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23-463: According to early accounts, slaves traveling on a slave ship revolted and took the ship over, but wrecked it near Cape Gracias a Dios , though they disagree on the impact the arrival of these Africans had on the local people, and how they were received. When Alexander Exquemelin , the first and earliest visitor (in c 1671) to the coast to describe the origins of the Miskito Sambu believed that

46-415: A Dios department covers a total surface area of 16,997 km and, in 2015, had an estimated population of 94,450. Although it is the second largest department in the country, it is sparsely populated, and contains extensive pine savannas, swamps, and rainforests . However, the expansion of the agricultural frontier is a perennial threat to the natural bounty of the department. The department contains

69-557: A portion of political power through democratic elections. Proportionality also informs economic power-sharing, as the distribution of public resources may be instituted respective to the size of communities. In neopatrimonial systems, political office may also be closely related to economic opportunity, meaning an equitable distribution of political power overlaps with economic power-sharing. even equitable distribution of political power overlaps with economic power-sharing. Power-sharing theories make empirical and normative claims about

92-407: A set of measures and rules which distribute decision-making rights in order to guarantee fair and equal participation of the representatives of all main ethnic groups in decision-making; in this way it reassures minorities that their interests will be preserved. The goals of consociationalism are governmental stability, the survival of the power-sharing arrangements, the survival of democracy , and

115-601: Is an effective way to reduce the likelihood of conflict in divided states. Consociationalism is a form of democratic power sharing. Political scientists define a consociational state as one which has major internal divisions along ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, with none of the divisions large enough to form a majority group, but which remains stable due to consultation among the elites of these groups. Consociational states are often contrasted with states with majoritarian electoral systems . Consociational power-sharing in ethnically pluralistic societies consists in

138-473: Is divided. The departmental capital is Puerto Lempira ; until 1975 it was Brus Laguna . Once a part of the Mosquito Coast , it was formed in 1957 from all of Mosquitia territory and parts of Colón and Olancho departments, with the boundary running along 85° W from Cape Camarón south. The department is rather remote and inaccessible by land, although local airlines fly to the main cities. Gracias

161-523: The Caratasca Lagoon , the largest lagoon in Honduras. At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Gracias a Dios Department had a population of 90,795. Of these, 81.15% were Indigenous (79.70% Miskito , 0.95% Mayangna ), 16.30% Mestizo , 1.58% Black or Afro-Honduran , 0.82% White and 0.15% others. Gracias a Dios is known to be a place of relatively high crime. Due to its remoteness and

184-531: The 18th century. The raids often carried off slaves, for use at home or for sale to English traders from Jamaica, who sent them to the island to work. The English also supplied the Miskito Sambu with muskets and military training to assist in these raids. Raiding reached as far south as modern Costa Rica and as far north as the Yucatán . According to the French buccaneer Raveneau de Lussan , who visited in 1688,

207-653: The Honduran government having a relatively low ability to fight crime, trafficking of narcotics is common in Gracias a Dios. Criminal organizations are also common in the area. This Honduras location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Power sharing Power sharing is a practice in conflict resolution where multiple groups distribute political, military, or economic power among themselves according to agreed rules. It can refer to any formal framework or informal pact that regulates

230-599: The Sambu settled largely in the valley of the Wanks River (modern Rio Coco), and the report of the buccaneer M. W. in 1699, their settlements were concentrated in that river, and somewhat to the west along the coast of modern-day Honduras almost as far as Trujillo . By the early eighteenth century, the leader of the Sambu group had the Miskito title General in the chieftaincy system of the Mosquito Coast . At some point in

253-499: The avoidance of violence . In a consociational state, all groups, including minorities, are represented on the political and economic stages. Supporters of the consociationalism argue that it is a more realistic option in deeply divided societies than integrationist approaches to conflict management . Centripetalism , sometimes called integrationism, is a form of democratic power sharing for divided societies (usually along ethnic, religious or social lines) which aims to encourage

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276-702: The course of the eighteenth century, the Miskito Sambu became dominant, and the office of king was in Sambu hands from the first decade of the century onward. There are a number of later stories which recount the same sequence of events, though often with different details, and different possible dates. It is possible that these accounts are of separate shipwrecks, or that the same wreck was elaborated in later accounts through oral tradition. The Miskito Sambu were aggressive, an early report of 1699 has them waging near constant war with their neighboring indigenous groups. The Spanish reported many raids directed against their holdings beginning in 1699 and continuing through most of

299-530: The distribution of political offices and the exercise of decision-making powers. Power may be shared by guaranteeing the inclusion of all significant parties simultaneously in the governing cabinet through rules on grand coalition formation. Alternatively, it may involve sharing power by guaranteeing sequential access to political office, like a rotating premiership. Electoral systems can provide power-sharing through political proportionality , which better allows for minority groups to remain competitive and win

322-554: The distribution of power between divided communities. Since the end of the Cold War , power-sharing systems have become increasingly commonplace in negotiating settlements for armed conflict. Two common theoretical approaches to power sharing are consociationalism and centripetalism . Broadly, power-sharing agreements contain provisions relating to at least one of the following: Political, economic, military, or territorial control. Political power-sharing involves rules governing

345-414: The early eighteenth century, however, the Sambu took over the premier title of King, and the palace that was occupied by a Tawira king, Jeremy, in 1699 was now occupied by a "mulatto", also named Jeremy, in 1711. From that point on, the Sambu held the kingship. The emergence of the Miskito Sambu gradually split the larger Miskito people in two; be that as it may, the Sambu group was generally dominant and

368-604: The establishment of multi-ethnic parties. Horizontal power sharing refers to different organs of the state such as legislature, judiciary and executive. It is a democratic system in which power is divided among various bodies such as legislature, executive and judiciary. It means that every organ of the state has equal powers Early modern examples of power sharing include the Peace of Augsburg and Peace of Westphalia . The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 in Northern Ireland

391-609: The local people enslaved the Africans anew, while a slightly later account (1688) by the Sieur Raveneau de Lussan , thought that the local people received the Africans hospitably and married with them. Sources written later still give different accounts. The bishop of Nicaragua, Benito Garret y Arlovi writing in 1711, but basing himself on reports by missionaries who worked in Nueva Segovia and Chontales as well as

414-434: The more aggressive. In what was essentially a power sharing system, Sambus held the northern titles of King and General, while the original Miskitos (otherwise called Tawira) held the titles of Governor and Admiral. Gracias a Dios Department Gracias a Dios ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡɾasjas a ˈðjos] ; "Thanks to God" or "Thank God") is one of the 18 departments ( departamentos ) into which Honduras

437-452: The parties towards moderate and compromising policies and to reinforce the centre of the divided political spectrum. As a theory, centripetalism developed out of the criticism of consociationalism by Donald L.Horowitz . Both models aim to provide institutional prescriptions for divided societies. While consociationalism aims to give inclusion and representation to each ethnic group, centripetalism aims to depoliticize ethnicity and to encourage

460-498: The ship that was wrecked in 1650 "according to tradition" and that it was owned by "Lorenzo Gramalxo" (probably Lorenzo Gramajo, a prominent Portuguese merchant of Cartagena ). This group of mixed ancestry were usually called Mosquitos Zambos by the Spanish, while the others living more on the southern region (in modern Nicaragua) have been dubbed Tawira Miskito (Straight-haired Miskito) by modern scholars such as Karl Offen. Over

483-516: The slaves took over the ship in a revolt and brought it to the coast, while the Spanish translation of the account, which may have had access to other sources, said the ship was carrying the slaves to "Tierra Firme" (Panama) and it wrecked on an island and the slaves swam ashore. The French translation adds that the ship was Portuguese and had the intention of carrying the slaves to Brazil, and this section may also have been influenced by other unnamed sources. Pedro de Rivera, writing in 1742 reported that

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506-667: The testimony of an "ancient" former slave named Juan Ramón, said that the Africans violently overthrew their hosts, and intermarried with their women. The date and circumstances of the shipwreck are also uncertain. Bishop Garret y Arlovi related that the ship wrecked in 1641, while an English buccaneer only known as M. W., writing in 1699 mentions two different dates in two different places: in one instance he places it as 50 years earlier (or 1649) while in another he places it 60 years earlier (1639), which might mean that his informants told him contradictory information, or that there were two shipwrecks. According to Exquemelin's original account,

529-433: The utility or desirability of power-sharing systems for conflict management in divided societies . Two salient power-sharing theories, which stake competing claims, are consociationalism and centripetalism. Empirically, each theory prescribes different systems for power-sharing, such as consociationalism's proportional voting compared to centripetalism's alternative vote . Some political scientists argue that power sharing

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