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54-831: Minbya was established by the British in 1867 on the western bank of Lemro River, lying below Kyein Hill which stands historical Kyein Stupa built during ancient time. During the civil war in Myanmar , Minbya was a center of heavy fighting between the Tatmadaw and the Arakan Army . The entirety of Minbya township was captured by the AA on 6 February 2024. The education of Minbya is fairly good. There are three high schools: BEHS 1,2,3 which are

108-542: A major offensive by the People's Defense Force and Three Brotherhood Alliance in the west of the country, which was successful in taking 80 bases, 220 SAC positions and several towns by 28 November 2023. October and November 2023 saw a series of concurrent anti-SAC offensives, including Operation 1111 besieging the state capital of Loikaw and renewed conflict by anti-SAC forces in northern Rakhine and Chin states. In Operation 1027, anti-SAC forces seized Laukkai ,

162-745: A four-day clash in Hpruso Township with the KNDF and Karenni Army . On 14 December, around 200 Tatmadaw troops searched the Karen National Union (KNU)-controlled town of Lay Kay Kaw Myothit near the Thai border , arresting people suspected to be activists or members of the PDF. On 20 December, SAC forces burned down nineteen houses in Kunnar, Loikaw Township after taking it from the KNDF

216-442: A military base, killing 10 SAC soldiers and taking others hostages in their first attack since the protests began. The following day saw the 2021 Kalay clashes where protestors openly used homemade weapons against soldiers for the first time, targeting security forces attacking a protest camp. SAC declared that it would cease all military operations on 29 March 2021 and hold bilateral negotiations with ethnic armed groups. However,

270-617: A mosque. Close to 200 people were housed in mosques of several nearby villages. On 12 November 2011, all 567 permanent shops of the Minbya central market were destroyed in a fire accident. During the last weekend of July 2015, there was a heavy rain and cause the flooding and then this situation was worse as Cyclone Komen hit the Arakan Coastal on 30 July. It caused great damages in urban and rural area. Many farms were destroyed. After flooding, many civil charity group were came to aid

324-685: A predominantly Buddhist and Bamar farming region. The fighting in the Anya theater of Central Myanmar starting in 2021 changed this trajectory. Without the presence of EAOs, the Bamar PDF groups are characterized as local cells acting autonomously towards simple and directed towards the 2021 coup. In the 2021–2022 dry season, the PDFs began to work more closely together and coordinate towards larger goals. In early 2022, resistance forces were fighting in Monywa ,

378-651: A safehouse of the PDF in Mandalay, detaining several fighters. Myanmar security forces killed at least 25 people in another raid in Tabayin . These attacks occurred in Central Myanmar, also known as Anya, an area that had rarely seen armed violence in recent times. On 2 July, troops assaulted several villages in Sagaing Region and reportedly killed 41 civilians. The Washington Post described Myanmar

432-920: Is based in two locations (New York and Geneva) in addition to 6 regional offices, 34 country offices, and 20 humanitarian adviser teams. As of June 2016, OCHA has 2,300 staff spread across the world in over 60 countries. Major OCHA country offices are located in all continents , among others in Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Central African Republic , Chad , Colombia , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Ivory Coast , Nigeria, Palestinian territories , Sri Lanka , Sudan , South Sudan, Somalia, Syria , Yemen, and Zimbabwe , while regional offices are located in Panama City , Dakar , Cairo , Johannesburg , Bangkok , and Kuala Lumpur . OCHA also has some liaison and support staff in New York and Geneva . In

486-827: Is led by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator (USG/ERC), appointed for a five-year term. Since October 2024, the role has been filled by Thomas Fletcher of the United Kingdom. OCHA organized the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul , Turkey . It is a sitting observer in the United Nations Development Group . OCHA is headed by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator , since October 2024 by Thomas Fletcher . The headquarters

540-897: Is the successor to the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator ( UNDRO ). The Department of Humanitarian Affairs ( DHA ) was established shortly thereafter by the Secretary-General, but in 1998, was merged into OCHA, which became the UN's main focal point on major disasters. OCHA's mandate was subsequently broadened to include coordinating humanitarian response , policy development and humanitarian advocacy . Its activities include organizing and monitoring humanitarian funding, advocacy, policymaking, and information exchange to facilitate rapid-response teams for emergency relief. OCHA

594-491: The 2008 Constitution and called instead for a democratic federal state . Besides engaging this alliance, the ruling government of the State Administration Council , or SAC, also contends with other anti-SAC forces in areas under its control. Hannah Beech of The New York Times observed the insurgents are apportioned into hundreds of armed groups scattered across the country. As of March 2023

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648-487: The Arakan Army (AA) threatened to end its ceasefire with the military should the latter "persist in massacring civilians". During late March, protesters increasingly began arming themselves with homemade weapons in an attempt to defend themselves against attacks by the military. Clashes with soldiers and IED attacks against administrative buildings and police stations became more common and protesters slowly became armed resistance. After about thirty years of dormancy,

702-619: The Battle of Mindat became one of the first large-scale conflicts arising from the 2021 coup. The Chinland Defense Force (CDF) began armed resistance in Mindat, Chin State and the SAC declared martial law . After a soldier allegedly fired at protestors, fighting between the two sides erupted. The battle lasted four days, killing 30 SAC soldiers and left Mindat abandoned as more than 10,000 people fled

756-651: The Brotherhood Alliance , Thandwe and Mongmit , bringing the number up to twelve. On 3 August, the MNDAA as part of a wider effort from the Three Brotherhood Alliance and other resistance groups captured Lashio , the largest town in northern Shan State, as well as the headquarters of the SAC's Northeastern Command . Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948 and have largely been ethnic-based. Communist insurgencies and

810-478: The Burmese Civil War , Burmese Spring Revolution , or People's Defensive War , is an ongoing civil war since 2021. It began following Myanmar's long-running insurgencies , which escalated significantly in response to the 2021 military coup d'état and the subsequent violent crackdown on anti-coup protests . The exiled National Unity Government and major ethnic armed organisations repudiated

864-479: The Karen National Union were the primary opposition actors to the central government. Over the 20th century, several prominent ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) rose and fell in influence and control. Larger rebel factions such as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) formed in response to Ne Win 's 1962 coup d'état and its increased political repression. The 8888 Uprising , in response to

918-757: The People's Liberation Army (PLA), the armed wing of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), became active again on 15 March 2021 when communist fighters crossed from China into Kachin State where the Kachin Independence Army would provide them weapons. and by August 2021, the CPB established a new armed wing to fight against the SAC. Over the next two years, the PLA would grow its presence in Tanintharyi Region , where they fight alongside

972-600: The State Administration Council (SAC). Gathered under the name of the People's Defense Force (PDF) and the orders of the National Unity Government (NUG), formed by parliamentarians in office before the coup d'état, the PDF and the NUG officially declared a "defensive war" against the SAC rule in September 2021. The ACLED estimated that as of 29 July 2022, around 23,521 people in total had been killed in

1026-708: The Ta'ang National Liberation Army and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army , attacked a police station in Naungmon , Shan State, killing at least 10 police officers and indicating their disregard of the SAC's call for a ceasefire. In response, on 11 April 2021, the junta military launched a counter-attack to recapture the Alaw Bum base using airstrikes and ground troops, but had to retreat amidst heavy casualties. On 26 April,

1080-645: The Tatmadaw , controlled under 40% of the country, although they maintained that they controlled around two-thirds of the country's 330 townships. In the second half of 2023, Chinland Defense Forces in Chin State had captured a majority of the state, with a few holdouts in urban areas and along the India–Myanmar border remaining. In October 2023, the Tatmadaw began facing manpower issues, with desertions and low morale being extremely common. This coincided with

1134-733: The United Nations estimated that since the coup in February 2021, 17.6 million people in Myanmar required humanitarian assistance, while 1.6 million were internally displaced, and over 55,000 civilian buildings had been destroyed. the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) said that over 40,000 people had fled into neighboring countries, such as Bangladesh , India and Thailand . As of October 2023, Myanmar's military,

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1188-499: The 1990s. By the time of the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms , the Tatmadaw had regained control of many long-time rebel strongholds including Kokang and Karen State . The 2008 Constitution created self-administered zones with increased autonomy as part of its reforms. In 2015, the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) was signed between eight EAOs and the central government. However, by 2018

1242-776: The 2021–2022 dry season, various groups in Northern Myanmar carried out ambushes against military outposts and convoys. The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the PDF attacked convoys in Mohnyin and Hpakant townships. In October, they also partially shut down gold mining operations run by SAC allies. After an ambush near Shwegu , the Tatmadaw responded with airstrikes and ground attacks against KIA bases in Hpakant and Mohnyin Townships. In early February,

1296-593: The CDF in an offensive that destroyed over a quarter of the town's buildings. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) is a United Nations (UN) body established in December 1991 by the General Assembly to strengthen the international response to complex emergencies and natural disasters . It

1350-707: The Country-Based Pooled Funds have enabled support for over 47 million people worldwide. The OCHA encourages humanitarian innovation within organizations. For organizations, it is a way of identifying and solving problems while changing business models to adapt to new opportunities. In OCHA's occasional policy paper Humanitarian Innovation: The State of the Art, they list the reasons why organizations are moving toward providing their own kind of humanitarian service through innovation: They also list potential challenges associated with these changes: The OCHA

1404-703: The KIA assaulted several military bases in Kachin and Shan States, reportedly burning one in Hpakant Township down. The SAC responded by increasing airstrikes and send reinforcements to the area. The Chinland Defense Force (CDF) and the Chin National Army (CNA) raided and ambushed outposts and convoys in Matupi and Mindat Townships. In December, the Tatmadaw recaptured the town of Thantlang from

1458-562: The Kachin Independence Army continued its offensives stating that the Myanmar Army had not ceased operations. Seven insurgent groups who were signatories to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement aligned themselves with the National Unity Government (NUG), including the All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF) and the Karen National Union (KNU). The Northern Alliance , comprising the Arakan Army ,

1512-543: The NCA began to fall apart, due to alleged violations of the agreement by Tatmadaw soldiers entering EAO territories to build roads. Many non-signatories continued the conflict. In late 2016, four non-signatories of the NCA formed the Northern Alliance , including the KIA and Arakan Army , engaged in war with the central government and other EAOs. On the morning of 1 February 2021, the Tatmadaw successfully deposed

1566-609: The PDF in a battle against SAC troops in Katha Township , killing eight SAC soldiers. Fighting also sprouted up in other Kachin State townships, including Putao, Hpakant and Momauk. While there were fewer conflict deaths between May and September, there were still many armed clashes and a spike in early June. Two dozen local officials appointed by the military were assassinated throughout the month of June with hundreds of bombings at police stations, banks and government offices. On 22 June, SAC forces using armoured vehicles raided

1620-505: The PDF, claiming to have 1,000 active troops in December 2023. The unrest across the nation and the increased need for SAC troops in previously peaceful urban areas strengthened EAOs. The Kachin Independence Army had already been on the offensive since February and seized the military's base of Alaw Bum near the town of Laiza on 25 March 2021. The next day, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) attacked

1674-531: The SAC army. Ambushes by anti-SAC forces in Shan State also killed at least 20 soldiers. On 16 November 2021, SAC forces overran and captured the base camp of Kalay PDF in southwestern Sagaing Region , killing 2 fighters and capturing 9 Kalay PDF medics . In October, SAC-controlled media reported that at least 406 junta informants had been killed and 285 wounded since 1 February in targeted attacks by resistance forces. According to analyst Matthew Arnold,

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1728-528: The SAC carried out repeated air strikes against civilian targets in villages in Shan , Kayin and Kayah States . On 17 February alone, around 20 SAC soldiers and 20 resistance fighters were killed in clashes in Mobye , southern Shan State . Witnesses described soldiers systematically looting jewelry, cash, vehicles, and other valuables. Amnesty International reported these actions as collective punishment against

1782-411: The SAC still included all major population centres. By late March 2021, dozens of protesters had travelled to Myanmar's border areas to enlist in and train under one of the country's many insurgent groups, elevating the risk of a countrywide civil war. The Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH) also proposed the formation of a "Federal Armed Force" to combat the military, and in late March

1836-652: The Tatmadaw. The SAC used terror tactics against the population, including burnings , beheadings , mutilations , war rape , torching villages , and a massive aerial bombing campaign that has displaced nearly 3 million people. The Myanmar Air Force has dropped more bombs per capita than have been dropped in the Russian invasion of Ukraine . A group of observers write that the SAC's forces remain "formidable and well-equipped", with "external allies and economic resources". In late March 2024 anti-SAC forces in southeastern Myanmar captured Demoso and Papun , bringing

1890-686: The aftermath of the 2020 Beirut explosions , Najat Rochdi was the co-ordinator for OCHA's efforts in Lebanon . OCHA has built up a range of services in the execution of its mandate. Some of the larger ones are: In 2023, for example, the organization successfully coordinated significant humanitarian efforts, in Ukraine for example, receiving almost $ 3.7 billion in support. The Central Emergency Response Fund distributed $ 735 million to aid 33 million people across 42 countries, including rapid responses in Ukraine and to global food insecurity. Record donations to

1944-768: The area. On 16 April 2021, pro-democracy politician Min Ko Naing announced the formation of the National Unity Government , with members of ethnic minority groups in senior roles. As part of the announcement he said that ousted leaders Aung San Suu Kyi and Win Myint would retain their positions and asked the international community to recognize their government over the SAC. Throughout April, informal clashes with protestors intensified, such as in Taze when protesters fought back against soldiers with hunting rifles and firebombs on 8 April. The National Unity Government then declared

1998-476: The capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone , in early January 2024. Northern Shan State fighting stopped with the Haigeng ceasefire after the fall of Laukkai. The Rakhine offensive, however, continued in northern Rakhine state with Mrauk U , among others, falling to the Arakan Army in February 2024. As of February 2024, thousands of the SAC's soldiers have surrendered without a fight, including six generals of

2052-482: The capital of Sagaing Region . Resistance attacks on the SAC saw the SAC retaliate on civilians Targeted personnel attacks increased, killing various SAC personnel and destroying equipment. The PDF also suffered losses, with 12 fighters killed in a battle in Khin-U Township . Many cities saw violent clashes during 2022's Union Day . Mandalay also saw fighting, with casualties on both sides. Throughout

2106-495: The civil war's momentum passed critical threshold by the end of the 2022 dry season where the revolutionary sentiment had grown into a broader social and armed resistance that the SAC could no longer suppress. Towards the end of 2021, direct armed clashes gave way to more bombings, explosive devices and landmines. The PDF, with the strong ground support from local communities, attacked soft government targets like police stations, outposts and military-owned businesses. Through these,

2160-602: The country's ethnic minorities. Fighting broke out in parts of Loikaw on 14 April. The number of refugees on the Thai border increased after increased combat in Kayin State . On 15 April, SAC soldiers suffered at least 30 casualties after being pushed back by the KNLA at the battle for Lay Kay Kaw . The Dry Zone historical heartland of Myanmar had rarely seen armed violence in the modern conflict in Myanmar since 1948 as

2214-399: The coup are unclear. In the leadup to the coup, the Tatmadaw claimed that the 2020 general elections had 8.6 million voter irregularities, but presented no evidence. The coup may have been a way to re-establish the military's long-reigning power over the country which ended ten years prior. The bloody repression of anti-coup demonstrations led to the creation of armed groups to fight

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2268-433: The elected Myanmar government in a coup, forming a State Administration Council . Former president Win Myint & state chancellor Aung San Suu Kyi , and several other members of the National League for Democracy were detained during early morning of the 1st of the February and Min Aung Hlaing was placed as the Commander-in-Chief of Defense Services and de facto ruler of the nation. The established motives behind

2322-443: The formation of an armed wing, the People's Defence Force (PDF) – on 5 May 2021, a date that is often cited as the start of the civil war. The PDF was formed to protect its supporters from SAC attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army. The PDF clashed with the Tatmadaw in the town of Muse on 23 May, killing at least 13 members of Myanmar's security forces. In early June, fighting erupted in Myawaddy District where

2376-600: The main academic bodies of town. Many primary and middle schools persist. On the other hand, there were no place for English Language study and computer training before 2014. In 2014, Buddhist monks who are also scholars at various universities of India opened a center for young students called The Light Of Mizzima . The center offers computer and English courses for one year and provide scholarship for outstanding students. Having say that, there are still many things to be developed. On 15 June 2010, strong rains destroyed more than 25 buildings, including houses, school buildings, and

2430-406: The military and Karen Border Guard Forces battled against a combined Karen and PDF force, leaving dozens of SAC troops killed. Members of the Karenni PDF in Kayah State also captured and destroyed several Tatmadaw outposts near the state capital, Loikaw . Towards the end of May, the Tatmadaw used artillery and helicopters to strike PDF positions in Loikaw and Demoso . On 30 May, the KIA joined

2484-442: The number of district -level towns captured by anti-SAC forces up to eight. The ninth district-level town, Matupi , was captured by Chin resistance in mid June 2024. In late June 2024 the Three Brotherhood Alliance restarted Operation 1027 after claiming that Tatmadaw forces had broken the ceasefire, capturing the tenth district level town, Kyaukme , by the end of the month. On 17 July, two more district level towns were captured by

2538-503: The one party dominated rule of Ne Win, resulted in some of the first modern Bamar militias forming from protestors heading to areas under ethnic rebel control. In the aftermath of the 8888 Uprising the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), later known as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), formed a Tatmadaw led council. Myanmar's military, better known as the Tatmadaw , severely weakened ethnic insurgent groups, destroying most of their bases and strongholds through

2592-480: The preceding three months. Several major clashes took place from September to October in Chin State , Sagaing Region , Magwe Region , Kayah State and Shan State . On 18 September, the Pa-O National Army , a pro-SAC militia active in the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone , aided the SAC in capturing a resistance base near Aungban . By late September 2021, 8,000 residents of Thantlang town, Chin state, fled to Mizoram , India after their houses were set ablaze by

2646-484: The resistance became more organised as they seized weapons, got training and communicated between units through the help of the NUG and allied EAOs. According to the Karen National Union , roughly 2,200 SAC soldiers and militiamen were killed in the first half of 2022. On 17 November 2021, dozens of SAC soldiers ambushed an outpost of the Moebye PDF in Pekon Township , Shan State, forcing outnumbered PDF soldiers to retreat. At least four SAC soldiers were killed during

2700-796: The rural residents. This flooding was also taking place in Mrauk-Oo, Kyauk Taw townships. This Rakhine State location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Myanmar civil war (2021%E2%80%93present) State Administration Council and allies National Unity Government and allies Other combatants For a detailed accurate up-to-date map, see here [REDACTED] National Unity Government Allied ethnic armed organisations : Other organisations: [REDACTED] State Administration Council Aligned ethnic armed organisations : Bombings and attacks Coup d'états Protests Anti-Muslim violence Related topics The Myanmar Civil War ( Burmese : မြန်မာပြည်တွင်းစစ်), also known as

2754-407: The second anniversary of the coup, in February 2023, the chairman of the SAC, Min Aung Hlaing , admitted to losing stable control over "more than a third" of townships. Independent observers note the real number is likely far higher, with as few as 72 out of 330 townships remaining under the control of the Tatmadaw, the military forces aligned with the junta. However, the townships under the control of

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2808-403: The violence following the 2021 coup. In the months following the coup, the opposition began to coalesce around the National Unity Government , which launched an offensive against the State Administration Council (SAC). By 2022, the opposition controlled substantial, though sparsely populated, territory. In many villages and towns, the SAC's attacks drove out tens of thousands of people. On

2862-417: The week before. On 24 December, more than 35 people were massacred when they were ambushed by SAC troops outside the village of Mo So in Kayah State . Two staff members of the aid group Save the Children were among those killed. The United Nations Security Council condemned the attack and called for a "thorough and transparent investigation" into the incident. Throughout February and March 2022,

2916-441: Was sliding toward "bloody anarchy". On 7 September 2021, the NUG declared a state of emergency across the nation and launched what they called the "people's defensive war" against the SAC. The declaration of war increased the number of skirmishes and clashes between PDF militias, EAOs and the SAC across the country. According to the NUG in September 2021, over 1,700 SAC soldiers had been killed and 630 wounded in fighting during

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