81-597: The Musqueam Nation ( Hunquminum : šxʷməθkʷəy̓əmaɁɬ təməxʷ ) is a First Nation whose traditional territory encompasses the western half of what is now Greater Vancouver , in British Columbia , Canada. It is governed by a band council and is known officially as the Musqueam Indian Band under the Indian Act . "Musqueam" ( / ˈ m ʌ s k w i ə m / MUS -kwee-əm )
162-422: A cased Latin alphabet with modifier apostrophes , letter colon for both vowel length and geminate consonants, and the special letters Ō and X̱ . The vowel letters are a for /e/ , e for /ə/ , o for /a/ , and ō for /o/ . Sh is /s/ before xw , and is found in a few English and French loans. Using the letter a as a carrier, á marks high tone, à mid tone, and a low tone. The Cowichan use
243-522: A cased Latin alphabet with modifier apostrophes and doubled letters for vowel length. Ou is used for the long [u] sound in French loanwords, and u is used for schwa. The alphabet includes the tetragraph tthʼ . The Musqueam Band language department collaborated with the University of British Columbia to create a typeface called Whitney Salishan that displays all the characters correctly. Like
324-584: A colony in 1858, also worked to establish many reserves on the mainland during his tenure, though most of these were overturned by successor colonial governments and later royal commissions once the province joined Confederation in 1871. In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the Constitution Act, 1867 ,
405-420: A fact which has led many to be abandoned, or used only seasonally (as a trapping territory , for example). Statistics Canada counts only those reserves which are populated (or potentially populated) as "subdivisions" for the purpose of the national census . For the 2011 census, of the more than 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada, there were only 961 Indian reserves classified as census subdivisions (including
486-511: A few of these verb roots, this aspect can appear in both a progressive and in a perfective form. The majority of verbs have a resultative form which is adjective-like and does not carry a progressive-perfective distinction. The plural can be optionally marked in all of these forms. The diminutive is also marked, optionally, in only the progressive and resultative aspects. It is possible to internally modify noun roots in Halkomelem for
567-608: A few words to say yet. It is indeed true what the Chairman said, the Indian's custom of taking fish was only by the means of a small net, and they only caught very few, so as not to destroy the fish with a net only 3 feet wide. This is the reason I say that I did not destroy the fish. It is the Whiteman that brought the long nets and catches all kinds of fish. That is the reason the fish are all going away. Whenever we go out and hunt for
648-423: A full vowel and one or more schwas, the stress is placed on the full vowel. Again, there are exceptions to this pattern, such as in words with a final glottal stop that cannot be preceded by schwa (e.g. as in nə́cʼaʔ "one"). Although minimal pairs contrasting stress are rare, they do exist in the language. The primary stress of a verb root consisting of a resonant, a schwa, and an obstruent followed by
729-571: A line commencing at Harvey Creek in Howe Sound and proceeding Eastward to the height of land and continuing on the height of land around the entire watershed draining into English Bay, Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm; South along the height of land between Coquitlam River and Brunette River to the Fraser River, across to the South or left bank of the Fraser River and proceeding downstream taking in
810-659: A major part of Canada's Constitution (originally known as the British North America Act ), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other." In 1870, the newly formed Dominion government acquired Rupert's Land , a vast territory in British North America consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that had been controlled by
891-404: A number of Halkomelem affixes mix these categories. Suttles (2004) identifies the following classes of suffixes and prefixes; a sampling of these affixes follow. The following table lists the possessive affixes which appear in attributive possessive structures in Halkomelem. Possession is marked either on the possessed noun (the head) or the word preceding it through these affixes. Together with
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#1732780665572972-476: A price"). Predicate heads can also be words that are definable morphologically. This includes verbs (e.g. ném "go"), adjectives (e.g. θí "big"), nouns (e.g. swə́yʼqeʔ "man"), members of the closed sets of personal words (see the following section), and interrogative words (e.g. stém "what"). Indian reserve In Canada, an Indian reserve ( French : réserve indienne ) or First Nations reserve ( French : réserve des premières nations )
1053-610: A public ceremony on February 25, 2019. The act was meant to symbolize the university's commitment to furthering their partnership with the Musqueam people, as the Vancouver campus is located on unceded Musqueam territory. Musqueam students Grace Point and Brett Sparrow were invited to raise the flag. Musqueam chief Wayne Sparrow and then UBC president Santa Ono were in attendance. Hunquminum Halkomelem ( / ˌ h ɒ l k ə ˈ m eɪ l ə m / ; Halq̓eméylem in
1134-405: A single government is responsible for more than one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves. Of the 637,660 First Nations people who reported being Registered Indians, nearly one-half (49.3%) lived on an Indian reserve. This proportion varies across the country. Many reserves have no resident population; typically they are small, remote, non-contiguous pieces of land,
1215-577: A stressed vowel, but it cannot occur between a stressed and an unstressed vowel. Certain processes affect the realization of underlying sounds in Halkomelem. Alternations that occur fairly commonly are discussed in this section, rather than in the following section on morphology . In 1997, the Musqueam First Nation officially adopted the Americanist phonetic alphabet . This alphabet does not use upper-case letters. The Stó꞉lō use
1296-426: A trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government. Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves that do are held in trust by
1377-410: A verbalizing affix. Complex adjectives are formed from adjective roots and lexical suffixes. Halkomelem contains prefixes , suffixes , and infixes . All infixes of the language have been described in the preceding sections. Affixes are typically divisible into inflectional or derivational and grammatical or lexical categories, depending on their involvement in paradigms and meaning, however,
1458-845: A very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally protected rights." First Nations' rights are protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . By 2002, (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements are "modern treaties" and therefore hold constitutional status. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and
1539-521: A year. These are "public water systems managed by the federal government". There were also 18 communities that had "water issues for between two and 12 months." According to statistics gathered by Health Canada and the First Nations Health Authority , in 2015, there were "162 drinking water advisories in 118 First Nation communities". In October 2015, Neskantaga First Nation reported that its "20-year boil-water advisory"
1620-430: Is a key feature of Island speech). As is the case with many other phonological features, Downriver Halkomelem stands as a link between the other dialect areas, and it is possible that its speakers vary depending on Island or Upriver influence. Other differences between dialects include: Island and Downriver have both /n/ and /l/, while Upriver has merged these as /l/. Upriver Halkomelem lacks the post-vocalic glottal stops of
1701-473: Is a single phoneme /Rˀ/ that is realized in three distinct ways. In preferring the latter explanation, Suttles holds that there may be five glottalized resonant phonemes in the dialect, although Downriver speakers glottalize resonants very lightly, making them difficult to detect. In most Upriver dialects, glottalized resonants do not exist, while in Island dialects, they are more sharply articulated ( tenseness
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#17327806655721782-430: Is actually a falling pitch; this seems to be characteristic of the last stressed syllable of a phrase in the language. Additional analyses of the sentential intonation patterns are needed. All obstruents (except the glottals) typically follow one another in sequences of up to four, although a sequence of five is also possible (e.g. as in txʷstx̌ʷásʔal "just standing in shock"). There are no specific restrictions on
1863-402: Is also a set of possessive affixes (prefixes for first and second person singular, suffixes for first-person plural and third person, and a combination of prefix and suffix for second-person plural). This system will be covered, in detail, in the "Syntax" section. Derivational prefixes and suffixes form an inner layer around the word root, while inflectional affixes form an outer layer around
1944-507: Is an anglicization of the Hunquminum name xʷməθkʷəy̓əm , which means "place of the river grass " or "place where the river grass grows" ( məθkʷəy̓ being the Hunquminum name of the plant). "Musqueam" is derived from the Hunquminum name xʷməθkʷəy̓əm , which is itself a derivative of məθkʷəy̓ , the Hunquminum name for river grass. River grass was historically abundant in Musqueam territory; xʷməθkʷəy̓əm accordingly means "place of
2025-622: Is an anglicization of the name Halq̓eméylem . The language has three distinct dialect groups: The language differences (namely, in phonology and lexicon) are greatest between the Island and Upriver dialects, with the Downriver dialect (especially the Tsawwassen First Nation) providing a central link between the other two. The diversity of the Halkomelem dialects is noted to be the result of complex social and economic forces and linguistic change, as many Island people crossed
2106-939: Is an example of a reserve created in modern times. Another multi-band reserve of the Sto:lo peoples is Grass Indian Reserve No. 15 , which is located in the City of Chilliwack and is shared by nine bands. After the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but before Confederation in 1867, the Upper Canada Treaties (1764–1862 Ontario) and the Douglas Treaties (1850–1854 British Columbia) were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits." Governor James Douglas of British Columbia, which formally became
2187-827: Is defined by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty , that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band ." Reserves are areas set aside for First Nations , one of the major groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada , after a contract with the Canadian state (" the Crown "), and are not to be confused with Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands under Aboriginal title . A single "band" (First Nations government) may control one reserve or several, while other reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003,
2268-406: Is low and central to back, often close to [ɑ] . The /u/ is high, back, and rounded, realized somewhere between low [u] or high [o] . When stressed, the schwa /ə/ appears in most environments as a mid-central, but it is fronted and raised before /x/, approaching [ɪ] ; before /j/ it is also fronted, approaching [ɛ] ; before /w/ it is lower and back, approaching [ɑ] ; and before rounded velars it
2349-572: Is mid-back, close to [o] . Unstressed /ə/ can be as high as [ɪ] before /x/ and /j/, and before labialized velars it is realized as [o] or [ʊ] . This phoneme can also be assimilated to a stressed /e/ or a stressed /a/ in an adjacent syllable, by vowel harmony. The plain plosives are less aspirate before vowels than in English, but they are more aspirate finally. Although the glottalized plosives are ejectives , they are not usually strongly released. Suttles (2004) makes several interesting notes on
2430-523: Is non-existent in the language, although some scholars believe to have found a few possible examples. The majority of verb roots have the shapes CAC, CəC, CəCC, while noun roots typically have the shape CVCVC (V is any vowel). The most common shapes of adjective roots are CəC and CAC. There is a prefix that nominalizes verbs and adjectives, and there are several prefixes that make verbs out of nouns. Additionally, there are several ways to make adjective-like words from nouns. Processes of internal modification of
2511-413: Is one vowel with primary stress in every full word, however, its occurrence is not completely predictable. In uninflected words with more than one vowel , the primary stress usually falls on the first vowel (e.g. as in céləx "hand" and léləmʼ "house"). There are exceptions to this general pattern (e.g. as in xəmén "enemy"). As shown by the preceding example, if the word contains both
Musqueam First Nation - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-429: Is produced when the apex of the tongue at the onset is in the position for the lateral release rather than for a /t/, and there is less friction produced than with other affricates. The phonemes /k/ and /kʼ/ occur in "baby talk" as substitutes for /q/ and /qʼ/. The uvular fricative x̌ [χ] is produced with a great deal of friction and/or uvular vibration, and it contrasts strongly with the velar fricative /x/. There
2673-457: Is variation in the extent to which Musqueam speakers glottalize resonants. Phonetically, there are glottalized resonants (e.g. [nˀ] ) and resonants preceded or followed by glottal stops (e.g. [ʔn nʔ] ), however, Suttles (2004) finds no instances of contrastive distribution among any of the three. He puts forth two explanations for these facts: that there are two sequences of phonemes, /Rʔ/ and /ʔR/, with overlapping [Rˀ] allophones, or that there
2754-461: Is written in the native orthography as ⟨ꞏ⟩ . All five vowel phonemes vary considerably phonetically. The phoneme /i/ has three distinct allophones. It is realized as [e] following unrounded uvulars. It is realized as [ɪ] with a central off-glide preceding both unrounded and rounded uvulars. Elsewhere, it is realized as low [i] or high [e] . The /e/ is realized as a low to mid-front vowel, usually between [ɛ] or high [æ] . The /a/
2835-744: The Anishinaabe and the Swampy Cree tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations comprise the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation , Fort Alexander ( Sagkeeng First Nation ), Long Plain First Nation , Peguis First Nation , Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation , Sandy Bay First Nation and Swan Lake First Nation . The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876 by
2916-688: The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi). According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and 3,100 Indian reserves/First Nations reserves across Canada. Examples include the Driftpile First Nation , which like many bands, has only one reserve, Driftpile River 150 . The Bear River First Nation , who govern Bear River 6 , Bear River 6A and Bear River 6B , are one of many examples where
2997-555: The Hudson's Bay Company under its Charter with the British Crown from 1670 to 1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Dominion of Canada promised Britain to honour the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the extinguishment of their title and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to
3078-777: The Lower Mainland from the Fraser River Delta upriver to Harrison Lake and the lower boundary of the Fraser Canyon . In the classification of Salishan languages , Halkomelem is a member of the Central Salish branch. There are four other branches of the family: Tsamosan, Interior Salish, Bella Coola, and Tillamook. Speakers of the Central and Tsamosan languages are often identified in ethnographic literature as " Coast Salish ". The word Halkomelem
3159-543: The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band." Title to land within the reserve may be transferred to only the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at
3240-721: The Numbered Treaties . Between 1871 and 1921, through Numbered Treaties with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in Northwestern Ontario , Northern Canada and in the Prairies . The treaties were also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties. Treaty 1 is an agreement established August 3, 1871, between the Crown and various First Nations in southeastern Manitoba , including
3321-493: The University of California Press published American linguist Brent Galloway 's Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem . A Halkomelem iPhone app was released in 2011. This was followed by an Android version was released in 2016. The app was developed by the FirstVoices website. There are 1754 words archived and 690 phrases archived on the FirstVoices website. As of 2014, 263 fluent speakers had been reported. In 2014,
Musqueam First Nation - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-453: The suffix /-t/ " transitive " can fall on either the root or the suffix, allowing for minimal pairs such as mə̀kʼʷət "salvage it" and məkʼʷə́t "finish it all." The secondary stress appears most often in words that are composed of a root that has retained its stress and a stressed suffix (e.g. as in cʼéwəθàmx "help me"). It may be the case, however, that the secondary stress recorded by Suttles (2004) in words like cʼéwəθàmx
3483-451: The "Royal Commission on Indian Affairs") to finalize the boundaries of reserve lands . The Musqueam people gave testimonies to federal and provincial commissioners in which they reasserted their rights to live, fish, and hunt on their traditional, unceded territories. In his testimony, Musqueam chief Johnny ( χʷəyχʷayələq ) contrasted the Musqueam people's traditional ways of fishing and hunting with those of recently-arrived settlers: I have
3564-663: The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 near Muncey, Ontario , which was formerly shared between them and the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation as a single parcel of land. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as Pekw'Xe:yles , a reserve on the Fraser River used by 21 Indian bands that was formerly St. Mary's Indian Residential School and
3645-531: The Georgia Strait to camp along the Fraser River (in both the Downriver and Upriver areas) for the summer runs of salmon. Arranged marriages between children in different language areas was also common, helping to establish a regional social network in the Strait of Georgia– Puget Sound Basin. The Halkomelem language is near extinction. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers
3726-534: The Musqueam obstruents . The labiodental fricative /f/ occurs in recent loans from English and their derivatives such as in káfi "coffee" and in číf "chief." The stops /t/ and /tʼ/ are articulated at a point slightly forward of that of the usual English /t d/, while the affricates c /ts/ and cʼ /tsʼ/ are somewhat more retracted than these same English /t d/. The affricate [d͡ʒ] has only been recorded in kinjáj "English people" and kinjájqən "English (language)." The glottalized lateral affricate /ƛʼ/ [tɬʼ]
3807-425: The Musqueam people's thousands-year-old history in the area. The Marpole Midden was the location of c̓əsnaʔəm , the largest village in Musqueam some 2,500 years ago. The changing river delta prompted its inhabitants to move to the present site of the Musqueam 2 reserve starting approximately 1,500 years ago. Musqueam 2 has a residential area called "Musqueam Village"; the reserve formerly had a second residential area,
3888-429: The Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 , provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians". Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island is subject to the Indian Act provisions governing reserves even though its lands were never ceded to the Crown by treaty. The Indian Act gives
3969-690: The Point Grey area. UBC's satellite campus in Okanagan had already put up signs in Nsyilxcen, the language of the Okanagan Nation. The Musqueam flag was designed by Musqueam artist Susan Point , who also helped design the flag of Nunavut . The design of the flag is a white Canadian pale on a teal field, with an arrowhead in the centre depicting a salmon leaping above a net. The flag was permanently raised at UBC's Point Grey campus during
4050-538: The Upriver dialect, Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ in the Island dialect, and hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ in the Downriver dialect) is a language of various First Nations peoples of the British Columbia Coast . It is spoken in what is now British Columbia , ranging from southeastern Vancouver Island from the west shore of Saanich Inlet northward beyond Gabriola Island and Nanaimo to Nanoose Bay and including
4131-549: The Whitemen go out, they shoot all descriptions of ducks and leave them floating in the sea, but when the Indians go out shooting, they know when they have enough but the Whiteman never knows, and about the fish it is the same way. The Whitemen use a long net, and whenever they get so much fish that they cannot sell them, they throw them overboard – but the Indians do not do that whenever we get or catch fish, we know when to stop and we eat or sell all we catch. These are
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#17327806655724212-405: The appearance of affixes, possession also requires a structural component, in that the possessor of the head is found to the right of the head. The possessor is always preceded by a determiner, although depending on the noun class, it can also appear with an oblique case marker. If the possessor is a common noun, it will be introduced by a determiner, but without an oblique case marker. If, however,
4293-412: The deer, if we get one we bring it down and use all the meat – we do not waste any of it, only the guts and the tripe is left behind. The Whiteman goes out hunting for the deer, sometime they shoot a buck and just take the horns or maybe just take the skin off and leave the meat there. It is a living for the Indians, it is a pleasure for the whites, and about the ducks it is the same way. When
4374-506: The downriver dialect of the Salishan language Halkomelem . The Musqueam people are closely related to neighbouring peoples of the lower Fraser River. The nearby Kwantlen and Katzie First Nations just upriver share the same dialect, while the upriver Sto:lo people speak another dialect, Halkomelem ( Halq'əméyləm ) or the upriver dialect. The Cowichan, Chemainus, Snuneymuxw and neighbouring Coast Salish peoples of Vancouver Island and
4455-414: The grievances I bring before you commissioners, and I say that the food of the Indians is being seized and destroyed. He also reasserted the Musqueam people's right to fish along the Fraser River, saying: When I want to go fishing, the two parties are also holding on to each end of my boat – there are initials and numbers on the bow and initials and numbers on the stern, and I know that I own
4536-411: The instance of any person other than an Indian or a band". While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into
4617-500: The left Bank of the main stream and the South Arm to the sea, including all those intervening lands, islands and waters back along the sea shore to Harvey Creek, AND, the sea, its reefs, flats, tidal lands and islands adjacent to the above described land and out to the centre of Georgia Strait. Download coordinates as: The reserves under the administration of the band are: The Musqueam people speak Hunquminum ( hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ ),
4698-713: The majority of Salishan languages , Halkomelem is polysynthetic . A word in Halkomelem may consist of a root standing alone and unaltered, or of a root altered by one or more processes of internal modification and/or accompanied by one or more affixes. Since all words (with the exception of a few adverbs) can function as predicate heads, there is no basis for distinguishing verbs, nouns, and adjectives. There are other bases, however, for distinguishing these classes. Verbs have progressive forms and do not take possessive affixes, while nouns do not have progressive forms and do take possessive affixes. Adjectives have neither progressive forms, nor do they take possessive affixes. Compounding
4779-489: The minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation. Corporations owned by members of First Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off
4860-477: The number of Head Start Programs was 21, and this included a language-nest immersion preschool. Note: All examples are drawn from the Downriver dialect of Halkomelem spoken by the Musqueam band. Relevant differences in the phonology of the Island and Upriver dialects are noted at the foot of the phoneme charts. Halkomelem has five vowel phonemes. Long and short vowels (but not schwa) contrast. Vowel length
4941-406: The other natural classes in Halkomelem. The glottal stop occurs only adjacent to a vowel, and, within words, it does not follow any obstruent except (the prefix) /s/. It can never occur in final position following a schwa . /h/ occurs only before vowels, following a resonant or one of the fricatives at morpheme boundaries, but never following other obstruents. It can appear between an unstressed and
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#17327806655725022-492: The other two dialects, and shows compensatory lengthening in that environment. Additionally, Upriver dialects have greater pitch differences, and some words are differentiated by pitch alone. Based on Suttles' (2004) recordings of several speakers of the Downriver (Musqueam) dialect, stress in Halkomelem consists of an increase in intensity and an accompanying rise in pitch . The three levels of stress are primary (marked /׳/), secondary (marked /`/), and weak (unmarked). There
5103-471: The parts of the Gulf Islands of the southern Gulf of Georgia speak a third dialect, Hulquminum ( Hul'qumi'num ' ), often called the straits or island dialect. It is not to be confused with North Straits Salish , which is a group of related dialects to the south. In early 2018, the University of British Columbia (UBC) installed 54 Hunquminum-language street signs at its main campus, located in
5184-410: The plural, the diminutive, and the diminutive plural. Compare: A few nouns may have resultative forms. They do not have progressive forms, but they may be made into a verb with a verbalizing affix and then express this form. Similar to noun roots, adjective roots can be internally modified for plural, diminutive, and diminutive plural. They can only have progressive forms if made into verbs by means of
5265-631: The possessor is a proper noun, it must appear in the oblique case. Thus, it will be preceded by an oblique case marker, and the possessed noun will appear without a possessive affix. For proper nouns, the determiner and the oblique case marker are fused into a single particle. Marking common nouns with an oblique case marker results in an ungrammatical construction: Most verbs roots are semantically patient -oriented (e.g. they have glosses like "get hit" or "get washed"), while few verbs are semantically agent -oriented (e.g. "look" or "see"). All are grammatically intransitive . These relations are different with
5346-605: The provinces in the National Advisory Committee." Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the Indian Act ." Under sections 46–50 of the CEPA, Environment and Climate Change Canada 's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)
5427-591: The reserves. Most reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the Indian Act . Due to treaty settlements, some Indian reserves are now incorporated as villages, such as Gitlaxt'aamiks , British Columbia, which like other Nisga'a reserves was relieved of that status by the Nisga'a Treaty . Similarly, the Indian reserves of the Sechelt Indian Band are now Indian government districts. Indian reserves play
5508-506: The river grass" or "place where the river grass grows". The oral history of the Musqueam people speaks to the plant's cultural significance. The Musqueam origin story tells of an enormous double-headed serpent ( sʔi:ɬqəy̓ ) which lived in Camosun Bog ( xʷməm̓qʷe:m ). The serpent was so massive that its winding path created the Fraser River ( stal̕əw̓ ). All living things that crossed the serpent's path were said to have died, and from
5589-486: The root include reduplication (of initial CV and CVC), shift in stress and vowel grade, and glottalization of resonants (which also affects suffixes). Roots of different shapes often undergo different processes to produce forms that are grammatically identical. Verbs roots are identified as perfective , as opposed to progressive, aspect. Several verbs also have a durative aspect , which can occur in both forms. A number also have an iterative-dispositional aspect. For
5670-627: The root. Among derivational affixes, those with lexical meaning stand closer to the root than those with purely grammatical meaning. Among inflectional affixes, those of the voice and person systems stand closer to the root than the aspectual prefixes and modal suffixes. In Musqueam, a sentence minimally consists of a predicate . Predicate heads can be bare roots (e.g. cákʼʷ "far"), derived forms (e.g. spéʔeθ "black bear"), inflected forms (e.g. cʼéwət "help him/her/them"), and forms including both derivational and inflectional affixes (e.g. kʷə́xnəct "name-base-transitive," as in "name
5751-550: The serpent's droppings bloomed new life – river grass – which grew abundantly around the serpent's home. The people of the area therefore named the land xʷməθkʷəy̓əm . The Musqueam people have lived in the Point Grey area of Vancouver, around the mouth of the Fraser River , for at least 4,000 years. Archaeological evidence taken from the Marpole Midden (or Great Fraser Midden) attest to
5832-503: The site, including tools, jewelry, carved artworks and ceremonial objects, were also excavated and taken without consultation of or permission from the Musqueam people. The midden consisted mostly of layers of biofacts such as shells and non-human animal bones, which were not taken. In 1913, the Canadian federal government and BC provincial government jointly established the McKenna–McBride Royal Commission (officially
5913-775: The six reserves added for 2011). Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban Indian reserves . One band Chief and Council commonly administer more than one reserve, such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two reserves or the Lenape people (in Canada incorporated as the Munsee-Delaware Nation ), who occupy Munsee-Delaware Nation Indian Reserve No. 1. This consists of three non-contiguous parcels of land totalling 1,054 ha (2,600 acres) within
5994-654: The suffixes of the voice system. A verb that is made up of an inactive root and an intransitive suffix is grammatically intransitive, but semantically active. An inactive or active root that takes on a transitive suffix is grammatically transitive and takes an object. The transitive suffix is the base for an object or passive person suffix. Two of the most commonly used transitive suffixes distinguish actions performed with limited control or accidentally from those performed with full control or purposely. Aspectual prefixes, which precede predicate heads, have adverbial meaning and express temporal distinctions. Modal suffixes follow
6075-471: The suffixes of the voice system and indicate desire or intention and search or arrangement. Lexical suffixes can be related to verb roots as objects , locus, or instruments; to adjective roots as noun heads ; and to noun roots as noun possessors or the noun heads of modifiers . The personal affixes distinguish first, second, and third person in singular and plural. There are neither dual forms nor inclusive/exclusive distinctions in this language. There
6156-491: The types of obstruent sequences that can occur. Plosives appearing in sequences are rearticulated, and sequences of /ss/ are common in the language. Resonants only appear adjacent to vowels. When these sounds occur in the middle of words, they are found in sequences of resonant-obstruent, resonant-resonant, and obstruent-resonant. An initial resonant is always followed by a vowel, and a final resonant must be preceded by one. The laryngeals are more restricted than members of
6237-718: The village of Ma Li ( maləy̓ ). The Marpole Midden is also the location of a sacred Musqueam burial ground which was desecrated by archeologists in the late 19th and early 20th century. Harlan Ingersoll Smith, an archaelogist from the American Museum of Natural History participating in the Jesup North Pacific Expedition from 1897 to 1900, unilaterally excavated from the midden the skeletal remains of as many as 75 Musqueam ancestors, taking them with him back to New York City to be unceremoniously displayed and researched. The belongings of those buried at
6318-520: The water ... When I want to catch fish for my living I do not want to be interfered with at all. On June 10, 1976, the Musqueam people collectively made the Musqueam Declaration, which was ratified by then Musqueam chief, Delbert Guerin, and the five members of the Musqueam band council. The Musqueam Declaration described the traditional territory of the Musqueam people as follows: The lands, lakes and streams defined and included by
6399-407: Was "the longest running drinking water advisory in Canada." Shoal Lake 40 First Nation was under an 18-year boil water advisory. By 2006, nearly 100 Indian reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water. Ḵwiḵwa̱sut'inux̱w Ha̱xwa'mis First Nation , on Vancouver Island , had a boil-water advisory beginning in 1997. In October 2005, "high E. coli levels were found in
6480-556: Was fewer than twenty-five. Most are middle-aged or older, and few are monolingual, as there was a flood of English-speaking settlers in the region in the mid-19th century. Language programs at the Stó꞉lō Nation , Seabird Island First Nation , and Cowichan First Nation have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at Musqueam is a collaboration between the band and the University of British Columbia First Nations and endangered languages program. In September 2009,
6561-636: Was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country". The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data showed the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia, Ontario, was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution." By December 21, 2017, there were 67 long-term boil-water advisories that had been in effect for longer than
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