73-418: A minor seminary or high school seminary is a secondary day or boarding school created for the specific purpose of enrolling teenage boys who have expressed interest in becoming Catholic priests . They are generally Catholic institutions, and designed to prepare boys both academically and spiritually for vocations to the priesthood and religious life. They emerged in cultures and societies where literacy
146-430: A hukou from the urban areas is required for enrollment. Children who are left in rural areas are known as "left-behind children" ( Chinese : 留守儿童 ; pinyin : liúshǒu értóng ). As of 2015 "left-behind children" with parents in cities make up about 60% of students at rural boarding schools. Originally day schools and teaching points, very small education centers, served the educational needs of rural areas at
219-520: A total institution like boarding school has a significant impact and changed their perception and interaction with social relationships. Boarding schools in China As of 2015 there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural areas of Mainland China , with about 33 million children living in them. The majority of these boarding schools are in western China , which generally is not as wealthy as eastern and central China, and which often have
292-575: A business integral to the country's economy. Their boarding schools offer instruction in several major languages and have a large number of quality facilities organized through the Swiss Federation of Private Schools . In 2015, a Swiss boarding school named A+ World Academy was established on the Norwegian Tall Ship Fullriggeren Sørlandet. Some of the most expensive boarding schools in the world include
365-484: A combination of architectural styles that vary from modern to hundreds of years old. Food quality can vary from school to school, but most boarding schools offer diverse menu choices for many kinds of dietary restrictions and preferences. Some boarding schools have a dress code for specific meals like dinner or for specific days of the week. Students are generally free to eat with friends, teammates, as well as with faculty and coaches. Extra curricular activities groups, e.g.
438-646: A dormitory, bedroom, or cubicle. In case students are provided with a cubicle, then each student must be provided with a window and a floor area of 5.0 m at the least. A bedroom for a single student should be at least of the floor area of 6.0 m . Boarding schools must provide a total floor area of at least 2.3 m living accommodation for every boarder. This should also be incorporated with at least one bathtub or shower for every ten students. Boarding schools manifest themselves in different ways in different societies. For example, in some societies children enter at an earlier age than in others. In some societies,
511-644: A few exist in Russia - in Moscow, Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg, though several boarding schools still operate in former Soviet republics, and even some new ones are being opened (e.g. MSU Gymnasium in Moscow, Russia, or Nazarbayev schools all over Kazakhstan). Other schools were associated with orphanages after which all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs (schools for
584-402: A high concentration of minority ethnic groups. As of 2015 many migrant workers and farmers in rural China send their children to boarding schools. In addition to the rural boarding schools there are also boarding schools, including kindergartens, in urban areas. As of 2017 about 4% of the children in urban areas, about 3.5 million, board. 1% of pupils at the primary level and 8% of pupils at
657-472: A practice developed by early medieval times of sending boys to be taught by literate clergymen, either in monasteries or as pages in great households . The King's School, Canterbury , arguably the world's oldest boarding school, dates its foundation from the development of the monastery school in around 597 AD. The author of the Croyland Chronicle recalls being tested on his grammar by Edward
730-433: A sense of entitlement to social class or hierarchy and power. Boarding schools are seen by certain families as centres of socialization where students mingle with others of similar social hierarchy to form what is called an old boy network . Elite boarding school students are brought up with the assumption that they are meant to control society. Significant numbers of them enter the political upper class of society or join
803-431: A student recreational center where food can be purchased during specified hours. Boarding schools also have infirmary , a small room with first aid or other emergencies medical aid. Students generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds; they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times. Depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options: full (students stay at
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#1732772761952876-709: A system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior students. Houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses or dorms usually include study-bedrooms or dormitories , a dining room or refectory where students take meals at fixed times, a library and possibly study carrels where students can do their homework. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, and occasionally storage facilities for bicycles or other sports equipment. Some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In some schools, each house has students of all ages, in which case there
949-552: A tradition has developed in which families send their children to the same boarding school for generations. One observation that appears to apply globally is that a significantly larger number of boys than girls attend boarding school and for a longer span of time. The practice of sending children, particularly boys, to other families or to schools so that they could learn together is of very long-standing, recorded in classical literature and in UK records going back over 1,000 years. In Europe,
1022-665: A very early age and for a longer span of time. However, boarding schools are relatively less prevalent in Europe and the US where it is mostly seen for grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years. Some are for either boys or girls while others are co-educational . The United Kingdom has a long tradition of boarding school education and the term public school has an elitist association. There are also some state boarding schools , many of which serve children from remote areas. In some societies and cultures, boarding schools are
1095-651: A year, approximately twelve weeks each, with a few days' half-term holidays during which students are expected to go home or at least away from school. There may be several exeats , or weekends, in each half of the term when students may go home or away (e.g. international students may stay with their appointed guardians, or with a host family). Boarding students nowadays often go to school within easy traveling distance of their homes, and so may see their families frequently; e.g. families are encouraged to come and support school sports teams playing at home against other schools, or for school performances in music, drama, or theatre. It
1168-562: Is Canada's only private military-style boarding school for boys in Grades 6 through 12. Most societies around the world decline to make boarding schools the preferred option for the upbringing of their children. However, boarding schools are one of the aspirational modes of education in some former British colonies or Commonwealth countries like India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other former African colonies of Great Britain. For instance, in Ghana
1241-501: Is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction. The word "boarding" is used in the sense of " room and board ", i.e. lodging and meals. As they have existed for many centuries, and now extend across many countries, their functioning, codes of conduct and ethos vary greatly. Children in boarding schools study and live during the school year with their fellow students and possibly teachers or administrators. Some boarding schools also have day students who attend
1314-623: Is displayed in the boys forming cliques on the basis of wealth and social background, and the girls overtly accepting that they would marry only for money, while choosing only rich or affluent males as boyfriends. Students are not able to display much sensitivity and emotional response and are unable to have closer relationships except on a superficial and politically correct level, engaging in social behaviour that would make them seem appropriate and rank high in social hierarchy. This affects their perceptions of gender and social roles later in life. The aspect of boarding school life with its round
1387-653: Is not as wealthy as eastern and central China. Many migrant workers and farmers send their children to boarding schools. In India , there exists a variety of boarding schools, which are operated by both private entities and governmental bodies at the state and central levels. Some notable examples government run institute include are Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya , Ekalavya Model Residential School , and Ashram Schools. Boarding schools in India are affiliated with various educational boards such as CBSE , ICSE , IB , NIOS , and AISSCE . Those institutions predominantly use English as
1460-468: Is recommended that international boarding school students have an appointed educational guardian. Some boarding schools allow only boarding students, while others have both boarding students and day students who go home at the end of the school day. Day students are sometimes known as day boys or day girls. Some schools welcome day students to attend breakfast and dinner, while others charge a fee. For schools that have designated study hours or quiet hours in
1533-422: Is usually a prefect system, which gives older students some privileges and some responsibility for the welfare of the younger ones. In others, separate houses accommodate the needs of different years or classes. In some schools, day students are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Most school dormitories have an "in your room by" and a "lights out" time, depending on their age when
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#17327727619521606-480: The G.I. Rossolimo Boarding School Number 49 in Russia. Tens of millions of rural children are now educated at boarding schools in China . Therapeutic boarding schools offer treatment for psychological difficulties. Military academies provide strict discipline . Education for children with special needs has a long association with boarding; see, for example, deaf education and Council of Schools and Services for
1679-603: The IB (International Baccalaureate), A-Level, and Article1 of the Japanese School Education Law. English is predominantly used as the primary medium of instruction in these institutions. As of 2015 there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural areas of Mainland China , with about 33 million children living in them. In China some children are sent to boarding schools at 2 years of age. The majority of boarding schools are in western China, which generally
1752-583: The 1950s in order to give the children living there chances of getting formal education without having to move to urban areas. The establishment of boarding schools slowed during the Cultural Revolution , but other than that time, boarding schools had been established since then. Secondary boarding schools in centralized areas were established in the 1980s. These schools, covering junior secondary (junior high school) levels, are located in townships and towns. As of 2015 , 11 million rural students at
1825-594: The 2001 Decision of the State Council on Basic Education Reform and Development, established a school merging program to consolidate primary-level village education. Beginning in 2000 many village schools have closed, and students were redirected to boarding schools. From 2000 to 2015, several thousand boarding schools opened, replacing about 240,000 village schools that had closed during the same period; this meant about 75% of China's village primary schools closed. The central government of China argued that replacing
1898-530: The Blind . Some boarding schools offer an immersion into democratic education , such as Summerhill School . Others are international, such as the United World Colleges . The term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world which are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has several separate residential houses, either within
1971-504: The British achieve their imperial goals. One of the reasons sometimes stated for sending children to boarding schools is to develop wider horizons than their family can provide. A boarding school a family has attended for generations may define the culture parents aspire to for their children. Equally, by choosing a fashionable boarding school, parents may aspire to better their children by enabling them to mix on equal terms with children of
2044-461: The Chinese government established boarding kindergartens for orphans who lost their parents in preceding wars. The popularity of boarding kindergartens for wealthier families peaked in the 1990s, but the popularity declined afterwards, with some schools converting to day schools and others closing. The Chinese government began establishing boarding schools in rural areas and ethnic minority areas in
2117-604: The Confessor 's wife Queen Editha in the abbey cloisters as a Westminster schoolboy , in around the 1050s. Monastic schools as such were generally dissolved with the monasteries themselves under Henry VIII, although Westminster School was specifically preserved by the King's letters patent , and it seems likely that most schools were immediately replaced. Winchester College founded by Bishop William of Wykeham in 1382 and Oswestry School founded by David Holbache in 1407 are
2190-540: The French Club, may have meetings and meals together. The Dining Hall often serves as a central place where lessons and learning can continue between students and teachers or other faculty mentors or coaches. Some schools welcome day students to attend breakfast and dinner, in addition to the standard lunch, while others charge a fee. Many boarding schools have an on-campus school store or snack hall where additional food and school supplies can be purchased; may also have
2263-572: The National Boarding Standards. One example of regulations covered within the National Boarding Standards are those for the minimum floor area or living space required for each student and other aspects of basic facilities. The minimum floor area of a dormitory accommodating two or more students is defined as the number of students sleeping in the dormitory multiplied by 4.2 m , plus 1.2 m . A minimum distance of 0.9 m should also be maintained between any two beds in
Minor seminary - Misplaced Pages Continue
2336-547: The Native American children were exposed to and were likely to adopt some of the ideals set out by the whites operating these boarding schools, many resisted and rejected the gender norms that were being imposed upon them. In Canada, the largest independent boarding school is Columbia International College , with an enrollment of 1,700 students from all over the world. Robert Land Academy in Wellandport, Ontario
2409-565: The Swiss schools Institut auf dem Rosenberg , Institut Le Rosey , Beau Soleil , Collège du Léman , Collège Champittet and Leysin American School . In Japan , there are several international boarding schools operated by private institution. Notable examples of privately-run institutions include NUCB International College and Hallow International School. These boarding schools are affiliated with various educational boards, such as
2482-581: The UK, most boarding schools are independent schools , which are not subject to the national curriculum or other educational regulations applicable to state schools . Nevertheless, there are some regulations, primarily for health and safety purposes, as well as the general law. The Department for Children, Schools and Families , in conjunction with the Department of Health of the United Kingdom, has prescribed guidelines for boarding schools, called
2555-573: The United Kingdom with over 100,000 children attending them all across the country. They are an important factor in the British class system . About one percent of British children are sent to boarding schools. Also in Britain children as young as 5 to 9 years of age are sent to boarding schools. Before the advent of universal public education in the United States, boarding school was often
2628-588: The age of 13 are called junior boarding schools , and are relatively uncommon. The oldest junior boarding school is the Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts (est. 1866). In the late 19th century, the United States government undertook a policy of educating Native American youth in the ways of the dominant Western culture so that Native Americans might then be able to assimilate into Western society. At these boarding schools, managed and regulated by
2701-407: The amount of revenues received by local governments; therefore the closures of the village schools and redirections of the children were done to improve the financial situations of the local governments, which were still responsible for the education of the children in their areas. In 2007 53.6% of secondary students in rural areas in western China boarded at school, and 11.6% of primary students in
2774-530: The blind, deaf, and others). General schools offered "extended stay" programs (Russian: Группа продленного дня) featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work (education in the Soviet Union was free). In post-Soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country. The Swiss government developed a strategy of fostering private boarding schools for foreign students as
2847-564: The care of stock, and the maintenance of fruit orchards" (Adams 149). These ideas of domesticity were in stark contrast to those existing in native communities and on reservations: many indigenous societies were based on a matrilineal system where the women's lineage was honored and the women's place in society respected in different ways. For example, women in native society held powerful roles in their own communities, undertaking tasks that Western society deemed only appropriate for men: indigenous women could be leaders, healers, and farmers. While
2920-448: The clock habitation of students with each other in the same environment, involved in studying, sleeping, and socializing can lead to pressures and stress in boarding school life. This is manifested in the form of hypercompetitiveness , use of recreational or illegal drugs and psychological depression that at times may manifest in suicide or its attempt. Studies show that about 90% of boarding school students acknowledge that living in
2993-530: The collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , as in many ways they still do, and were accordingly staffed almost entirely by clergymen until the 19th century. Private tuition at home remained the norm for aristocratic families, and for girls in particular, but after the 16th century, it was increasingly accepted that adolescents of any rank might best be educated collectively. The institution has thus adapted itself to changing social circumstances over 1,000 years. Boarding preparatory schools tend to reflect
Minor seminary - Misplaced Pages Continue
3066-510: The domestic management of the house by a housekeeper often known in U.K. or Commonwealth countries as matron , and by a house tutor for academic matters, often providing staff of each gender. In the U.S., boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm, known as dorm parents. They often have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older students are often less supervised by staff, and
3139-409: The elitist tradition of preparatory boarding schools has declined due to the development of modern economy and the political rise of the liberal west coast of the United States of America. The boarding school socialization of control and hierarchy develops deep rooted and strong adherence to social roles and rigid gender stratification . In one studied school the social pressure for conformity
3212-490: The end of an academic term, weekly boarders visit their homes at weekends. There are also semi-boarders who attend a boarding school in the school hours for formal instruction and activities but return home by the end of the day. In some cultures, boarders spend the majority of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. Boarding schools are relatively more prevalent in the United Kingdom, India, China, and parts of Africa. These countries begin boarding schools at
3285-649: The evenings, students on campus (including day students) are usually required to observe the same "quiet" rules (such as no television, students must stay in their rooms, library or study hall, etc.). Schools that have both boarding and day students sometimes describe themselves as semi-boarding schools or day boarding schools. Some schools also have students who board during the week but go home on weekends: these are known as weekly boarders, quasi-boarders, or five-day boarders. Boarding schools are residential schools; however, not all residential schools are "classic" boarding schools. Other forms of residential schools include: In
3358-409: The financial elite in fields such as international banking and venture capital . Elite boarding school socialization causes students to internalize a strong sense of entitlement and social control or hierarchy. This form of socialization is called "deep structure socialization" by Peter Cookson & Caroline Hodges (1985). This refers to the way in which boarding schools not only manage to control
3431-692: The former Soviet Union these schools were sometimes known as Internat-schools (Russian: Школа-интернат ) (from Latin: school-internat ). They varied in their organization. Some schools were a type of specialized schools with a specific focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports, etc. For example, in the 1960s Soviet official established a new type of boarding school, an AESC - Advanced educational scientific center (Russian: СУНЦ - Специализированный учебно-научный центр ) (SESC - Specialized Educational and Scientific Center ). Those schools were parts of some major universities and prepared students to study there. Now, only
3504-481: The government, Native American students were subjected to a number of tactics to prepare them for life outside their reservation homes. In accordance with the assimilation methods used at the boarding schools, the education that the Native American children received at these institutions centered on the dominant society's construction of gender norms and ideals. Thus boys and girls were separated in almost every activity and their interactions were strictly regulated along
3577-439: The institution during the day and return home in the evenings. Boarding school pupils are typically referred to as "boarders". Children may be sent for one year to twelve years or more in boarding school, until the age of eighteen. There are several types of boarders depending on the intervals at which they visit their family. Full-term boarders visit their homes at the end of an academic year, semester boarders visit their homes at
3650-530: The lines of Victorian ideals. In addition, the instruction that the children received reflected the roles and duties that they were to assume once outside the reservation. Thus girls were taught skills that could be used in the home, such as "sewing, cooking, canning, ironing, child care, and cleaning" (Adams 150). Native American boys in the boarding schools were taught the importance of an agricultural lifestyle, with an emphasis on raising livestock and agricultural skills like "plowing and planting, field irrigation,
3723-450: The majority of the secondary schools are boarding. In some countries, such as New Zealand and Sri Lanka , a number of state schools have boarding facilities. These state boarding schools are frequently traditional single-sex state schools, whose ethos is much like that of their independent counterparts. Furthermore, the proportion of boarders at these schools is often much lower than at independent boarding schools, typically around 10%. In
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#17327727619523796-537: The most privileged educational option (such as Eton and Harrow in the UK, which have produced several prime ministers), whereas in other contexts, they serve as places to segregate children deemed a problem to their parents or wider society. The United States and Canada forcibly assimilated indigenous children in the Canadian Indian residential school system and American Indian boarding school institutions . Some functioned essentially as orphanages , e.g.
3869-477: The oldest boarding schools in continuous operation. Boarding schools in Britain started in medieval times when boys were sent to be educated by literate clerics at a monastery or noble household. In the 12th century, the Pope ordered all Benedictine monasteries such as Westminster to provide charity schools, and many public schools started when such schools attracted paying students. These public schools reflected
3942-537: The only secondary school option for students in rural New England communities. Some states, especially Massachusetts , sponsored and subsidized semi-public boarding schools, often called "academies," to educate students from the surrounding rural areas. Some of the oldest remaining academies include West Nottingham Academy (est. 1744), Linden Hall (est. 1756), The Governor's Academy (est. 1763), Phillips Academy (est. 1778), and Phillips Exeter Academy (est. 1781). The market for semi-public academies narrowed in
4015-399: The primary medium of instruction . Some elite university-preparatory boarding schools for students from age 13 to 18 are seen by sociologists as centers of socialization for the next generation of the political upper class and reproduces an elitist class system . This attracts families who value power and hierarchy for the socialization of their family members. These families share
4088-462: The primary level and about 21.76 million rural students at the secondary level board. As of 2017 , half of the secondary students and about 12% of the primary students in rural China board, with the number of primary school boarders being about 10 million. Many parents in rural areas who find work in urban areas leave their children in rural schools while they work in urban areas since the parents are unable to enroll their children in urban schools, as
4161-422: The primary level. The teaching points, each staffed by one or two teachers, covered grades 1–3. Therefore, boarding schools at the primary level were uncommon in rural China. The One Child Policy and migration into urban areas had caused a decline in the number of children in rural areas, and the educational quality between rural and urban areas varied significantly. The Chinese central government, as part of
4234-799: The public schools they feed. They often have a more or less official tie to particular schools. The classic British boarding school became highly popular during the colonial expansion of the British Empire. British colonial administrators abroad could ensure that their children were brought up in British culture at public schools at home in the UK, and local rulers were offered the same education for their sons. More junior expatriates would send their children to local British-run schools, which would also admit selected local children who might travel from considerable distances. The boarding schools, which inculcated their own values, became an effective way to encourage local people to share British ideals, and so help
4307-780: The same areas boarded. In ethnic minority provinces such as Guangxi , Tibet , and Yunnan the general percentage of secondary boarders is over 70%, while the percentage of primary boarders was over 20%. In 2013 some regions had a shortage of managers of dormitories for rural primary schools. The Stanford University Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Rural Education Action Program (REAP) sought to recruit dorm managers. For her 2011 research article Zhenzhou Zhao conducted interviews in boarding schools in Guangxi and Qinghai , collecting over 2,500 student questionnaires, 95 student interviews, 325 teacher questionnaires, 63 teacher interviews, and over 100 parent questionnaires;
4380-510: The school full-time), weekly (students stay in the school from Monday through Friday, then return home for the weekend), or on a flexible schedule (students choose when to board, e.g. during exam week). Each student has an individual timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the school day to include sports, clubs and societies, or excursions. British boarding schools have three terms
4453-403: The school grounds or in the surrounding area. A number of senior teaching staff are appointed as housemasters, housemistresses, dorm parents, prefects , or residential advisors, each of whom takes quasi-parental responsibility ( in loco parentis ) for anywhere from 5 to 50 students resident in their house or dormitory at all times but particularly outside school hours. Each may be assisted in
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#17327727619524526-587: The second half of the nineteenth century as local governments began establishing free, public secondary day schools. Some academies joined the public school system, and others shut down. Towards the turn of the twentieth century, a new generation of boarding schools was established. These schools generally followed the British public school model and focused on preparing students aged roughly 14–18 for college entrance examinations. Because of their college-preparatory approach, they were dubbed prep schools , although most American prep schools educate only day students. At
4599-424: The secondary levels board. The boarding schools are often close to students' residences, and parents believe that boarding helps the child concentrate more than if the grandparents supervised them. Chinese parents often do not have reservations over cost or over not being around their children that a Western parent would. As of 2013 some children in urban areas are sent to boarding schools beginning at age 3. In 1949
4672-546: The seed of a divine vocation". Suitable boys were encouraged to graduate to a major seminary, where they would continue their tertiary studies for the priesthood. The program of priestly formation of the USCCB refers to them as "high school seminaries" rather than minor seminaries. Today, college seminaries , where philosophy is studied, are often called minor seminaries even though they are for those who have completed high school . Boarding school A boarding school
4745-528: The students are required to prepare for bed, after which no talking is permitted. Such rules may be difficult to enforce; students may often try to break them, for example by using their laptop computers or going to another student's room to talk or play computer games. International students may take advantage of the time difference between countries (e.g. 7 hours between UK and China) to contact friends or family. Students sharing study rooms are less likely to disturb others and may be given more latitude. As well as
4818-434: The students' physical lives but also their emotional lives. Boarding school establishment involves control of behavior regarding several aspects of life including what is appropriate and/or acceptable which adolescents would consider as intrusive. This boarding school socialization is carried over well after leaving school and into their dealings with the social world. Thus it causes boarding school students to adhere to
4891-561: The turn of the twenty-first century, 0.5% of U.S. school children attended boarding schools, about half the percentage of British children. In recent years, various governments have established public boarding schools. Some provide additional resources for academically promising students, like the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (est. 1980). Others provide a more focused environment for students from at-risk backgrounds. Boarding schools for students below
4964-445: The upper classes. However, such stated reasons may conceal other reasons for sending a child away from home. These might apply to children who are considered too disobedient or underachieving, children from families with divorced spouses, and children to whom the parents do not much relate. These reasons are rarely explicitly stated, though the child might be aware of them. In 1998, there were 772 private-sector boarding schools in
5037-499: The usual academic facilities such as classrooms, halls, libraries, and laboratories, boarding schools often provide a wide variety of facilities for extracurricular activities such as music rooms, gymnasiums, sports fields and school grounds, boats, squash courts, swimming pools, cinemas, and theaters. A school chapel is often found on site. Day students often stay on after school to use these facilities. Many North American boarding schools are located in beautiful rural environments and have
5110-525: The values of the elite social class which they come from or which they aspire to be part of. Nick Duffell, author of Wounded Leaders: British elitism and the Entitlement Illusion – A Psychohistory , states that the education of the elite in the British boarding school system leaves the nation with "a cadre of leaders who perpetuate a culture of elitism, bullying and misogyny affecting the whole of society". According to Peter W Cookson Jr (2009)
5183-431: The village schools with boarding schools would allow resources to be used more effectively and increase the quality of the schools in the regions. Zhenzhou Zhao ( 趙振洲 ; Zhào Zhènzhōu ), author of the 2011 research article "A matter of money? Policy analysis of rural boarding schools in China," stated that the real reason many village schools closed was because the central government had passed taxation reforms that limited
5256-446: Was not universal, and the minor seminary was seen as a means to prepare younger boys in literacy for later entry into the major seminary . The minor seminary is no longer very familiar in the developed world. The 1917 Code of Canon Law described the purpose of minor seminaries as: "to take care especially to protect from the contagion of the world, to train in piety, to imbue with the rudiments of literary studies, and to foster in them
5329-531: Was so severe that several students abused performance drugs like Adderall and Ritalin for both academic performance and to lose weight. The distinct and hierarchical nature of socialization in boarding school culture becomes very obvious in the manner students sit together and form cliques , especially in the refectory , or dining hall. This leads to pervasive form of explicit and implicit bullying, and excessive competition between cliques and between individuals. The rigid gender stratification and role control
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