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63-470: In 1954, the series was formed under the name Pacific Coast Late Model circuit, with nine races on the schedule. At first the series sanctioned races on dirt tracks and paved tracks, but as the series developed, more races were held on paved tracks, with the final race on a dirt track being held in 1979 until the series returned to dirt in 2018 . In 1988, the series traveled out of the United States for

126-459: A "blood lead level of concern". In 2021, the level was lowered in accordance with the average lead level in the U.S. decreasing to 3.5 μg/dL or more as having a "blood lead level of concern". In 1853, German chemist Karl Jacob Löwig (1803–1890) first prepared what he claimed was Pb 2 (C 2 H 5 ) 3 from ethyl iodide and an alloy of lead and sodium. In 1859, English chemist George Bowdler Buckton (1818–1905) reported what he claimed

189-486: A fuel additive in gasoline. Being aware of the health dangers posed by lead and suspicious of the pollution caused by TEL, he became one of the earliest and most effective proponents of removing it from use. In the 1960s, the first clinical works were published proving the toxicity of this compound in humans, e.g. by Mirosław Jan Stasik . In the 1970s, Herbert Needleman found that higher lead levels in children were correlated with decreased school performance. Needleman

252-688: A government contract from 10 June 1936. In 1938 the United Kingdom Air Ministry contracted with ICI for the construction and operation of a TEL plant. A site was chosen at Holford Moss, near Plumley in Cheshire. Construction started in April 1939 and TEL was being produced by September 1940. For mixing with raw gasoline, TEL was most commonly supplied in the form of "Ethyl Fluid", which consisted of TEL blended with 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane. Ethyl Fluid also contained

315-548: A reddish dye to distinguish treated from untreated gasoline and discourage the use of leaded gasoline for other purposes such as cleaning. In the 1920s before safety procedures were strengthened, 17 workers for the Ethyl Corporation , DuPont , and Standard Oil died from the effects of exposure to lead. Ethyl Fluid's formulation consisted of: Dichloroethane and dibromoethane act in a synergistic manner, where equal or approximately equal quantities of both provide

378-513: A report in 1926 that concluded there was no real evidence that the sale of TEL was hazardous to human health but urged further study. In the years that followed, research was heavily funded by the lead industry; in 1943, Randolph Byers found children with lead poisoning had behavior problems, but the Lead Industries Association threatened him with a lawsuit and the research ended. In the late 1920s, Robert A. Kehoe of

441-555: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Leaded fuel Tetraethyl lead Tetraethyllead (commonly styled tetraethyl lead ), abbreviated TEL , is an organolead compound with the formula Pb ( C 2 H 5 ) 4 . It was widely used as a fuel additive for much of the 20th century, first being mixed with gasoline beginning in the 1920s. This "leaded gasoline" had an increased octane rating that allowed engine compression to be raised substantially and in turn increased vehicle performance and fuel economy. TEL

504-529: Is a "common" item that may be run as any manufacturer branded car (i.e. only one style of composite body for all four car manufacturers [Ford, Chevy, Dodge, Toyota]). Teams then "brand" the composite body by the grill opening, quarter window openings and the vehicle decal package (head lights, tail lights, etc.). Due to the introduction of the Car of Tomorrow in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, many of

567-642: Is also used as an antiknock agent although with some significant drawbacks. High-percentage additives are organic compounds that do not contain metals, but require much higher blending ratios, such as 20–30% for benzene and ethanol . It had been established by 1921 that ethanol was an effective antiknock agent, but TEL was introduced instead mainly for commercial reasons. Oxygenates such as TAME derived from natural gas, MTBE made from methanol, and ethanol-derived ETBE , have largely supplanted TEL. MTBE has environmental risks of its own and there are also bans on its use. Improvements to gasoline itself decrease

630-562: Is an excellent buffer against microwelds forming between exhaust valves and their seats . Once these valves reopen, the microwelds pull apart and abrade the valves and seats, leading to valve recession. When TEL began to be phased out, the automotive industry began specifying hardened valve seats and upgraded materials which allow for high wear resistance without requiring lead. A gasoline-fuelled reciprocating engine requires fuel of sufficient octane rating to prevent uncontrolled combustion (preignition and detonation ). Antiknock agents allow

693-474: Is built using NASCAR-Approved pieces that may be purchased from an approved supplier. The engines may be purchased as a kit or pre-assembled. All of the spec pieces are individually encrypted with a barcode for verification and tracking purposes and can be checked during the inspection process with an encryption reader. When the series first started, the cars ran a V6 engine with a maximum 274 cu in (4,490 cm) displacement and no compression limit . In

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756-523: Is produced by reacting chloroethane with a sodium – lead alloy . The product is recovered by steam distillation, leaving a sludge of lead and sodium chloride . TEL is a viscous colorless liquid with a sweet odor. Because TEL is charge neutral and contains an exterior of alkyl groups, it is highly lipophilic and soluble in petrol (gasoline). This property, which allows it to dissolve so evenly and effectively in motor fuel, also allows it to dissolve oils and fats well, and therefore, diffuse through

819-573: Is sometimes still used in certain grades of aviation fuel . Innospec has claimed to be the last firm legally making TEL but, as of 2013 , TEL was being produced illegally by several companies in China. In July 2021, the sale of leaded gasoline for cars was completely phased out worldwide, prompting the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to declare an "official end" of its use in cars on August 30, 2021. TEL

882-585: The Bayway Refinery was shut down, Deepwater was the only plant in the Western hemisphere producing TEL up to 1948, when it accounted for the bulk of the Dupont/Deepwater's production. The toxicity of concentrated TEL was recognized early on, as lead had been recognized since the 19th century as a dangerous substance that could cause lead poisoning . In 1924, a public controversy arose over

945-704: The European Union and the United Kingdom have been required to use unleaded fuel. This was to comply with the Euro 1 emission standards which mandated that all new cars to be fitted with a catalytic converter . Unleaded fuel was first introduced in the United Kingdom in June 1986. Leaded gasoline was removed from the forecourts in the United Kingdom on January 1, 2000, and a Lead Replacement Petrol

1008-627: The REACH authorisation procedure . While not a complete ban, it introduces significant obligations such as a mandatory analysis of alternatives and socioeconomic analysis. The use of catalytic converters , mandated in the United States for 1975 and later model-year cars to meet tighter emissions regulations, started a gradual phase-out of leaded gasoline in the U.S. The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry. Safer methods for making higher-octane blending stocks such as reformate and iso-octane reduced

1071-553: The Rolls-Royce Merlin and Griffon to reach high horsepower ratings at altitude. In military aviation, TEL manipulation allowed a range of different fuels to be tailored for particular flight conditions. In 1935 a licence to produce TEL was given to IG Farben , enabling the newly formed German Luftwaffe to use high-octane gasoline. A company, Ethyl GmbH, was formed that produced TEL at two sites in Germany with

1134-484: The Surgeon General that the dose–response relationship of lead had "no effect" below a certain threshold. As the head of Kettering Laboratories for many years, Kehoe would become a chief promoter of the safety of TEL, an influence that did not begin to wane until about the early 1960s. But by the 1970s, the general opinion of the safety of TEL would change, and by 1976 the U.S. government would begin to require

1197-534: The University of Cincinnati was the Ethyl Corporation's chief medical consultant and one of the lead industry's staunchest advocates, who would not be discredited until decades later by Dr. Clair Patterson 's work on human lead burdens (see below) and other studies. In 1928, Dr. Kehoe expressed the opinion that there was no basis for concluding that leaded fuels posed any health threat. He convinced

1260-661: The toxicity of lead eventually led to the ban on TEL in automobile gasoline in many countries. Some neurologists have speculated that the lead phaseout may have caused average IQ levels to rise by several points in the US (by reducing cumulative brain damage throughout the population, especially in the young). For the entire US population, during and after the TEL phaseout, the mean blood lead level dropped from 16 μg/dL in 1976 to only 3 μg/dL in 1991. The U.S. Centers of Disease control previously labelled children with 10 μg/dL or more as having

1323-560: The "loony gas", after five workers died, and many others were severely injured, in Standard Oil refineries in New Jersey. There had also been a private controversy for two years prior to this controversy; several public health experts, including Alice Hamilton and Yandell Henderson , engaged Midgley and Kettering with letters warning of the dangers to public health. After the death of the workers, dozens of newspapers reported on

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1386-547: The 1 gram per gallon permitted in regular automotive leaded gasoline prior to 1988 and substantially greater than the allowed 0.001 grams per gallon in automotive unleaded gasoline sold in the United States today. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, FAA , and others are working on economically feasible replacements for leaded avgas, which still releases 100 tons of lead every year. Antiknock agents are classed as high-percentage additives, such as alcohol, and low-percentage additives based on heavy elements . Since

1449-736: The Menards Series have General Tire as their exclusive tire supplier. 2018 Star Nursery 100 The 2018 Star Nursery 100 was a NASCAR K&N Pro Series West race held at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway Dirt Track in Las Vegas, Nevada. The event marked the first K&N Pro Series race on a dirt track since 1979. Sheldon Creed won the race, followed by Bill McAnally Racing 's Hailie Deegan and Sunrise Ford Racing 's Derek Thorn in second and third respectively. This NASCAR -related article

1512-657: The best scavenging ability. In most industrialized countries, a phaseout of TEL from road vehicle fuels was completed by the early 2000s because of concerns over air and soil lead levels and the accumulative neurotoxicity of lead . In the European Union, tetraethyllead has been classified as a Substance of Very High Concern and placed on the Candidate List for Authorisation under Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Potential use of TEL would need to be authorised through

1575-409: The blood–brain barrier and accumulate within the limbic forebrain, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. Despite decades of research, no reactions were found to improve upon this process, which is rather difficult, involves metallic sodium, and converts only 25% of the lead to TEL. A related compound, tetramethyllead , was commercially produced by a different electrolytic reaction. A process with lithium

1638-490: The brain , coma, and damage to cardiovascular and renal organs. Chronic exposure to TEL can cause long-term negative effects such as memory loss , delayed reflexes, neurological problems, insomnia, tremors, psychosis, loss of attention, and an overall decrease in IQ and cognitive function. The carcinogenity of tetraethyllead is debatable. It is believed to harm the male reproductive system and cause birth defects. Concerns over

1701-483: The compound's volatility and high lipophilicity , enabling it to easily cross the blood–brain barrier . Early symptoms of acute exposure to tetraethyllead can manifest as irritation of the eyes and skin, sneezing, fever, vomiting, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Later symptoms of acute TEL poisoning include pulmonary edema , anemia , ataxia, convulsions, severe weight loss, delirium , irritability, hallucinations, nightmares, fever, muscle and joint pain, swelling of

1764-526: The costs of fabrication dramatically. The body style is eligible for use in both Menards Series competition and ARCA Racing Series competition, replacing the old Gen 4-style steel bodies after 2015, and the current one-piece composite body after 2016. The Chevrolet SS, Ford Fusion, and Toyota Camry bodies used in Sprint Cup are the basis of the new bodies. No Dodge option is available with this car. Along with all of ARCA and NASCAR's international series,

1827-597: The early/mid 1990s the V8 engine with a 9.5:1 compression and maximum 358 cu in (5,870 cm) displacement was introduced to the series as an alternative to the V6 engines. Due to the decrease in popularity of the V6, it was phased out for the 1999 season. When the East and West series rules were combined, the compression ratio changed to 12:1. Cars may use leaded or unleaded fuel. However, when running in conjunction with one of

1890-676: The first time, sanctioning a race in Australia . Eight years later, the series once again traveled outside the United States to Japan . In 1999, the season finale was held at Twin Ring Motegi , making it the first NASCAR championship race held in a different country. Four years later, NASCAR consolidated the Busch North Series into the series. Jack McCoy has the most career wins in the series with 54, followed by Ray Elder with 47. Elder, however, has recorded six championships,

1953-684: The first year, many of which were held in California , in cities such as Oakland , San Diego , San Mateo and Gardena . The inaugural series championship was won by Lloyd Dane driving a 1953 Hudson Hornet . Afterward, the series became known as the Grand National West Series, then the Winston Grand National West Series. In the beginning the series also raced on dirt ovals, but as the series developed began to race only on paved tracks, with

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2016-595: The installation of hardened exhaust valves and seats. Compatibility with reduced octane was addressed by reducing compression, generally by installing thicker cylinder head gaskets and/or rebuilding the engine with compression-reducing pistons, although modern high-octane unleaded gasoline has eliminated the need to decrease compression ratios. Leaded gasoline remained legal as of late 2014 in parts of Algeria , Iraq , Yemen , Myanmar , North Korea , and Afghanistan . North Korea and Myanmar purchased their TEL from China, while Algeria, Iraq, and Yemen purchased it from

2079-484: The issue. The New York Times editorialized in 1924 that the deaths should not interfere with the production of more powerful fuel. To settle the issue, the U.S. Public Health Service conducted a conference in 1925, and the sales of TEL were voluntarily suspended for one year to conduct a hazard assessment. The conference was initially expected to last for several days, but reportedly the conference decided that evaluating presentations on alternative anti-knock agents

2142-417: The last race held on a dirt oval until 2018 being in 1979. Though the series primarily sanctions races in the United States, the series has also traveled to Australia in 1988 and Japan from 1996 to 1998 for exhibition races. The series became the first series to sanction a championship race outside the United States in 1999, when the final race was held at Twin Ring Motegi . In 2003, the Busch North Series

2205-601: The lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases, which therefore came to be known as the "lead phasedown" program. EPA's rules were issued under section 211 of the Clean Air Act , as amended 1970. The Ethyl Corp challenged the EPA regulations in Federal court. Although the EPA's regulation was initially invalidated, the EPA won the case on appeal, so the TEL phasedown began to be implemented in 1976. Leaded gas

2268-404: The lead from the engine and into the air: TEL was extensively used as a gasoline additive beginning in the 1920s, wherein it served as an effective antiknock agent and reduced exhaust valve and valve seat wear. Concerns were raised in reputable journals of likely health outcomes of fine particles of lead in the atmosphere as early as 1924. Tetraethyllead helps cool intake valves and

2331-414: The main problem with TEL is its lead content, many alternative additives that contain less poisonous metals have been examined. A manganese-carrying additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT or methylcymantrene), was used for a time as an antiknock agent, though its safety is controversial and it has been the subject of bans and lawsuits. Ferrocene , an organometallic compound of iron ,

2394-638: The most championships with six, while Bill Schmitt and Roy Smith each have four. The series has also had several notable NASCAR drivers throughout the years, including Ryan Blaney , Kevin Harvick , Brendan Gaughan , Derrike Cope , Chad Little and David Gilliland . In 2020, the series will become part of the ARCA Menards Series banner and renamed to the ARCA Menards Series West . As part of NASCAR's unification of

2457-621: The most out of any driver in the series. Other notable drivers who participated in the series include Ryan Blaney , Kevin Harvick , Brendan Gaughan , Derrike Cope , Chad Little and David Gilliland . The other regional division at the Grand National level of ARCA is the Menards Series East . The Menards Series West began in 1954 as the Pacific Coast Late Model circuit. Nine races were in held in

2520-400: The need for antiknock additives. Synthetic iso-octane and alkylate are examples of such blending stocks. Benzene and other high-octane aromatics can be also blended to raise the octane number, but they are disfavored today because of toxicity and carcinogenicity . 6 mL of tetraethyllead is enough to induce severe lead poisoning . The hazards of TEL content are heightened due to

2583-445: The need to rely on TEL, as did other antiknock additives of varying toxicity including metallic compounds such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) as well as oxygenates including methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), tert -amyl methyl ether (TAME), and ethyl tert -butyl ether (ETBE). The first country to completely ban leaded gasoline was Japan in 1986. Since January 1993 all gasoline powered cars sold in

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2646-461: The phaseout of this product. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Clair Cameron Patterson accidentally discovered the pollution caused by TEL in the environment while determining the age of the Earth . As he attempted to measure lead content of very old rocks, and the time it took uranium to decay into lead, the readings were made inaccurate by lead in the environment that contaminated his samples. He

2709-437: The premier class switched. This was influenced after blood tests of NASCAR teams revealed elevated blood lead levels. TEL remains an ingredient of 100 octane avgas for piston-engine aircraft. The current formulation of 100LL (low lead, blue) aviation gasoline contains 2.12 grams per US gallon (0.56 g/L) of TEL, half the amount of the previous 100/130 (green) octane avgas (at 4.24 grams per gallon), and twice as much as

2772-684: The proper, hot ignition. Lead quenches the pyrolysed radicals and thus kills the radical chain reaction that would sustain a cool flame, preventing it from disturbing the smooth ignition of the hot flame front. Lead itself is the reactive antiknock agent, and the ethyl groups serve as a gasoline-soluble carrier. When TEL burns, it produces not only carbon dioxide and water, but also lead and lead(II) oxide: Pb and PbO would quickly over-accumulate and foul an engine. For this reason, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane were also added to gasoline as lead scavengers—these agents form volatile lead(II) chloride and lead(II) bromide , respectively, which flush

2835-623: The specialty chemical company Innospec , the world's sole remaining legal manufacturer of TEL. In 2011 several Innospec executives were charged and imprisoned for bribing various government state-owned oil companies to approve the sale of their TEL products. As of June 2016 the UNEP -sponsored phase-out was nearly complete: only Algeria, Iraq, and Yemen continued widespread use of leaded gasoline, although not exclusively. In July 2021, Algeria had halted its sale. Leaded-fuel bans for road vehicles came into effect as follows: Leaded fuel

2898-682: The three national touring (Truck, Xfinity, Cup) series, unleaded fuel must be used. On November 4, 2014 at the SEMA Show in Las Vegas , NASCAR president Mike Helton unveiled a new body style for the K&;N Pro Series based on the Sprint Cup Series Gen 6 models . The new body, developed with Five Star Race Car Bodies, is constructed of a composite laminate blend and designed with easily replaceable body panels, expected to shrink

2961-411: The two Camping World Series in 2003, the cars can be either a 105-inch (2,700 mm, which had been used in the former Busch Grand National East) or 110-inch (2,800 mm, which had been used in the former Winston West) wheelbase . Cambered/off-set rear ends are not allowed. The car bodies are typically a hand-built steel body, however teams may also use a one-piece composite body. The composite body

3024-484: The use of TEL as an antiknock agent and used the name "Ethyl" that had been proposed by Kettering in its marketing materials, thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word "lead". Early research into " engine knocking " (also called "pinging" or "pinking") was also led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to

3087-479: The use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and peak power . Adding varying amounts of additives to gasoline allowed easy, inexpensive control of octane ratings. TEL offered the business advantage of being commercially profitable because its use for this purpose could be patented. Aviation fuels with TEL used in WWII reached octane ratings of 150 to enable turbocharged and supercharged engines such as

3150-520: The vehicles on the series are old Sprint Cup cars. Another popular way to get a complete body is to buy a "cut-off" body from a Nationwide series team and mount it on a chassis. Teams have an option of building their own engines or they may run a specification engine, similar to what is used in many short tracks. Both engines are V8, pushrod, 12:1 compression motors. "Built" motors are built to team specifications using any configuration of pieces as long as it still meets NASCAR specifications. The spec engine

3213-498: The widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher-compression engines. In 1924, Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO/EXXON) and General Motors created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Deepwater, New Jersey, across the river from Wilmington, was the site for production of some of DuPont's most important chemicals, particularly TEL. After TEL production at

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3276-479: Was Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 2 from zinc ethyl (Zn(C 2 H 5 ) 2 ) and lead(II) chloride . Later authors credit both methods of preparation with producing tetraethyl lead. TEL remained unimportant commercially until the 1920s. In 1921, at the direction of DuPont Corporation, which manufactured TEL, it was found to be an effective antiknock agent by Thomas Midgley , working under Charles Kettering at General Motors Corporation Research. General Motors patented

3339-496: Was banned in vehicles with catalytic converters in 1975 due to damage of catalytic converters but it continued to be sold for vehicles without catalytic converters. Additional regulatory changes were made by EPA over the next decade (including adoption of a trading market in "lead credits" in 1982 that became the precursor of the Acid Rain Allowance Market, adopted in 1990 for SO 2 ), but the decisive rule

3402-520: Was commonly used in professional motor racing , until its phase out beginning in the 1990s. Since 1992, Formula One racing cars have been required to use fuel containing no more than 5 mg/L of lead. NASCAR began experimentation in 1998 with an unleaded fuel, and in 2006 began switching the national series to unleaded fuel, completing the transition at the Fontana round in February 2007 when

3465-514: Was consolidated into the series forming the modern day series. For the 2008 season, Camping World bought naming rights of the series, renaming it the Camping World West Series. Two years later, K&N Engineering, Inc. replaced Camping World as the title sponsor. A total of 110 different drivers have scored wins in the series with Jack McCoy having the most with 54, followed by Ray Elder who has 47 wins. Elder has scored

3528-455: Was developed but never put into practice. A noteworthy feature of TEL is the weakness of its four C–Pb bonds. At the temperatures found in internal combustion engines , TEL decomposes completely into lead as well as combustible, short-lived ethyl radicals . Lead and lead oxide scavenge radical intermediates in combustion reactions. Engine knock is caused by a cool flame , an oscillating low-temperature combustion reaction that occurs before

3591-445: Was first synthesised by German chemist Carl Jacob Löwig in 1853. American chemical engineer Thomas Midgley Jr. , who was working for the U.S. corporation General Motors , was the first to discover its effectiveness as an antiknock agent in 1921, after spending several years attempting to find an additive that was both highly effective and inexpensive. In the mid-20th century, scientists discovered TEL caused lead poisoning and

3654-481: Was introduced although this was largely withdrawn by 2003 due to dwindling sales. An exemption to the ban exists for owners of classic cars. Vehicles designed and built to run on leaded fuel often require modification to run on unleaded gasoline. These modifications fall into two categories: those required for physical compatibility with unleaded fuel, and those performed to compensate for the relatively low octane of early unleaded fuels. Physical compatibility requires

3717-414: Was issued in 1985. The EPA mandated that lead additive be reduced by 91 percent by the end of 1986. A 1994 study had indicated that the concentration of lead in the blood of the U.S. population had dropped 78% from 1976 to 1991. The U.S. phasedown regulations also were due in great part to studies conducted by Philip J. Landrigan . In Europe, Professor Derek Bryce-Smith was among the first to highlight

3780-601: Was not "its province", so it lasted a single day. Kettering and Midgley stated that no alternatives for anti-knocking were available, although private memos showed discussion of such agents. One commonly discussed agent was ethanol. The Public Health Service created a committee that reviewed a government-sponsored study of workers and an Ethyl lab test, and concluded that while leaded gasoline should not be banned, it should continue to be investigated. The low concentrations present in gasoline and exhaust were not perceived as immediately dangerous. A U.S. Surgeon General committee issued

3843-536: Was repeatedly accused of scientific misconduct by individuals within the lead industry, but he was eventually cleared by a scientific advisory council. Needleman also wrote the average US child's blood lead level was 13.7 μg/dL in 1976 and that Patterson believed that everyone was to some degree poisoned by TEL in gasoline. In the U.S. in 1973, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued regulations to reduce

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3906-417: Was then forced to work in a cleanroom to keep his samples uncontaminated by environmental pollution of lead. After coming up with a fairly accurate estimate of the age of the Earth, he turned to investigating the lead contamination problem by examining ice cores from countries such as Greenland . He realized that the lead contamination in the environment dated from about the time that TEL became widely used as

3969-599: Was toxic to the human brain, especially in children. The United States and many other countries began phasing out the use of TEL in automotive fuel in the 1970s. By the early 2000s, most countries had completely banned the use of TEL in gasoline. Since 2011, leaded gasoline has been banned in every country. A 2011 study backed by the United Nations estimated that the removal of TEL had resulted in $ 2.4 trillion in annual benefits, and 1.2 million fewer premature deaths. Despite being banned from use in automotive fuel, TEL

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