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42-450: Nueva Segovia suburb (Segovia, Spain) Nueva Segovia Department (Nicaragua) Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia (Philippines) City Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua founded by Spanish colonists in Quilalí, in 1543, now called Ocotal Lal-Lo, Cagayan , formerly named Nueva Segovia The full name of Barquisimeto , Venezuela,

84-624: A Nicaraguan Canal . Nicaragua assumed a quasi- protectorate status under the 1916 Bryan–Chamorro Treaty . President Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) opposed the relationship. On January 2, 1933, Hoover ended the American intervention. In 1909 Nicaraguan President José Santos Zelaya of the Liberal Party faced opposition from the Conservative Party , led by governor Juan José Estrada of Bluefields who received support from

126-676: A U.S. Navy landing force, consisting of 213 officers and men, was landed from the USS Cleveland (C-19) at Bluefields to protect Americans and U.S. interests. Juan Bautista Sacasa declared himself Constitutional President of Nicaragua from Puerto Cabezas on December 1, 1926. Following Emiliano Chamorro Vargas ' resignation, the Nicaraguan Congress selected Adolfo Diaz as designado , who then requested intervention from President Calvin Coolidge . On January 24, 1927,

168-715: A large autonomous department covering the area of Las Segovias . Sandino's plan would have allowed him to administer the department and manage the civilian and military authorities. The government rejected the plan, giving the rebels only a small colony on the banks of the Coco River, where the former troops were allowed to farm. 13°45′25″N 86°11′06″W  /  13.75694°N 86.18500°W  / 13.75694; -86.18500 United States occupation of Nicaragua United States military victory Liberal Party political victory The United States occupation of Nicaragua from August 4, 1912, to January 2, 1933,

210-506: Is Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Segovia&oldid=1197973383 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

252-412: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nueva Segovia Department Las Segovias is a region encompassed by the five departments of northern Nicaragua: Estelí , Jinotega , Madriz , Matagalpa , and Nueva Segovia. The natural boundaries, are bordered on the north by the mountains around Dipilto , Jalapa and Mozonte , which extend to

294-566: The Battle of Ocotal . Despite additional conflict with Sandino's rebels, U.S.-supervised elections were held on November 4, 1928, with Moncada the winner. Manuel Giron was captured and executed in February 1929, and Sandino took a year's leave in Mexico. By 1930, Sandino's guerrilla forces numbered more than 5,000 men. The only American journalist who interviewed Sandino during this occupation

336-476: The Coco River . On the southern border, the area is bounded by the mountains around the towns of La Trinidad and San Nicolás , which sweep downward to the valleys between Sébaco and El Sauce . Towards the east the river valleys bordering La Concordia , Jinotega , San Sebastián de Yalí and Wiwilí de Jinotega form the demarcations of the natural boundary. Finally, on the west the boundary extends from

378-710: The Denver at San Juan del Sur on the southern end of the Nicaraguan isthmus from August 30 to September 6, 1912, and from September 11 to 27, 1912 to protect the cable station, custom house and American interests. Denver remained at San Juan del Sur to relay wireless messages from the other navy ships to and from Washington until departing on September 30, for patrol duty. On the morning of September 22, two battalions of Marines and an artillery battery under Major Smedley Butler , U.S.M.C. had entered Granada, Nicaragua (after being ambushed by rebels at Masaya on

420-424: The American forces was Admiral William Henry Hudson Southerland , joined by Colonel Joseph Henry Pendleton and 750 Marines. The main goal was securing the railroad from Corinto to Managua . On August 4, at the recommendation of the Nicaraguan president, a landing force of 100 bluejackets was dispatched from Annapolis to the capital, Managua , to protect American citizens and guard the U.S. legation during

462-475: The Marine commanders to prepare to take the hills. On October 3, Butler and his men, returning from the capture of Granada, pounded the hills with artillery throughout the day, with no response from the insurgents. In the pre-dawn hours of October 4, Butler's 250 Marines began moving up the higher hill, Coyotepe, to converge with Pendletons's 600 Marines and a landing battalion of bluejackets from California . At

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504-513: The Nicaraguan national assembly to name him successor to Díaz when Díaz's term expired in 1913. When the United States refused to recognize the Nicaraguan assembly's decision, Mena rebelled against the Díaz government. A force led by liberal General Benjamín Zeledón , with its stronghold at Masaya , quickly came to the aid of Mena, whose headquarters were at Granada . Díaz, relying on

546-508: The Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Zelaya resigned on December 14, 1909, and his hand-picked successor, Jose Madriz , was elected by unanimous vote of the liberal Nicaraguan national assembly on December 20, 1909. U.S. Secretary of State Philander C. Knox admonished that the United States would not resume diplomatic relations with Nicaragua until Madriz demonstrated that his was a "responsible government ... prepared to make reparations for

588-556: The Secretary of War. Mena managed to gain the support of the National Assembly, accusing Díaz of "selling out the nation to New York bankers". Díaz asked the U.S. government for help, as Mena's opposition turned into rebellion. Knox appealed to president Taft for military intervention, arguing that the Nicaraguan railway from Corinto to Granada was threatened, interfering with U.S. interests. In mid-1912 Mena persuaded

630-551: The Spaniards , the conquistadors established the city of Vieja and later Antigua , to implement the Corregimiento system over the indigenous inhabitants. The corregidor served as a type of mayor to administrate a district, exploiting the local populations to mine gold and other minerals for Spain. The Spanish period decimated the indigenous population reducing its numbers from estimates of 75,000 people to 4,500 at

672-716: The U.S. government as a result of American entrepreneurs providing financial assistance to Estrada's rebellion in the hopes of gaining economic concessions after the rebellion's victory. The United States had limited military presence in Nicaragua, having only one patrolling U.S. Navy ship off the coast of Bluefields, allegedly to protect the lives and interests of American citizens who lived there. The Conservative Party sought to overthrow Zelaya which led to Estrada's rebellion in December 1909. Two Americans, Leonard Groce and Lee Roy Cannon, were captured and indicted for allegedly joining

714-403: The U.S. government's traditional support of the Nicaraguan conservative faction, made clear that he could not guarantee the safety of U.S. persons and property in Nicaragua and requested U.S. intervention. In the first two weeks of August 1912, Mena and his forces captured steamers on Lakes Managua and Nicaragua that were owned by a railroad company managed by U.S. interests. Insurgents attacked

756-494: The U.S. landing forces. At that point, peaceful conditions prevailed and nearly all of the embarked U.S. Marines and bluejackets that had numbered approximately 2,350 at their peak, not including approximately 1,000 shipboard sailors, withdrew, leaving a legation guard of 100 Marines in Managua. Of the 1,100 members of the United States military that intervened in Nicaragua, thirty-seven were killed in action. With Díaz safely in

798-464: The U.S.-controlled railroad. On October 6, 1,000 bluejackets and Marines, from the cruisers USS  California , USS  Colorado , and Denver led by Lieutenant Colonel Charles G. Long , U.S.M.C. captured the city of Leon, Nicaragua , the last stronghold of the insurgency. The revolution of General Diaz was essentially over. On October 23, Southerland announced that but for the Nicaraguan elections in early November, he would withdraw most of

840-402: The all-important railway line at Masaya that Zeledón and about 550 of his men occupied, halfway between Managua and Granada. On October 2, Nicaraguan government troops loyal to President Diaz delivered a surrender ultimatum to Zelaydón, who refused. Rear Admiral Southerland realized that Nicaraguan government forces would not vanquish the insurgents by bombardment or infantry assault, and ordered

882-625: The capital, Managua , subjecting it to a four-hour bombardment. U.S. minister George Wetzel cabled Washington to send U.S. troops to safeguard the U.S. legation . At the time the revolution broke out, the Pacific Fleet gunboat USS  Annapolis  (PG-10) was on routine patrol off the west coast of Nicaragua. In the summer of 1912, 100 U.S. Marines arrived aboard the USS Annapolis . They were followed by Smedley Butler 's return from Panama with 350 Marines. The commander of

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924-545: The coast of Nicaragua with 250 Marines, for the purpose of providing security in Bluefields. United States Secretary of State Philander C. Knox condemned Zelaya's actions, favoring Estrada. Zelaya succumbed to U.S. political pressure and fled the country, leaving José Madriz as his successor. Madriz in turn had to face an advance by the reinvigorated eastern rebel forces, which ultimately led to his resignation. In August 1910, Juan Estrada became president of Nicaragua with

966-596: The command of General Logan Feland . In May, Henry Stimson brokered a peace deal which included disarmament and promised elections in 1928. However, the Liberal commander Augusto César Sandino , and 200 of his men refused to give up the revolution. On June 30, Sandino seized the San Albino gold mine, denounced the Conservative government, and attracted recruits to continue operations. The next month saw

1008-513: The country after the intervention, occasionally clashing with local residents. In 1921, a group of Marines who raided a Managua newspaper office were dishonorably discharged. Later that year, a Marine private shot and killed a Nicaraguan policeman. Civil war erupted between the conservative and liberal factions on May 2, 1926, with liberals capturing Bluefields , and José María Moncada Tapia capturing Puerto Cabezas in August. On May 7, 1926,

1050-545: The creation of the Madriz Department. In 1926, during the United States occupation of Nicaragua Las Segovias became the center of the guerrilla warfare led by Augusto César Sandino , who established a network of espionage agents and collaborators from the local population. In 1933, during the negotiations for peace in the region, Sandino asked newly elected president Juan Bautista Sacasa to create

1092-424: The development of Nicaragua's natural resources. The policy opened the door for American banks to lend money to the Nicaraguan government, ensuring United States control over the country's finances. By 1912 the ongoing political conflict in Nicaragua between the liberal and conservative factions had deteriorated to the point that U.S. investments under President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy including substantial loans to

1134-526: The disrupted railway and cable lines between the principal port of Corinto and Managua, 110 kilometres (70 mi) to the southeast. On August 29, 1912, a landing force of 120 men from USS Denver , under the command of the ship's navigator, Lieutenant Allen B. Reed , landed at Corinto to protect the railway line running from Corinto to Managua and then south to Granada on the north shore of Lake Nicaragua. This landing party reembarked aboard ship October 24 and 25, 1912. One officer and 24 men were landed from

1176-530: The end of their occupation. After gaining its independence, Nicaragua drafted the Constitution of 1858, which established seven departments: Chinandega, Chontales, Granada, León, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, and Rivas. The Department of Jinotega was created from Matagalpa in 1892. Simultaneously, the Estelí Department was created from Nueva Segovia. Nueva Segovia was further divided in 1936 with

1218-418: The first elements of U.S. forces arrived, with 400 Marines. Government forces were defeated on February 6 at Chinandega , followed by another defeat at Muy Muy , prompting U.S. Marine landings at Corinto and the occupation of La Loma Fort in Managua. Ross E. Rowell 's Observation Squadron arrived on February 26, which included DeHavilland DH-4s . By March, the U.S. had 2,000 troops in Nicaragua under

1260-405: The fragile coalition government of conservative President Juan José Estrada were in jeopardy. Minister of War General Luis Mena forced Estrada to resign. He was replaced by his vice president, the conservative Adolfo Díaz . Díaz's connection with the United States led to a decline in his popularity in Nicaragua. Nationalistic sentiments arose in the Nicaraguan military, including Luis Mena ,

1302-481: The harbor at Bluefields, Nicaragua , on the Atlantic coast with USS  Prairie  (AD-5) en route for Colón, Panama , with 700 Marines. On December 12, 1909, Albany with 280 bluejackets and the gunboat USS  Yorktown  (PG-1) with 155, arrived at Corinto, Nicaragua , to join the gunboat USS  Vicksburg  (PG-11) with her crew of 155 allegedly to protect American citizens and property on

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1344-628: The insurgency. On the east coast of Nicaragua, the USS ; Tacoma  (CL-20) (a protected cruiser from the American North Atlantic Fleet ) was ordered to Bluefields, Nicaragua , where she arrived on August 6 and landed a force of 50 men to protect American lives and property. A force of 350 U.S. Marines shipped north on the collier USS  Justin from the Canal Zone and disembarked at Managua to reinforce

1386-483: The legation guard on August 15, 1912. Under this backdrop, Denver and seven other ships from the Pacific Fleet arrived at Corinto, Nicaragua , from late August to September 1912, under the command of Rear Admiral W.H.H. Southerland . USS  Denver  (CL-16) , commanded by Commander Thomas Washington arrived at Corinto on August 27, 1912, with 350 navy bluejackets and Marines on board. Admiral Southerland's priorities were to re-establish and safeguard

1428-429: The nineteenth), where they were reinforced with the Marine first battalion commanded by Colonel Joseph H. Pendleton , U.S.M.C. General Mena, the primary instigator of the failed coup d'etat surrendered his 700 troops to Southerland and was deported to Panama . Beginning on the morning of September 27 and continuing through October 1, Nicaraguan government forces bombarded Barranca and Coyotepe , two hills overlooking

1470-486: The official recognition of the United States. Estrada's administration allowed President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox to apply the Dollar Diplomacy or "dollars for bullets" policy. The goal was to undermine European financial strength in the region, which threatened American interests to construct a canal in the isthmus , and also to protect American private investment in

1512-495: The ongoing rebellion, sometimes under criticism by the U.S. press and business interests that were displeased by Kimball's "friendly" attitude toward the liberal Madriz administration. By mid-March 1910, the insurgency led by Estrada and Chamorro had seemingly collapsed and with the apparent and unexpected strength of Madriz, the U.S. Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron completed its withdrawal from Nicaraguan waters. On May 27, 1910, U.S. Marine Corps Major Smedley Butler arrived on

1554-477: The presidency of the country, the United States proceeded to withdraw the majority of its forces from Nicaraguan territory, leaving one hundred Marines to "protect the American legation in Managua". The Knox-Castrillo Treaty of 1911, ratified in 1912, put the U.S. in charge of much of Nicaragua's financial system. In 1916, General Emiliano Chamorro Vargas , a Conservative, assumed the presidency, and continued to attract foreign investment. Some Marines remained in

1596-633: The rebellion and the laying of mines. Zelaya ordered the execution of the two Americans, which severed U.S. relations . The forces of Emiliano Chamorro Vargas and Nicaraguan General Juan Estrada, each leading conservative revolts against Zelaya's government, had captured three small towns on the border with Costa Rica and were fomenting open rebellion in the capital of Managua . U.S. Naval warships that had been waiting off Mexico and Costa Rica moved into position. The protected cruisers USS  Des Moines  (CL-17) , USS  Tacoma  (CL-20) , and collier USS  Hannibal  (AG-1) lay in

1638-611: The slope of a mountainous triangle which extends to the coastal plain adjacent to the Pacific Ocean encompassing Estelí , San José de Cusmapa , and San Juan de Limay . In pre-Columbian times the region was inhabited by Native American people known as Mayangnas and Matagalpas . Later arrivals include the Nahua from Mexico and the Chorotega peoples from Cholula . One of the first regions of Nicaragua to be colonized by

1680-436: The summit, the American forces seized the rebel's artillery and used it to rout Zeledón's troops on Barranca across the valley. Zeledón and most of his troops had fled the previous day during the bombardment, many to Masaya, where Nicaraguan government troops captured or killed most of them, including Zeledón. With the insurgents driven from Masaya, Southerland ordered the occupation of Leon to stop any further interference with

1722-698: The wrongs" done to American citizens. His request for asylum granted by Mexico, Zelaya was escorted by armed guard to the Mexican gunboat General Guerrero and departed Corinto for Salina Cruz, Mexico , on the night of December 23, with Albany standing by but taking no action. As the flagship of the Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron, under Admiral William W. Kimball , Albany spent the next five months in Central America, mostly at Corinto, maintaining U.S. neutrality in

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1764-523: Was part of the Banana Wars , when the U.S. military invaded various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal occupation began on August 4, 1912, even though there were various other assaults by the United States in Nicaragua throughout this period. American military interventions in Nicaragua were designed to stop any nation other than the United States of America from building

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