83-628: Mudumalai National Park is a national park in the Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in southern India. It covers 321 km (124 sq mi) at an elevation range of 850–1,250 m (2,790–4,100 ft) in the Nilgiri District and shares boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala . A part of this area has been protected since 1940. The national park has been part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve since 1986 and
166-475: A habitat corridor , or green corridor, is an designated area that connects wildlife populations that have been separated by human activities or structures, such as development, roads, or land clearings. These corridors enable movement of individuals between populations, which helps to prevent negative effects of inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity , often caused by genetic drift , that can occur in isolated populations. Additionally, corridors support
249-425: A magnificent park ... A nation's Park , containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!" The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when President Andrew Jackson signed legislation that the 22nd United States Congress had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now Hot Springs, Arkansas , to protect
332-516: A wolf corridor was restored through a golf course in Jasper National Park , Alberta , which successfully altered wildlife behavior and showed frequent use by the wolf population. Some species are more likely to utilize habitat corridors depending on migration and mating patterns, making it essential that corridor design is targeted towards a specific species. Due to space constraints, buffers are not usually implemented. Without
415-445: A "national park" simply describes a general area that is relatively undeveloped, scenic, and attracts tourists, with some form of planning restrictions to ensure it maintains those characteristics. There may be substantial human settlements within the bounds of a national park. Conversely, parks that meet the criteria may be not be referred to as "national parks". Terms like "preserve" or "reserve" may be used instead. Starting in 1735
498-492: A 40 km (25 mi) long stretch of a state highway passing through the park. A 0.913 m (2 ft 11.9 in) long roadkilled Bibron's coral snake was found in September 2016. Proliferating tourism resorts and increasing demand for firewood at the national park's periphery are also considered threats to its ecosystem. In 1995, the annual firewood need was estimated at 376 kg (829 lb) per person living in
581-599: A dry stream bed outside the protected area. December to March is the breeding season of yellow-crowned woodpecker ( Leiopicus mahrattensis ), streak-throated woodpecker ( Picus xanthopygaeus ), yellow-throated sparrow ( Gymnoris xanthocollis ), blue-bearded bee-eater ( Nyctyornis atherton ), Indian robin ( Saxicoloides fulicatus ), scaly-breasted munia ( Lonchura punctulata ) and white-rumped munia ( L. striata ). Spot-bellied eagle-owl, Oriental scops owl ( Otus sunia ), brown boobook ( Ninox scutulata ) and jungle owlet ( Glaucidium radiatum ) are known night birds in
664-740: A few. John Muir is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite. He published two influential articles in The Century Magazine , which formed the base for the subsequent legislation. President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoias (later becoming Yosemite National Park ) to
747-704: A heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national control at its establishment six years later. In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States' first national park, being also the world's first national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set aside for royalty, such as
830-486: A height of 32 m (105 ft) and a girth of 8.45 m (27.7 ft) was detected in the Moyar River valley in 2019; it was used by white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) , brown fish owl (Ketupa zeylonensis) , spot-bellied eagle-owl (Bubo nipalensis) , crested honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) , changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) and shikra (Accipiter badius) for roosting. During
913-562: A large home range. Large herbivores , medium to large carnivores , and migratory species are typical passage users. Corridor dwellers , on the other hand, can occupy a corridor for several years. Species such as plants , reptiles , amphibians , birds , insects , and small mammals may spend their entire lives in linear habitats. In such cases, the corridor must provide enough resources to support such species. Habitat corridors can be categorized based on their width, with wider corridors generally supporting greater wildlife use. However,
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#1732800753601996-514: A lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six tallest mountains in the world: Everest , Lhotse , Makalu , and Cho Oyu . The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transnational conservation area equal in size to Switzerland. In 1993, the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park
1079-2252: A mean 12.9 m (42 ft) height, a mean density of 499 trees/ha (202 trees/acre) and a canopy height of at least 6.86 m (22.5 ft). In 2013, a painted bat ( Kerivoula picta ) was sighted in the eastern part of the tiger reserve. Birds observed from 1994 to 1996 comprised 266 species; the 213 resident ones include Malabar grey hornbill ( Ocyceros griseus ), Indian grey hornbill ( O. birostris ), Indian peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ), Bonelli's eagle ( Aquila fasciata ), crested serpent eagle ( Spilornis cheela ), black eagle ( Ictinaetus malaiensis ), besra ( Accipiter virgatus ) and crested goshawk ( A. trivirgatus ), white-rumped shama ( Copsychus malabaricus ), Indian roller ( Coracias benghalensis ), greater flameback ( Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus ) and white-naped woodpecker ( C. festivus ), black-rumped flameback ( Dinopium benghalense ), white-bellied woodpecker ( Dryocopus javensis ), heart-spotted woodpecker ( Hemicircus canente ), rufous woodpecker ( Micropternus brachyurus ), greater racket-tailed drongo ( Dicrurus paradiseus ), grey-bellied cuckoo ( Cacomantis passerinus ) and Indian cuckoo ( Cuculus micropterus ), coppersmith barbet ( Psilopogon haemacephalus ), white-cheeked barbet ( P. viridis ) and brown-headed barbet ( P. zeylanicus ), grey francolin ( Ortygornis pondicerianus ), speckled piculet ( Picumnus innominatus ), Indian pond heron ( Ardeola grayii ), white-throated kingfisher ( Halcyon smyrnensis ), blue-winged parakeet ( Psittacula columboides ), Nilgiri wood pigeon ( Columba elphinstonii ), common emerald dove ( Chalcophaps indica ), yellow-footed pigeon ( Treron phoenicoptera ), red spurfowl ( Galloperdix spadicea ) and grey junglefowl ( Gallus sonneratii ), painted bush quail ( Perdicula erythrorhyncha ), crimson-backed sunbird ( Leptocoma minima ), Loten's sunbird ( Cinnyris lotenius ), forest wagtail ( Dendronanthus indicus ), white-browed wagtail ( Motacilla maderaspatensis ) black-and-orange flycatcher ( Ficedula nigrorufa ), Eurasian golden oriole ( Oriolus oriolus ) and black-hooded oriole ( O. xanthornus ). In 2004, pin-striped tit-babblers ( Mixornis gularis ) were observed in
1162-488: A national park system, with the creation of the Nahuel Huapi National Park in 1934, through the initiative of Francisco Moreno . After World War II , national parks were founded all over the world. The United Kingdom designated its first national park, Peak District National Park , in 1951. This followed perhaps 70 years of pressure for greater public access to the landscape. By the end of
1245-546: A part of the Forest of Fontainebleau (France, 1861). Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory . With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the Northern Pacific Railroad ensured
1328-544: A surrounding buffer zone of 367.59 km (141.93 sq mi) was designated as the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. The elevation range of 250–1,200 m (820–3,940 ft) in the Western Ghats is characterised by evergreen forest with dipterocarp species prevailing. Its undulating hills consist mostly of hornblendite and biotite gneiss with black sandy loam ; red heavy loam prevails in
1411-658: Is also used to evaluate migration and mating patterns. By analyzing gene flow within a population, researchers can better understand the long- term role of corridors in migration and genetic diversity. Wildlife corridors are most effective when designed with the ecology of their target species in mind. Factors such as seasonal movement, avoidance behavior, dispersal patterns, and specific habitat requirements must also be considered. Corridors are more successful when they include some degree of randomness or asymmetry and are oriented perpendicular to habitat patches. However, they are vulnerable to edge effects ; habitat quality along
1494-591: Is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protected and owned by a government. Although governments hold different standards for national park designation, the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride is a common motivation for the continued protection of all national parks around the world. National parks are almost always accessible to the public. Usually national parks are developed, owned and managed by national governments, though in some countries with federal or devolved forms of government, "national parks" may be
1577-454: Is bordered in the west by Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary , in the north by Bandipur National Park and in the east by Sigur Reserve Forest . In the south, it is bordered by Singara Reserve Forest. The Moyar River enters the national park in the south and is joined by five tributaries. Together they drain this area, and several artificial waterholes provide drinking water for wildlife during dry seasons. The original national park area together with
1660-439: Is continuous in the national park's moist deciduous forest; in the drier eastern part, it inhabits foremost riverine habitat with contiguous canopy . It builds nests in trees with a mean canopy height of 10.6 m (35 ft) and feeds on 25 plant species including teak, Indian laurel and Grewia tiliifolia . The Indian giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista philippensis ) inhabits foremost moist deciduous forest with old trees of
1743-560: Is interspersed with giant thorny bamboo ( Bambusa bambos ) . Mango ( Mangifera indica ) and persimmon ( Diospyros ) grow along river courses. Climbers include orange climber ( Zanthoxylum asiaticum ) , Wattakaka volubilis , frangipani vine ( Chonemorpha fragrans ) , trellis-vine ( Pergularia daemia ) , purple morning glory ( Argyreia cuneata ) , striped cucumber ( Diplocyclos palmatus ) and several jasmine species. Ceylon satinwood ( Chloroxylon swietenia ) , red cedar ( Erythroxylum monogynum ) and catechu ( Senegalia catechu ) are
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#17328007536011826-531: Is now Royal National Park was established just south of Sydney , Colony of New South Wales , on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park. Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Royal National Park is, by some considerations, the second oldest national park now in existence. Banff National Park became Canada's first national park in 1885. New Zealand established Tongariro National Park in 1887. In Europe,
1909-411: Is perceived as a brand name that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural environment with a well-designed tourist infrastructure". The duties of a park ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and
1992-568: The American frontier and were meant to be monuments to America's true history. Yet, in some instances, the lands that were to be set aside and protected in formerly colonized lands were already being inhabited by native communities, who were then removed off of these lands to create pristine sites for public consumption. Critics claim that the removal of people from national parks enhances the belief that nature can only be protected when humans do not exist within it, and that this leads to perpetuating
2075-517: The Naples government undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a game reserve by the royal family; Procida was the first protected site; the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve, is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-day wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves. In 1810,
2158-682: The Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve (in what is now Trinidad and Tobago; established in 1776) and the area surrounding Bogd Khan Uul Mountain (Mongolia, 1778), which were restricted from cultivation to protect surrounding farmland, are considered the oldest legally protected areas . Parks Canada , established on May 19, 1911, is the world's oldest national park service. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) have defined "National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas . According to
2241-534: The Trans-Canada Highway , which passes through Banff National Park . The tops of the bridges are planted with trees and native grasses, with fences present on either side to help guide animals. In Southern California , 15 underpasses and drainage culverts were observed to see how many animals used them as corridors. They proved to be especially effective on wide-ranging species such as carnivores, mule deer , small mammals, and reptiles, even though
2324-587: The southwest monsoon season from June to September. The temperature drops during the cool season from December to January, but rises during April to June, which are the hottest months. Annual precipitation ranges from 1,100 mm (43 in) in the south and west to 600 mm (24 in) in the east. Mudumalai National Park harbours tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests . The floral diversity comprises 498 plant species including 154 tree , 77 shrub , 214 herb and 53 vine species. Teak (Tectona grandis) and axlewood ( Anogeissus latifolia ) are
2407-572: The 431 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 63 carry the designation of National Park. Countries with a large ecotourism industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole. Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Costa Rica for example, a megadiverse country , tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999. The term national park
2490-594: The British Government rented the forest in 1857 for logging purposes from the Raja of Neelambur . In 1914, large forest tracts on the Sigur Plateau were declared as reserve forest for systematic logging. An area of about 60 km (23 sq mi) was established as Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in 1940. The sanctuary was enlarged in 1977 and incorporated into Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986. It
2573-590: The English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a "sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy." The painter George Catlin , in his travels through the American West , wrote during the 1830s that Native Americans in the United States might be preserved "(by some great protecting policy of government) ... in
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2656-599: The IUCN definition. In many countries, including Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks. As many countries do not adhere to the IUCN definition, the term "national park" may be used loosely. In the United Kingdom , and in some other countries such as Taiwan ,
2739-506: The IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park , which was established in 1974 and is 972,000 km (375,000 sq mi) in area. In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with
2822-405: The Moyar River in 2010 and 2011. Their habitat preference was studied between 2015 and 2017; the groups preferred rocky areas near fast flowing water with loose sand and little vegetation cover. The Asian elephant is the largest mammal in the park with an estimated 536–1,001 individuals in 25 herds in 2000. Herds comprise up to 22 individuals. The gaur ( Bos gaurus ) is the largest ungulate in
2905-480: The Moyar River valley foraged on leaves, flowers and fruits of several tree and shrub species including tamarind ( Tamarindus indica ), banyan fig ( Ficus benghalensis ), wild jujube ( Ziziphus oenoplia ), neem ( Azadirachta indica ), kaayam ( Memecylon edule ) and indigoberry ( Randia malabarica ), but also consumed herbs, crickets and grasshoppers . The range of the Indian giant squirrel ( Ratufa indica )
2988-760: The benefits of wildlife corridors to wildlife conservation are used and managed by indigenous communities. Habitat corridors can be considered a management tool in areas where the destruction of a natural habitats has severely impacted native species , whether due to human development or natural disasters. When land is fragmented, wildlife populations may become unstable or isolated from larger populations. These management tools are used by ecologists, biologists , indigenous tribes, and other concerned parties that oversee wildlife populations. Corridors help reconnect these fragmented populations and reduce negative population fluctuations by supporting these key aspects that stabilize populations: Daniel Rosenberg et al. were among
3071-544: The best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst." The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'s Mackinac National Park , in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status. ) Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what
3154-692: The bulk of its diet apart from fungus-growing termites ( Odontotermes ), fire ants and honey bees . Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ), Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) and brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) live in both deciduous and semi-evergreen forest patches; ruddy mongoose ( Urva smithii ) lives foremost in deciduous forest, whereas stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticollis ) frequents riverine areas, and Indian grey mongoose U. edwardsii open habitats. The mongooses forage foremost for pill millipedes , dung beetles , fruits, small rodents , birds and reptiles. Smooth-coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) groups were observed along
3237-420: The center habitat were two to four times more likely to move to the connected remnant rather than the disconnected ones. Furthermore, male holly plants were placed in the center region, and female holly plants in the connected region increased by 70 percent in seed production compared to those plants in the disconnected region. Plant seed dispersal through bird droppings was noted to be the dispersal method with
3320-436: The corridors were not intended specifically for animals. Researchers also learned that factors such as surrounding habitat, underpass dimensions, and human activity played a role in the frequency of usage. In South Carolina , five remnant areas of land were monitored; one was put in the center with the other four surrounding it. Then, a corridor was put between one of the remnants and the center. Butterflies that were placed in
3403-499: The creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). The 64th United States Congress passed the National Park Service Organic Act , which President Woodrow Wilson signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of
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3486-582: The decade a further nine national parks had been designated in the UK. Europe has some 359 national parks as of 2010. The Vanoise National Park in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a touristic project . In 1971, Lahemaa National Park in Estonia was the first area to be designated a national park in the former Soviet Union . In 1973, Mount Kilimanjaro
3569-519: The development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include heritage interpretation to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lake shores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archaeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of
3652-465: The dichotomy between nature and humans (also known as the nature–culture divide ). They see the creation of national parks as a form of eco- land grabbing . Others claim that traveling to national parks to appreciate nature there leads people to ignore the nature that exists around them every day. Still others argue that tourism can actually negatively impact the areas that are being visited. Wildlife corridor A wildlife corridor , also known as
3735-527: The dominant plants in shrubland patches. Lantana camara is an invasive species that negatively affects the dispersal of the native Indian gooseberry ( Phyllanthus emblica ) and Kydia calycina , but does not affect growth and dispersal of other shrubs. A study on nesting behaviour of birds revealed that red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) and red-whiskered bulbul (P. jocosus) prefer its top canopy level for building nests in spring. An exceptionally large arjun tree ( Terminalia arjuna ) with
3818-514: The dominant tree species with a density of more than 105 trees/ha (42 trees/acre). Prominent tree species include flame-of-the-forest ( Butea monosperma ) , Indian laurel ( Terminalia elliptica ) , kusum tree ( Schleichera oleosa) , weaver's beam tree ( Schrebera swietenioides ) , Malabar kino tree ( Pterocarpus marsupium ) , Indian rosewood ( Dalbergia latifolia ) , Malabar plum ( Syzygium cumini ) , silk-cotton tree ( Bombax ceiba ) and Indian beech ( Millettia pinnata ) ; moist deciduous forest
3901-639: The dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now Parks Canada ), within the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centred on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting. Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 450,000 km of national park space. Even with
3984-465: The edge of a habitat fragment is often much lower than in core habitat areas. While wildlife corridors are essential for large species that require expensive ranges ; they are also crucial for smaller animals and plants, acting as ecological connectors to move between isolated habitat fragments. Additionally wildlife corridors are designed to reduce human-wildlife conflicts. In Alberta, Canada , overpasses have been constructed to keep animals off
4067-752: The first national parks were a set of nine parks in Sweden in 1909, followed by the Swiss National Park in 1914. Africa's first national park was established in 1925 when Albert I of Belgium designated an area of what is now Democratic Republic of Congo centred on the Virunga Mountains as the Albert National Park (since renamed Virunga National Park ). In 1895, the Groenkloof Nature Reserve
4150-704: The first to define the concept of wildlife corridors, developing a model that emphasized the corridors' role in facilitating movement unrestricted by the end of native vegetation or intermediate target patches of habitat. Wildlife corridors also have significant indirect effects on plant populations by increasing pollen and seed dispersal through animals movement, of various species between isolated habitat patches. Corridors must be large enough to support minimum critical populations, reduce migration barriers, and maximize connectivity between populations. Wildlife corridors may also include aquatic habitats often referred to as riparian ribbons , ) and are typically found in
4233-614: The following defining characteristics: In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include: While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition, for example: While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence
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#17328007536014316-591: The form of wildlife crossings , such an underpasses or overpasses that allow animals to cross man-made structures like roads, helping to reduce human-wildlife conflict , such as roadkill . Observations that underpasses tend to be more than overpasses as many animals are too timid to cross over a bridge in front of traffic and prefer the cover of an underpass. Researchers use mark-recapture techniques and hair snares to assess genetic flow and observe how wildlife utilizes corridors. Marking and recapturing animals helps track individual movement. Genetic testing
4399-412: The form of rivers and streams. Terrestrial corridors take the form of wooded strips connecting forested areas or an urban hedgerows. Most species can be categorized into one of two groups: passage users and corridor dwellers . Passage users occupy corridors for brief periods. These animals use corridors for such events as seasonal migration , juvenile dispersal or moving between different parts of
4482-755: The job of a park ranger. Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement. They control traffic, manage permits for various uses, and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents. National parks in former European colonies have come under criticism for allegedly perpetuating colonialism . National parks were created by individuals who felt that pristine, natural sections of nature should be set aside and preserved from urban development. In America, this movement came about during
4565-716: The largest increase within the corridor-connected patch of land. In Florida June 2021, the Florida Wildlife Corridor act was passed, securing a statewide network of nearly 18 million acres of connected ecosystems. Starting from the Alabama state line, through the Florida panhandle and all the way to the Florida Keys. Containing state parks, national forests, and wildlife management areas supporting wildlife and human occupation. The positive effects on
4648-467: The major flowering season, 394 nests of the giant honey bee ( Apis dorsata ) were detected in the park between January and June 2007; bee colonies comprised an average of 19 nests, mostly built in large trees. A survey carried out between November 2008 and February 2009 revealed that about 29 Indian leopards ( Panthera pardus fusca ) and 19 Bengal tigers ( P. tigris tigris ) lived in the park's core area of 107 km (41 sq mi). As of 2018,
4731-565: The name), in Australia, with the exception of six national parks, national parks are run by state governments and predate the Federation of Australia ; similarly, national parks in the Netherlands are administered by the provinces. In Canada, there are both national parks operated by the federal government and provincial or territorial parks operated by the provincial and territorial governments, although nearly all are still national parks by
4814-813: The national highway passing through the park including Indirana frogs, Indian skipper frog ( Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis ) , bronzed frog ( Indosylvirana temporalis ) , pigmy wrinkled frog ( Nyctibatrachus beddomii ) , Asian common toad ( Duttaphrynus melanostictus ) , common green forest lizard ( Calotes calotes ) , Blanford's rock agama (Psammophilus blanfordanus) , Mysore day gecko (Cnemaspis mysoriensis) , bronze grass skink ( Eutropis macularia ) , green keelback ( Rhabdophis plumbicolor ) , trinket snake (Coelognathus helena) , Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) , common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and hump-nosed viper ( Hypnale hypnale ) . Between January 2014 and December 2016, 497 Indian palm squirrels (Funambulus palmarum) were found killed in traffic collisions on
4897-410: The national park has caused significant roadkills of mammals, reptiles and amphibians. The park's northern part has been affected by several wildfires since 1999. The word Mudumalai is a Tamil word with முது 'mutu' meaning old, ancient, original; and முதுகாடு 'mudhukadu' meaning ancient forest. The word மலை 'malai' means hill or mountain. The name 'Mudumalai forest' was already in use when
4980-554: The natural, thermal springs and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government. It was known as Hot Springs Reservation , but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877. The work of important leaders who fought for animal and land conservation were essential in the development of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson to name
5063-505: The overall effectiveness of a corridor depends more on its design that its width. The following are three main categories of corridor widths: Habitat corridors can also be classified based on their continuity. Continuous corridors are uninterrupted strips of habitat,, while " stepping stone " corridors consist of small, separate patches of suitable habitat. However, stepping-stone corridors are more vulnerable to edge effects , which can reduce their effectiveness. Corridors can also take
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#17328007536015146-401: The park, with herds of up to 42 individuals that frequent foremost grasslands in the vicinity of water sources. The sambar deer ( Cervus unicolor ) forms smaller groups of up to five individuals, but also congregates in groups of up to 45 individuals in the wet season. The chital ( Axis axis ) forms large groups of at least 35 individuals, with some herds increasing to more than 100 members in
5229-406: The park; 50 individuals were killed by poachers . Traffic on three public roads cutting through Mudumalai National Park pose a significant threat to the park's wildlife; between December 1998 and March 1999 alone, 180 animals belonging to 40 species were killed by drivers. Between December 2006 and November 2007, 101 amphibians and 78 reptiles became roadkills on a 6 km (3.7 mi) stretch of
5312-543: The passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Theodore Roosevelt and his group of conservationists, the Boone and Crockett Club , were active campaigners and were highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it
5395-495: The periphery of the national park. Between 1999 and 2013, six forest fires affected dry deciduous forest patches ranging in size from 80 ha (200 acres) to 85 km (33 sq mi) in the northern part of the national park; the plant diversity in burned patches needs more than 15 years to recover. National park A national park is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It
5478-421: The rates of transfer and interbreeding in vole populations. A control population in which voles were confined to their core habitat with no corridor was compared to a treatment population in their core habitat with passages that they use to move to other regions. Females typically stayed and mated within their founder population , but the rate of transfer through corridors in the males was very high. In 2001,
5561-619: The re-establishment of populations that may have been reduced or wiped out due to random events like fires or disease. They can also mitigate some of the severe impacts of habitat fragmentation , a result of urbanization that divides habitat areas and restricts animal movement. Habitat fragmentation from human development poses an increasing threat to biodiversity , and habitat corridors help to reduce its harmful effects. Corridors aside from their benefit to vulnerable wildlife populations can conflict with communities surrounding them when human-wildlife conflicts are involved. In other communities
5644-1250: The region. A juvenile cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) was recorded in spring 2019. The vulture populations in Moyar River valley were surveyed in March 2019. About 200 white-rumped vultures and about 30 active white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) nests were observed; Indian vultures (G. indicus) and red-headed vultures (Sarcogyps calvus) were sighted at several locations. Sightings of migrating birds include booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) , rufous-bellied eagle (Lophotriorchis kienerii) , Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) , common buzzard (Buteo buteo) , western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) and pallid harrier (C. macrourus) , cotton pygmy goose (Nettapus coromandelianus) , knob-billed duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos) , northern pintail (Anas acuta) and rosy starling (Pastor roseus) . White storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) were observed in December 2013 and February 2014. In 1992, six Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) were sighted in scrubland at elevations of 850–950 m (2,790–3,120 ft). An ornate flying snake ( Chrysopelea ornata )
5727-534: The release of funds to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve in the frame of Project Tiger. In 2020, Project Tiger has been extended until 2021 with funding of ₹ 114.1 million borne by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu . Mudumalai National Park covers 321 km (124 sq mi) in the eastern hills of the Western Ghats at an elevation range of 850–1,250 m (2,790–4,100 ft); it
5810-402: The responsibility of subnational, regional, or local authorities. The United States established Yellowstone National Park , the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people," in 1872. Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" at the time, in practice it is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. However,
5893-589: The southern part. It is part of the ecoregion South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests . Mudumalai National Park and the adjacent Sigur Reserve Forest form an important wildlife corridor within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and provide the highest landscape connectivity for the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) population in the region. Mudumalai National Park receives about 1,420 mm (56 in) rainfall annually, most of it during
5976-402: The state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was
6059-866: The tiger population in the wider Mudumalai Tiger Reserve was estimated to comprise 103 resident individuals. Jungle cat ( Felis chaus ), rusty-spotted cat ( Prionailurus rubiginosus ) and leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) were recorded during camera trap surveys in 2010–2011 and 2018. Two dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) packs were monitored during 1989–1993 and had home ranges of 83.3 and 54.2 km (32.2 and 20.9 sq mi); packs comprised between four and 25 individuals during this period. Golden jackal ( Canis aureus ), and Nilgiri marten ( Martes gwatkinsii ) were also recorded in 2018. Scat of sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) collected along forest roads and animal trails contained remains of 18 plant species with golden shower ( Cassia fistula ), Indian plum ( Zizyphus mauritiana ) and clammy cherry ( Cordia obliqua ) forming
6142-771: The wet season. Chital, Indian spotted chevrotain ( Moschiola indica ) and Indian muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak ) have been recorded eating fallen fruit of the Indian gooseberry in a forest monitoring plot; they are therefore considered to be the primary seed dispersers in the park. Present are also four-horned antelope ( Tetracerus quadricornis ), blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), Indian pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ) and Indian crested porcupine ( Hystrix indica ). Four bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata ) troops were studied in 1997, which ranged in size from 28 to 35 members and lived in sympatry with gray langur ( Semnopithecus entellus ) troops. A troop in
6225-602: Was classified as a National Park and was opened to public access in 1977. In 1989, the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381 million hectares on the north slope of Mount Everest in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management consists of existing local authorities, allowing
6308-535: Was declared a tiger reserve together with a buffer zone of 367.59 km (141.93 sq mi) in 2007. It receives an annual rainfall of about 1,420 mm (56 in) and harbours tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests with 498 plant species, at least 266 bird species, 18 carnivore and 10 herbivore species. It is drained by the Moyar River and several tributaries, which harbour 38 fish species. Traffic on three public roads passing through
6391-592: Was declared as a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in April 2007 and notified as 'Critical Tiger Habitat' in December 2007. At the time, 1947 people lived in 28 hamlets inside the reserve; they kept about 1,060 cattle . In 2010, it was proposed to resettle them. This notification was criticised by activists and conservationists as having been intransparent and undemocratic. In 2010, the National Tiger Conservation Authority approved
6474-532: Was discovered on the road in the Theppakadu area at an elevation of 894 m (2,933 ft) in August 2013, the first record since 1874. A Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) was recorded in 2018. The Indian rock python ( Python molurus ) was studied in the frame of a telemetry project in the Moyar River valley from 2017 to 2020. In February 2019, a 3.7 m (12 ft) long female Indian rock python
6557-515: Was established as the first game sanctuary in Africa. In 1926, the government of South Africa designated Kruger National Park as the nation's first national park, although it was an expansion of the earlier Sabie Game Reserve established in 1898 by President Paul Kruger of the old South African Republic , after whom the park was named. Argentina became the third country in the Americas to create
6640-601: Was established in Jamaica to conserve and protect 41,198 hectares, including tropical montane rainforest and adjacent buffer areas. The site includes Jamaica's tallest peak ( Blue Mountain Peak ), hiking trails and a visitor center. The Park was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015. The world's first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada. The Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act placed
6723-618: Was observed mating with two smaller males measuring 1.98 and 2.22 m (6 ft 6 in and 7 ft 3 in). The Moyar River and tributaries harbour 38 fish species, including Nilgiri mystus ( Hemibagrus punctatus ) , Puntius mudumalaiensis , Puntius melanostigma , reba carp (Cirrhinus reba) , common carp (Cyprinus carpio) , Deccan mahseer ( Tor khudree ) , Malabar baril ( Barilius gatensis ) , mullya garra ( Garra mullya ) , zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus) and bullseye snakehead ( Channa marulius ) . From 1979 to 2011, remains of 148 dead Asian elephants were found in
6806-580: Was observed in 2006. The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) population in Moyar River was thought to encompass about 100 individuals as of 2009. Small reptiles recorded in Mudumalai National Park comprise striped coral snake ( Calliophis nigrescens ) , Elliot's forest lizard ( Monilesaurus ellioti ) , Jerdon's day gecko (Cnemaspis jerdonii) , Goan day gecko (C. indraneildasii) and Beddome's ground skink ( Kaestlea beddomii ) . A dead Bibron's coral snake ( Calliophis bibroni )
6889-535: Was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview. American Pulitzer Prize -winning author Wallace Stegner wrote: "National parks are
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