78-708: The Min Kuo Jih Pao ( simplified Chinese : 民国日报 ; traditional Chinese : 民國日報 ), or the Republican Daily News , was a Chinese-language daily newspaper published from 1916 to 1947. It was founded in Shanghai by Chen Qimei and others on 22 January 1916, and had Ye Chucan and Shao Lizi as its chief editors. Initially, it served as the primary publication for the Chinese Revolutionary Party before transitioning to
156-466: A " tyrant ," describing his government as "evil" and criticising his attempt to restore the monarchy as "a treacherous theft of the nation." It mocked his ascension to the throne as a farcical "grand ascent," denouncing it as shameless. After Yuan Shikai's death, the paper continued to refer to him with derogatory terms such as "Yuan Shikai, whose evil deeds were fully accumulated," "Yuan the Rebel," and "Yuan
234-576: A circulation reaching up to 9,000 copies daily, primarily among students and KMT members. In February 1924, Qu Qiubai arrived in Shanghai and participated in the reorganisation of the KMT's Shanghai Executive Department and the Min Kuo Jih Pao. Following its reorganisation, the newspaper began to display a clear revolutionary orientation in its political stance, vigorously defending the declarations of
312-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
390-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
468-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
546-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
624-573: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
702-473: A public opinion survey to "elect the greatest Chinese personality," where he emerged first, ahead of Chiang Kai-shek, who was ranked second. This result greatly displeased Chiang Kai-shek. Consequently, in the autumn of 1930, Chen Dewei was detained in Nanjing. Although later released on bail by Wu Jingheng, Chen was demoted and relegated to a position from which he could never be reinstated. After Chen Dewei left
780-492: A telegram from Beijing reporting "Zhang Zongxiang's serious injury and death" along with a short commentary titled "The End of a Traitor," referring to Zhang Zongxiang's death. However, Zhang Zongxiang had not died; on 7 May, the paper published another telegram, "Zhang Zongxiang Still Refuses to Die," reporting his revival after fainting at the Japan-China Friendship Hospital. After the outbreak of
858-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
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#1732780918667936-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
1014-443: Is not a strategy for safeguarding our land, and tolerance is not the path of righteousness. Today, as wounds fester and our realm teeters on the brink of collapse, with the source of our troubles not yet eradicated, and extinction looming, our compatriots furrow their brows in distress, a sentiment not new to this day. Yet, why do we still not rise in self-defence? In subsequent reports, the newspaper continued to refer to Yuan Shikai as
1092-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
1170-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
1248-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
1326-613: The Min Pao ( simplified Chinese : 民报 ; traditional Chinese : 民報 ) until the Battle of Shanghai in 1937. Post-war, it was republished under the name Min Kuo Jih Pao until January 1947. Between 1916 and 1932, the Shanghai-based Min Kuo Jih Pao had a significant impact on Chinese society and, along with Ta Kung Pao , Shun Pao , and Yi Shih Pao , was renowned as one of the "Four Major Newspapers of
1404-618: The Beiyang Government . During the May Fourth Movement , it urged various sectors of society to strike and boycott in protest, adopting a radical stance in the subsequent New Culture Movement by exploring issues such as gender equality , women's liberation , and Marxism–Leninism . After Sun Yat-sen 's death, control of the newspaper shifted to the Western Hills Conference faction, leading to
1482-760: The Republic of China ." Its supplement, "Awakening," was one of the four major supplements during the New Culture Movement. In the 1920s, numerous provincial, municipal, and county branches of KMT established local editions of the Min Kuo Jih Pao , making it the official organ of the local party branches. the Min Kuo Jih Pao was established on 22 January 1916 in the Shanghai French Concession by Chen Qimei and others, with Ye Chucan and Shao Lizi serving as its chief editors. It
1560-533: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Anfu Club The Anfu Club ( traditional Chinese : 安福俱樂部 ; simplified Chinese : 安福俱乐部 ; pinyin : Ānfú Jùlèbù ) was a political organisation in China. It controlled the National Assembly of the Republic of China after the elections of 1918. The organisation
1638-459: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
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#17327809186671716-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
1794-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
1872-511: The 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
1950-544: The American film Welcome Danger at the Grand Guangming Theater in Shanghai, took the stage inside the cinema to vehemently denounce the movie for insulting China and called for a boycott. Consequently, he was detained by the police. After his release, Hong Shen sued in court and published articles in the Min Kuo Jih Pao calling for a boycott, leading to the film's lead actor issuing a public apology to
2028-615: The Anfu Club did not have an official ideology, but frequently made use of socialist rhetoric and watered down policies, such as the passing of progressive laws making Sunday a holiday, creating safety regulations for factories and compulsory pensions for workers. However, the club was very corrupt in their governance. The 1918 elections were fraught with fraud and vote-buying, and many provinces could not hold elections, such as Shaanxi and Henan due to conflict, and thus their military governors handpicked pro-Anfu officials to represent them in
2106-535: The Anfu Club, the New Communications Clique , were bureaucrats which organised loans from Japan to Club's patron, Duan Qirui . Moreover, diplomats selected by the Anfu Club were sent to Versailles to sign the Treaty of Versailles which ultimately caused the May Fourth Movement . However, the actual policy of signing the treaty and suppressing the subsequent student protests where directed by
2184-629: The Central Government. There was the Executive Office (干事部), led by Wang Yitang , the council (评议会), which Tian Yinghuang presided over, and the Public Policy Research Association (政务研究会) that was managed by Li Shengduo . The official goal of the Anfu Club was generate public policy, both foreign and internal. Their well-known foreign policies was the club's diplomacy with Japan. Affiliates of
2262-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
2340-520: The Chinese people in American newspapers, banning the film's screening in other Chinese cities, and forcing the Grand Guangming Theater to publicly apologise to Hong Shen. On January 8, 1932, a Korean individual attempted to assassinate the Japanese Emperor with a hand grenade during a military inspection in Tokyo's Yoyogi area. The Min Kuo Jih Pao reported on this incident, with the headline on
2418-621: The Delegates," expressing support and admiration for the refusal. Following this, the Min Kuo Jih Pao reported on activities in Jiangsu that responded to the May Fourth Movement, including student marches, speeches, the burning of Japanese goods, and protest activities in cities like Jintan, Suqian, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Xuzhou, and Huaian. the Min Kuo Jih Pao was dedicated to promoting the New Culture Movement and supporting
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2496-576: The Eastern Route Army Command of the National Revolutionary Army declared it as their official organ, making it the first news and propaganda institution established by the KMT in Shanghai. After the 12 April Coup in 1927, Chen Dewei became the chief editor of the Min Kuo Jih Pao. The newspaper transitioned into a propaganda tool for the Nanjing government led by Chiang Kai-shek. In 1930, Chen Dewei organised
2574-673: The Japanese government issued a statement claiming that the incident was triggered by anti-Japanese movements in China, specifically citing the Min Kuo Jih Pao' publication of disrespectful content towards the Japanese imperial family as one of the pretexts for the invasion. On May 4, 1932, the newspaper was relaunched as Min Pao with Ye Chucan as its backer, receiving subsidies from the Central Publicity Department of KMT. It ceased publication on November 25, 1937, due to
2652-542: The KMT and the CCP. The right-wing forces within the KMT grew, leading to the marginalization of the KMT's left-wing and Communist members within the Min Kuo Jih Pao. By the end of 1925, the newspaper was completely controlled by the right-wing Western Hills Conference faction. In January 1926, the Second National Congress of the KMT passed a resolution to discipline individuals like Ye Chucan and ordered that
2730-497: The KMT opposition to various warlords with the aim of establishing a national government. On 6 May 1919, the Shanghai edition of the Min Kuo Jih Pao published a headline on the front page about the student movement in Beijing, namely the May Fourth Movement. It specially printed a portrait of Cao Rulin, labelling it with phrases such as "The Traitor Cao Rulin's Portrait" to express condemnation towards Cao Rulin. The paper also published
2808-621: The KMT's First Congress, the national workers' movement, the anti-imperialist movement, and support for the Soviet Union. This stance led to suspicion and opposition from the right-wing faction within the KMT, with some accusing the Min Kuo Jih Pao of becoming a mouthpiece for the Communist Party, and Qu Qiubai being suspected of being an "executive member of the Russian Communist Party within the KMT." Ye Chucan
2886-566: The May Fourth Movement, Shao Lizi was invited to a tea party hosted by the Shanghai Student Union at the Carlton Cafe on Ningbo Road. He called for a citywide strike in Shanghai to support the student movement, and subsequently, the Min Kuo Jih Pao published an editorial titled "Make a Decision Quickly to Strike," urging all sectors of society to participate in strikes and boycotts to support the student movement. Inspired by
2964-472: The Min Kuo Jih Pao and other newspapers, nearly ten thousand people in Shanghai joined the strike and boycott movement in early June. The Min Kuo Jih Pao closely monitored the development of the May Fourth Movement in Jiangsu, providing continuous coverage. When news of the Chinese delegation's refusal to sign the Treaty of Versailles broke, the paper immediately published "The Wujiang Salvation Group's Telegram to
3042-541: The Min Kuo Jih Pao, Yan Shenyu took over as the newspaper's main person in charge. Between 1927 and 1932, the newspaper's political commentary was highly aligned with the Nanjing government, adopting anti-Soviet and anti-Communist stances, and participated in propaganda against the Guangxi and Guangdong factions, the Fengtian clique, and the reorganisationists. In 1929, Fudan University professor Hong Shen , after watching
3120-739: The National Assembly. The Anfu Club did not operate in isolation. They were formed on the orders of the Duan Qirui , the former premier and leader of the Anhui Clique . Duan was a military strongman who sought to unify China by force. The purpose of the club was ultimately to enable him in this pursuit. However, the Anfu Club was only a part of the Anhui Clique. The Jiwei Club, known as the "Moderate Militarists" by international observers and formed by Jin Yunpeng from Anfu Club defectors in
3198-701: The Nationalist Government, the Min Kuo Jih Pao ultimately decided to comply with the Japanese demands, sending a representative of the newspaper to personally offer both verbal and written apologies to the Japanese Marine Corps. The Japanese side claimed to reject the apology, demanding the closure of the Min Kuo Jih Pao, and threatened the Shanghai Municipal Council that if the Council did not take action against
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3276-762: The Nationalist Party's central committee reorganising the paper in 1926. Following the 12 April Incident, its editorial stance closely aligned with the Nanjing Nationalist Government. In 1932, the newspaper was shut down by the Public Concession authorities following Japanese accusations of disrespectful language towards the Emperor, becoming a catalyst for the January 28 Incident. After the incident, it resumed publication as
3354-502: The Southwestern Righteous Army." It also featured special coverage on the third anniversary of the death of Tongmenghui elder and founding member of the KMT, Song Jiaoren, using the occasion to denounce Yuan's regime. Less than four months after its inception, on 18 May 1916, Chen Qimei, one of the founders of the newspaper, was assassinated in Shanghai. During the May Fourth Movement, the Min Kuo Jih Pao supported
3432-735: The Thief," expressing a sense of relief at his death, believing it brought new vitality to the Chinese people. Following Yuan Shikai's failed attempt to declare himself emperor in March 1916, the Min Kuo Jih Pao actively supported the Protection Movement led by Sun Yat-sen, criticising the Beiyang warlord government. The paper referred to the Protection Army as "righteous troops" and published a series of articles titled "Chronicles of
3510-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
3588-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
3666-767: The control of the Western Hills faction, its support for Sun Yat-sen and the Guangzhou National Government, and its advocacy for the National Revolution. On 10 January 1927, due to the Northern Expedition and opposition from Sun Chuanfang, who then controlled Shanghai, the newspaper was suspended again. When the Northern Expedition forces reached Shanghai on 21 March, the newspaper immediately resumed publication. The KMT's Special Municipal Party Committee in Shanghai and
3744-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
3822-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
3900-425: The fall of Shanghai to Japanese hand. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Min Kuo Jih Pao was approved for republication by the KMT's Central Publicity Department on October 6, 1945. In its early days after resuming publication, the Min Kuo Jih Pao managed to maintain its operations, especially as other newspapers like Shen Bao and Xinwen Bao were undergoing reorganisation. However, entering 1946,
3978-585: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
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#17327809186674056-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
4134-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
4212-459: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
4290-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
4368-475: The labour movement, which led to repeated difficulties with the concession authorities. It was prosecuted by the police for "inciting public sentiment and disturbing public order," resulting in a court order from the Mixed Court to suspend publication for reorganisation. The newspaper also faced legal challenges for its reports on and support for the labour movement, being accused of "propagating extremism" and
4446-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
4524-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
4602-503: The newspaper "be handed over for reorganisation or complete change of attitude." The Central Executive Committee of the KMT in Guangzhou declared the newspaper to be occupied by reactionary elements, with absurd discussions and greatly deviating from the party's principles. It cut off the newspaper's funding, leading to its suspension for reorganisation on 26 October. The newspaper resumed publication on 7 November, announcing its break from
4680-485: The newspaper struggled to sustain itself, with circulation falling below a thousand copies and frequently operating on borrowed funds. It finally ceased publication on January 31, 1947. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during
4758-623: The newspaper was not found guilty. However, its manager, Shao Lizi, and chief editor, Ye Chucan, were each fined 100 silver dollars. The First National Congress of the KMT, held in January 1924, marked the beginning of the First United Front between the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). After this congress, the Min Kuo Jih Pao became the official organ of the Central Committee of the KMT, with
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#17327809186674836-428: The newspaper, the Marine Corps would close down the Council itself. In a board meeting held in the absence of the Chinese directors, the Council decided to shut down the premises of the Min Kuo Jih Pao. On January 27, following the Japanese demand to suspend the Min Kuo Jih Pao, the Chinese Foreign Minister Chen Youren and Sun Ke resigned in protest. On January 28, Japanese forces began invading Shanghai . On January 29,
4914-419: The official party newspaper of the Kuomintang (KMT). The newspaper pioneered a management model where the chief editor assumed full responsibility, breaking away from the traditional practice of newspaper operations being dominated by a managerial figure. At its inception, the Min Kuo Jih Pao was dedicated to opposing Yuan Shikai , actively supporting the Constitutional Protection Movement , and criticising
4992-475: The organisation controlled roughly 330 seats in the National Assembly. The Club got its name from Anfu Hutong, the street on which the members meet. Although officially not a political party, as the term was stigmatised following Yuan Shikai's disbandment of the Kuomintang , the Anfu Club operated as China's first party-state. It was a collective of senators, representatives and government bureaucrats who had their own party roles and positions which mirrored that of
5070-408: The president of the time, Xu Shichang , and the Anfu Club was blamed for the fiasco by Research Clique affiliated media, which became the widespread belief. Overall, the club's policy to Japan was largely friendly, but with the knowledge that Japan did not have the best interests in mind, which was exemplified by Xu Shuzheng 's aid to Germany during the Siege of Qingdao . In terms of internal policy,
5148-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
5226-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
5304-426: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
5382-408: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
5460-427: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
5538-699: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
5616-487: The unsuccessful attempt to kill the Japanese Emperor and a subtitle that read "Unfortunately, Only the Secondary Car Was Damaged." The Japanese perceived this as an insult to the Emperor and were highly dissatisfied. The Japanese Consulate in Shanghai lodged multiple complaints with the Chinese side, demanding severe punishment and an apology. Faced with threats from the Japanese side and pressure from
5694-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
5772-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
5850-572: Was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee at the KMT's First Congress and soon served as the Minister of Propaganda. After Sun Yat-sen's death, Ye Chucan later joined the Western Hills Conference, causing the Min Kuo Jih Pao to gradually become the mouthpiece of the Western Hills Conference faction. The newspaper shifted its stance, publishing numerous anti-communist articles and openly opposing cooperation between
5928-548: Was forced to disband after the defeat of its patrons, the Anhui Clique , during the Zhili–Anhui War . The club was formed on 8 March 1918 from the Zhonghe Club, a political group organised by Jin Yunpeng on the order of Duan Qirui on 27 March 1917. The Anfu Club was primarily organised by Duan's right-hand man, Xu Shuzheng , along with the politicians Wang Yitang , Zeng Yujun , Liu Enge and others. At its height,
6006-535: Was instructed not to promote radical ideas. In September 1919, the Shanghai edition of the Min Kuo Jih Pao published an article titled "Explanation of the Anfu Clan Genealogy," which exposed the dictatorship and treasonous activities of the Anfu Club, leading to accusations of "insulting the President and officials in office." Despite vigorous defence by its lawyers in the subsequent legal proceedings,
6084-538: Was the primary newspaper of the Chinese Revolutionary Party. At its launch, the newspaper's main objective was to oppose Yuan Shikai, and its inaugural editorial stated: In the spring when autocratic tyranny is exposed, on the day when righteous forces rise throughout the land, we, the Min Kuo Jih Pao , solemnly present our first words to compatriots nationwide: Despotism leads inevitably to chaos, usurpation demands rightful punishment; complacency
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