. Hamilton forced himself in on this deal when he discovered it and, after three years of bickering, the final settlement gave Hamilton and Montgomery each one-third of the land. Starting in 1609, Scots began arriving into state-sponsored settlements as part of the Plantation of Ulster . This scheme was intended to confiscate all the lands of
660-854: A total speech community of approximately 30,000 in the territory. Other estimates range from 35,000 in Northern Ireland, to an "optimistic" total of 100,000 including the Republic of Ireland (mainly the east of County Donegal ). Speaking at a seminar on 9 September 2004, Ian Sloan of the Northern Ireland Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (DCAL) accepted that the 1999 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey "did not significantly indicate that unionists or nationalists were relatively any more or less likely to speak Ulster Scots, although in absolute terms there were more unionists who spoke Ulster Scots than nationalists". In
726-745: A trilogy of novels Wake the Tribe o Dan (1998), The Back Streets o the Claw (2000) and The Man frae the Ministry (2005), as well as story books for children Esther, Quaen o tha Ulidian Pechts and Fergus an tha Stane o Destinie , and two volumes of poetry Alang the Shore (2005) and Oul Licht, New Licht (2009). A team in Belfast has begun translating portions of the Bible into Ulster Scots. The Gospel of Luke
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#1732790228482792-601: Is James Fenton , mostly using a blank verse form, but also occasionally the Habbie stanza. He employs an orthography that presents the reader with the difficult combination of eye dialect , dense Scots, and a greater variety of verse forms than employed hitherto. The poet Michael Longley (born 1939) has experimented with Ulster Scots for the translation of Classical verse, as in his 1995 collection The Ghost Orchid . The writing of Philip Robinson (born 1946) has been described as verging on " post-modern kailyard". He has produced
858-440: Is [...] clearly a dialect of Central Scots." The Northern Ireland Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure considers Ulster Scots to be "the local variety of the Scots language." Some linguists , such as Raymond Hickey, treat Ulster Scots (and other forms of Scots) as a dialect of English . It has been said that its "status varies between dialect and language". Enthusiasts such as Philip Robinson (author of Ulster-Scots:
924-836: Is almost identical with contemporary writing from Scotland. W. G. Lyttle, writing in Paddy McQuillan's Trip Tae Glesco , uses the typically Scots forms kent and begood , now replaced in Ulster by the more mainstream Anglic forms knew , knowed or knawed and begun . Many of the modest contemporary differences between Scots as spoken in Scotland and Ulster may be due to dialect levelling and influence from Mid Ulster English brought about through relatively recent demographic change rather than direct contact with Irish, retention of older features or separate development. The earliest identified writing in Scots in Ulster dates from 1571:
990-546: Is deceptive, for it is neither spoken nor innate. Traditional dialect speakers find it counter-intuitive and false... In 2005, Gavin Falconer questioned officialdom's complicity, writing: "The readiness of Northern Ireland officialdom to consign taxpayers' money to a black hole of translations incomprehensible to ordinary users is worrying". Recently produced teaching materials, have, on the other hand, been evaluated more positively. The three text excerpts below illustrate how
1056-535: Is reflected in many of the academic responses to the "Public Consultation on Proposals for an Ulster-Scots Academy" Ulster Scots is defined in an Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland establishing implementation bodies done at Dublin on the 8th day of March 1999 in the following terms: "Ullans" is to be understood as
1122-471: Is the dialect (whose proponents assert is a dialect of Scots ) spoken in parts of Ulster , being almost exclusively spoken in parts of Northern Ireland and County Donegal . It is normally considered a dialect or group of dialects of Scots, although groups such as the Ulster-Scots Language Society and Ulster-Scots Academy consider it a language in its own right, and the Ulster-Scots Agency and former Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure have used
1188-528: The 2021 census of Northern Ireland , 20,930 people (1.14% of the population) stated that they can speak, read, write and understand Ulster Scots, 26,570 people (1.45% of the population) stated they can speak but cannot read or write Ulster Scots, and 190,613 people (10.38% of the population) reported having some knowledge of it. The majority of linguists treat Ulster Scots as a variety of the Scots language ; Caroline Macafee, for example, writes that "Ulster Scots
1254-662: The British Empire and especially to the American colonies , later Canada and the United States. In North America , they are sometimes called "Scotch-Irish", though this term is not used in the British Isles . After some minor settling during the late Tudor and early Stuart periods, the first major influx of Lowland Scots and Border English Protestant settlers into Ulster came in the first two decades of
1320-760: The British Plantations in Ireland , which had been destroyed by the rebellion of 1641, were restored. However, due to the Scots' enmity to the English Parliament in the final stages of the English Civil War , English settlers rather than Scots were the main beneficiary of this scheme. There was a generation of calm in Ireland until another war broke out in 1689, again due to political conflict closely aligned with ethnic and religious differences. The Williamite war in Ireland (1689–91)
1386-692: The Finn Valley in east Donegal and in the south of Inishowen in north Donegal . Writing in 2020, the Fintona -born linguist Warren Maguire argued that some of the criteria that Gregg used as distinctive of Ulster Scots are common in south-west Tyrone and were found in other sites across Northern Ireland investigated by the Linguistic Survey of Scotland . The 1999 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey found that 2% of Northern Ireland residents claimed to speak Ulster Scots, which would mean
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#17327902284821452-515: The Gaelic Irish nobility in Ulster and to settle the province with Protestant Scottish and English colonists. Under this scheme, a substantial number of Scots were settled, mostly in the south and west of Ulster, on confiscated land. While many of the Scottish planters in Ulster came from southwest Scotland, a large number came from the southeast, including the unstable regions right along
1518-544: The Irish Rebellion of 1641 , the native Irish gentry attempted to extirpate the English and Scottish settlers in revenge for being driven off their ancestral land, resulting in severe violence, massacres and ultimately leading to the deaths of between four and six thousand settlers over the winter of 1641–42. Native Irish civilians were massacred in return. By 1642, native Irish were in de facto control of much of
1584-556: The Plantation of Ulster , which was a planned process of colonisation following the Tudor conquest of Ireland . The largest numbers came from Dumfries and Galloway , Lanarkshire , Renfrewshire , Ayrshire , Scottish Borders , Northumberland , Cumbria , Durham , Yorkshire and, to a lesser extent, from the Scottish Highlands . Ulster Scots people, displaced through hardship, emigrated in significant numbers around in
1650-660: The United Irishmen to participate in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 in support of republican and egalitarian ideals. Just a few generations after arriving in Ulster, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots emigrated to the North American colonies of Great Britain . Between 1717 and 1775, over 100,000 migrated to what became the United States of America . Around the same time, the British took control of
1716-479: The civil parish of Donaghadee and the historic barony of Ards Lower . It had a population of 2,318 people in the 2011 Census. The name Millisle is possibly derived from Irish Baile an Mhuilin Townland of the mill which was referenced in the seventeenth century. Alternatively it may have been borrowed by the Scottish settlers to the area from the hamlet of Millisle in Wigtownshire. In
1782-452: The "net effect" of that "amalgam of traditional, surviving, revived, changed, and invented features" as an "artificial dialect". He added, It is certainly not a written version of the vestigial spoken dialect of rural County Antrim, as its activists frequently urge, perpetrating the fallacy that it's wor ain leid . (Besides, the dialect revivalists claim not to be native speakers of the dialect themselves!) The colloquialness of this new dialect
1848-405: The 15th century , but large numbers of Scots -speaking Lowlanders , some 200,000, arrived during the 17th century following the 1610 Plantation , with the peak reached during the 1690s. In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to one. Literature from shortly before the end of the unselfconscious tradition at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
1914-506: The 17th century. Before the Plantation of Ulster (and even before the Flight of the Earls ), there was the 1606 independent Scottish settlement in east Down and Antrim . It was led by adventurers James Hamilton and Sir Hugh Montgomery , two Ayrshire lairds . Montgomery was granted half of Lord of Upper Clandeboye Conn McNeill O'Neill's land, a significant Gaelic lordship in Ulster, as
1980-474: The 18th and 19th centuries. In fact, these 'Scots-Irish' from Ulster and Lowland Scotland comprised the most numerous group of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the American colonies between 1717 and 1775, with over 100,000 leaving Ulster at the time. Towards the end of the 18th century, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians ignored religious differences and, along with many Catholic Gaelic Irish, joined
2046-774: The 2011 Census Millisle had a population of 2,318 people (991 households). Millisle is classified as a village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 1,000 and 2,250). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 1,800 people living in Millisle. Of these: Some of the Jewish children who arrived in the UK in 1939 under the Kindertransport program were sent to Northern Ireland. Many of them were looked after by foster parents but others went to
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2112-742: The British Government is obliged, among other things, to: The Ulster-Scots Agency , funded by DCAL in conjunction with the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht , is responsible for promotion of greater awareness and use of Ullans and of Ulster-Scots cultural issues, both within Northern Ireland and throughout the island. The agency was established as a result of the Belfast Agreement of 1998. Its headquarters are on Great Victoria Street in central Belfast , while
2178-476: The Charter that it recognises that Scots and Ulster Scots meet the Charter's definition of a regional or minority language for the purposes of Part II of the Charter. This recognition differed significantly from the commitments entered into under the Charter in relation to Irish, for which specific provisions under Part III were invoked for the protection and promotion of that language. The definition of Ullans from
2244-838: The Millisle Refugee Farm ("Magill's Farm", on the Woburn Road) which took refugees from May 1938 until its closure in 1948. In 1944, Millisle Airfield begun constructed but was halted after the ground being found unstable. The airfield was intended for the USAAF. Only 2 concrete runways remain today. Abbey Villa F.C. play association football in the Northern Amateur Football League . Ulster Scots dialects Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots ( Ulstèr-Scotch , Irish : Albainis Uladh ), also known as Ulster Scotch and Ullans ,
2310-613: The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999 above was used on 1 July 2005 Second Periodical Report by the United Kingdom to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe outlining how the UK met its obligations under the Charter. The Good Friday Agreement (which does not refer to Ulster Scots as a "language") recognises Ulster Scots as "part of the cultural wealth of
2376-597: The Protestant minority's monopoly on power in Ireland. Their victories at Derry , the Boyne and Aughrim are still commemorated by the Orange Order into the 21st century. Finally, another major influx of Scots into northern Ireland occurred in the late 1690s, when tens of thousands of people fled a famine in Scotland to come to Ulster. It was only after the 1690s that Scottish settlers and their descendants,
2442-596: The Scottish lowlands. In particular, the origin of country and western music was extensively from Ulster Scots folk music, in addition to English, German, and African-American styles. The cultural traditions and aspects of this culture including its links to country music are articulated in David Hackett Fischer 's book, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America . In 2010's documentary The Hamely Tongue , filmmaker Deaglán Ó Mocháin traces back
2508-509: The Slae in 1700; shortly over a decade later an edition of poems by Sir David Lindsay ; nine printings of Allan Ramsay 's The Gentle shepherd between 1743 and 1793; and an edition of Robert Burns ' poetry in 1787, the same year as the Edinburgh edition, followed by reprints in 1789, 1793 and 1800. Among other Scottish poets published in Ulster were James Hogg and Robert Tannahill . That
2574-801: The Ulster-Scottish settlers from native Irish landowners. The war itself, part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , ended in the 1650s, with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland . At the head of the army, Oliver Cromwell conquered all of Ireland. Defeating the Irish Confederates and English Royalists on behalf of the English Parliamentarians , he and his forces employed methods and inflicted casualties among
2640-434: The United States is higher (over 27 million) likely because contemporary Americans with some Scotch-Irish heritage may regard themselves as either Irish, Scottish, or simply American instead. Over the centuries, Ulster Scots culture has contributed to the unique character of the counties in Ulster . The Ulster Scots Agency points to industry, language, music, sport, religion and myriad traditions brought to Ulster from
2706-606: The agency has a major office in Raphoe , County Donegal . In 2001 the Institute of Ulster Scots Studies was established at the University of Ulster . An Ulster Scots Academy has been planned with the aim of conserving, developing, and teaching the language of Ulster-Scots in association with native speakers to the highest academic standards. The 2010 documentary The Hamely Tongue by filmmaker Deaglán O Mocháin traces back
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2772-757: The border with England (the Scottish Borders and Northumberland ). These groups were from the Borderers or Border Reivers culture, which had familial links on both sides of the Anglo-Scottish border. The plan was that moving these Borderers to Ireland would both solve the Borders problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to James VI of Scotland when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively. During
2838-509: The cheenge-ower (digitaluk 2012) From Alice's Carrànts in Wunnerlan (Anne Morrison-Smyth, 2013) From Hannlin Rede [annual report] 2012–2013 ( Männystèr o Fairms an Kintra Fordèrin , 2012) Ulster Scots people The Ulster Scots people or Scots-Irish are an ethnic group descended largely from Scottish and some Northern English Borders settlers who moved to
2904-566: The cheenge-ower , perhaps being a rare exception. Instead there has been an increase in the use of somewhat creative phonetic spellings based on the perceived sound-to-letter correspondences of Standard English , i.e. dialect writing, as exemplified in Alice's Carrànts in Wunnerlan or the adoption of a more esoteric "amalgam of traditional, surviving, revived, changed, and invented features" as exemplified in Hannlin Rede . From Yer guide tae
2970-519: The civilian Irish population that have long been commonly considered by contemporary sources, historians and the popular culture to be outside of the accepted military ethics of the day (see more on the debate here ). After the Cromwellian war in Ireland was over, many of their soldiers settled permanently in eastern Ulster. Under the Act of Settlement 1652 , all Catholic-owned land was confiscated and
3036-438: The descendants of English settlers . For this reason, up until the 19th century, there was considerable disharmony between Dissenters and the ruling Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. With the enforcement of Queen Anne's 1703 Test Act , which caused further discrimination against all who did not participate in the established church , considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots migrated to the colonies in British America throughout
3102-415: The form of pseudonymous social commentary employing a folksy first-person style. The pseudonymous Bab M'Keen (probably successive members of the Weir family: John Weir, William Weir, and Jack Weir) provided comic commentaries in the Ballymena Observer and County Antrim Advertiser for over a hundred years from the 1880s. A somewhat diminished tradition of vernacular poetry survived into the 20th century in
3168-415: The island of Ireland" , and the Implementation Agreement established the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency ( Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch ). The legislative remit laid down for the agency by the North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999 is: "the promotion of greater awareness and the use of Ullans and of Ulster-Scots cultural issues, both within Northern Ireland and throughout
3234-420: The island under a Confederate Ireland , with about a third under the control of the opposition. However, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians joined with the Irish in rebellion and aided them in driving the English out. The Ulster Scots population in Ireland was probably preserved from destruction during the subsequent Irish Confederate Wars , when a Scottish Covenanter army was landed in the province to protect
3300-416: The island". The agency has adopted a mission statement: to promote the study, conservation, development and use of Ulster Scots as a living language; to encourage and develop the full range of its attendant culture; and to promote an understanding of the history of the Ulster-Scots people. Despite the Agency's reference to Ulster Scots as "a language", this eliding of the distinction between Ulster Scots as
3366-399: The majority of whom were Presbyterian , gained numeric superiority in Ulster, though still a minority in Ireland as a whole. Along with Catholics , they were legally disadvantaged by the Penal Laws , which gave full rights only to members of the Church of Ireland (the Anglican state church ), who were mainly Anglo-Irish (themselves often absentee landlords ), native Irish converts or
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#17327902284823432-408: The middle of the 20th century, the linguist Robert John Gregg established the geographical boundaries of Ulster's Scots-speaking areas based on information gathered from native speakers. By his definition, Ulster Scots is spoken in mid and east Antrim , north Down , north-east County Londonderry , and in the fishing villages of the Mourne coast. It is also spoken in the Laggan district and parts of
3498-427: The northern province of Ulster in Ireland mainly during the 17th century. There is an Ulster Scots dialect of the Scots language . Historically, there has been considerable population exchanges between Ireland and Scotland over the millennia. This group are found mostly in the province of Ulster, their ancestors were Protestant settlers who migrated from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England during
3564-753: The origins of this culture and language, and relates its manifestations in today's Ireland. By the early 20th century the literary tradition was almost extinct, though some 'dialect' poetry continued to be written. Much revivalist Ulster Scots has appeared, for example as "official translations", since the 1990s. However, it has little in common with traditional Scots orthography as described in Grant and Dixon's Manual of Modern Scots (1921). Aodán Mac Póilin , an Irish language activist, has described these revivalist orthographies as an attempt to make Ulster Scots an independent written language and to achieve official status. They seek "to be as different to English (and occasionally Scots) as possible". He described it as
3630-402: The origins of this culture and language, and relates its manifestations in today's Ireland. The film's title refers to James Fenton's book, The Hamely Tongue: A personal record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim . Most Ulster Scots speak Ulster English as a first language . Ulster Scots is the local dialect of the Lowland Scots language which has, since the 1980s, also been called "Ullans",
3696-406: The physician, amateur historian and politician Ian Adamson , merging Ulster and Lallans , the Scots for Lowlands , but also an acronym for " U lster-Scots l anguage in l iterature a nd n ative s peech" and Ulstèr-Scotch , the preferred revivalist parlance, have also been used. Occasionally, the term Habitual-Scots appears, whether for the vernacular or the ethnic group . During
3762-401: The same literary tradition following the same poetic and orthographic practices; it is not always immediately possible to distinguish traditional Scots writing from Scotland and Ulster. Among the rhyming weavers were James Campbell (1758–1818), James Orr (1770–1816), Thomas Beggs (1749–1847), David Herbison (1800–1880), Hugh Porter (1780–1839) and Andrew McKenzie (1780–1839). Scots
3828-429: The term Ulster-Scots language . Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent. This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English with words pronounced using the Ulster Scots phonemes closest to those of Standard English. Ulster Scots has been influenced by Hiberno-English , particularly Ulster English , and by Ulster Irish . As
3894-417: The territory of New France , allowing many Ulster-Scots to migrate to these areas as well. These people are known as the Scotch-Irish Canadians . In the United States census of 2000, 4.3 million Americans (1.5% of the population of the United States) claimed Scotch-Irish ancestry. Author and former United States Senator Jim Webb suggests that the true number of people with some Scots-Irish heritage in
3960-438: The traditional written form of Ulster Scots from the 18th to early 20th century was virtually indistinguishable from contemporary written Scots from Scotland. The Muse Dismissed ( Hugh Porter 1780–1839) To M.H. (Barney Maglone 1820?–1875) From The Lammas Fair (Robert Huddleston 1814–1889) The examples below illustrate how 21st century Ulster Scots texts seldom adhere to the previous literary tradition, Yer guide tae
4026-496: The variety of the Scots language traditionally found in parts of Northern Ireland and Donegal. The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999, which gave effect to the implementation bodies incorporated the text of the agreement in its Schedule 1. The declaration made by the British Government regarding the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages reads as follows: The United Kingdom declares, in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1 of
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#17327902284824092-413: The work of poets such as Adam Lynn, author of the 1911 collection Random Rhymes frae Cullybackey , John Stevenson (died 1932), writing as "Pat M'Carty", and John Clifford (1900–1983) from East Antrim. In the late 20th century the poetic tradition was revived, albeit often replacing the traditional Modern Scots orthographic practice with a series of contradictory idiolects . Among the significant writers
4158-430: Was also used in the narrative by Ulster novelists such as W. G. Lyttle (1844–1896) and Archibald McIlroy (1860–1915). By the middle of the 19th century the Kailyard school of prose had become the dominant literary genre, overtaking poetry. This was a tradition shared with Scotland which continued into the early 20th century. Scots also frequently appeared in Ulster newspaper columns, especially in Antrim and Down, in
4224-554: Was complemented by a poetry revival and nascent prose genre in Ulster, which started around 1720. The most prominent of these was the rhyming weaver poetry, of which, some 60 to 70 volumes were published between 1750 and 1850, the peak being in the decades 1810 to 1840, although the first printed poetry (in the Habbie stanza form) by an Ulster Scots writer was published in a broadsheet in Strabane in 1735. These weaver poets looked to Scotland for their cultural and literary models and were not simple imitators but clearly inheritors of
4290-732: Was fought between Jacobites who supported the restoration of the Catholic James II to the throne of England and Williamites who supported the Protestant William of Orange . The majority of the Protestant colonists throughout Ireland but particularly in Ulster, fought on the Williamite side in the war against the Jacobites . The fear of a repeat of the massacres of 1641, fear of retribution for religious persecution, as well as their wish to hold on to lands which had been confiscated from Catholic landowners, were all principal motivating factors. The Williamite forces, composed of British, Dutch, Huguenot and Danish armies, as well as troops raised in Ulster, ended Jacobite resistance by 1691, confirming
4356-401: Was published in 2009 by the Ullans Press. It is available in the YouVersion Bible Project. In 1992 the Ulster-Scots Language Society was formed for the protection and promotion of Ulster Scots, which some of its members viewed as a language in its own right, encouraging use in speech, writing and in all areas of life. Within the terms of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
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