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37-495: NDEs usually occur during reversible clinical death . Explanations for NDEs vary from scientific to religious. Neuroscience research hypothesizes that an NDE is a subjective phenomenon resulting from "disturbed bodily multisensory integration" that occurs during life-threatening events. Some transcendental and religious beliefs about an afterlife include descriptions similar to NDEs. The equivalent French term expérience de mort imminente ("experience of imminent death")

74-482: A determination over the religious objections of family members, such as in the Jesse Koochin case. Similar issues were also raised by the case of Mordechai Dov Brody , but the child died before a court could resolve the matter. Conversely, in the case of Marlise Muñoz , a hospital refused to remove a brain dead woman from life support machines for nearly two months, despite her husband's requests, because she

111-480: A drug treatment protocol has been reported to allow recovery of dogs after 16 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature with no lasting brain injury. Cooling treatment alone has permitted recovery after 17 minutes of clinical death at normal temperature, but with brain injury. Under laboratory conditions at normal body temperature, the longest period of clinical death of a cat (after complete circulatory arrest) survived with eventual return of brain function

148-795: A lack of precision in diagnosis, so he created a questionnaire for those who had experienced NDE composed of 80 characteristics to study common effects, mechanisms, sensations and reactions. Greyson replaced that questionnaire in 1983 with an exemplary scale for researchers to use. 1 = Time seemed to go faster than usual 0 = Neither 1 = Faster than usual 0 = Neither 1 = Remembered many past events 0 = Neither 1 = About myself or others 0 = Neither 1 = Relief or calmness 0 = Neither 1 = Happiness 0 = Neither 1 = No longer in conflict with nature 0 = Neither 1 = Unusually bright light 0 = Neither 1 = More so than usual 0 = Neither 1 = Yes, but facts not yet corroborated 0 = Neither 1 = From personal future 0 = Neither 1 = Lost awareness of

185-433: A limiting factor. Detached limbs may be successfully reattached after 6 hours of no blood circulation at warm temperatures. Bone, tendon, and skin can survive as long as 8 to 12 hours. The brain, however, appears to accumulate ischemic injury faster than any other organ. Without special treatment after circulation is restarted, full recovery of the brain after more than 3 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature

222-832: A new university on Walloon soil. Nearly 200 years later, settled to some extent in the Sart-Tilman  [ fr ] district of Liège, the University of Liège belongs to the French community of Belgium. The university is located at the edge of the river Meuse , in the center of the Island , the Latin Quarter of Liège. In 2009, the Agronomical University of Gembloux (FUSAGx), based in Gembloux , in

259-444: A normal functioning state. Patients supported by methods that certainly maintain enough blood circulation and oxygenation for sustaining life during stopped heartbeat and breathing, such as cardiopulmonary bypass , are not customarily considered clinically dead. All parts of the body except the heart and lungs continue to function normally. Clinical death occurs only if machines providing sole circulatory support are turned off, leaving

296-427: A regular rhythm, a condition called cardiac arrest . The term is also sometimes used in resuscitation research. Stopped blood circulation has historically proven irreversible in most cases. Prior to the invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation , epinephrine injection, and other treatments in the 20th century, the absence of blood circulation (and vital functions related to blood circulation)

333-435: A result, humans can sometimes survive periods of clinical death exceeding one hour at temperatures below 20 °C. The prognosis is improved if clinical death is caused by hypothermia rather than occurring prior to it; in 1999, 29-year-old Swedish woman Anna Bågenholm spent 80 minutes trapped in ice and survived with a near full recovery from a 13.7 °C core body temperature. It is said in emergency medicine that "nobody

370-418: A treatment for exsanguinating trauma to create time for surgical repair. Death was historically believed to be an event that coincided with the onset of clinical death. It is now understood that death is a series of physical events, not a single one, and determination of permanent death is dependent on other factors beyond simple cessation of breathing and heartbeat. Clinical death that occurs unexpectedly

407-419: Is dead until they are warm and dead." In animal studies, up to three hours of clinical death can be survived at temperatures near 0 °C. The purpose of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during cardiac arrest is ideally reversal of the clinically dead state by restoration of blood circulation and breathing. However, there is great variation in the effectiveness of CPR for this purpose. Blood pressure

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444-475: Is expected due to terminal illness or withdrawal of supportive care, often a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) or "no code" order is in place. This means that no resuscitation efforts are made, and a physician or nurse may pronounce legal death at the onset of clinical death. A patient with working heart and lungs who is determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. However, some courts have been reluctant to impose such

481-470: Is now known to be due to a complex series of processes called reperfusion injury that occur after blood circulation has been restored, especially processes that interfere with blood circulation during the recovery period. Control of these processes is the subject of ongoing research. In 1990, the laboratory of resuscitation pioneer Peter Safar discovered that reducing body temperature by three degrees Celsius after restarting blood circulation could double

518-416: Is one hour. Reduced body temperature, or therapeutic hypothermia , during clinical death slows the rate of injury accumulation, and extends the time period during which clinical death can be survived. The decrease in the rate of injury can be approximated by the Q 10 rule, which states that the rate of biochemical reactions decreases by a factor of two for every 10 °C reduction in temperature. As

555-442: Is rare. Usually brain damage or later brain death results after longer intervals of clinical death even if the heart is restarted and blood circulation is successfully restored. Brain injury is therefore the chief limiting factor for recovery from clinical death. Although loss of function is almost immediate, there is no specific duration of clinical death at which the non-functioning brain clearly dies. The most vulnerable cells in

592-414: Is sometimes mistaken by rescuers as a sign that CPR is not necessary. During clinical death, all tissues and organs in the body steadily accumulate a type of injury called ischemic injury . Most tissues and organs of the body can survive clinical death for considerable periods. Blood circulation can be stopped in the entire body below the heart for at least 30 minutes, with injury to the spinal cord being

629-761: Is the person being resuscitated. Charlotte Martial, a neuropsychologist from the University of Liège and the University Hospital of Liège who led a team that investigated 154 NDE cases, concluded that there is not a fixed sequence of events. Dr. Yvonne Kason classified near-death experiences into three types: "Out-of-Body", "Mystical" or "White-Light", and "Distressing". Kenneth Ring states that NDEs experienced following attempted suicides are statistically no more unpleasant than NDEs resulting from other situations. In one series of NDEs, 22% occurred during general anesthesia. Bruce Greyson found that NDEs had

666-473: Is treated as a medical emergency. CPR is initiated. In a United States hospital, a Code Blue is declared and Advanced Cardiac Life Support procedures used to attempt to restart a normal heartbeat. This effort continues until either the heart is restarted, or a physician determines that continued efforts are useless and recovery is impossible. If this determination is made, the physician pronounces legal death and resuscitation efforts stop. If clinical death

703-410: Is very low during manual CPR, resulting in only a ten-minute average extension of survival. Yet there are cases of patients regaining consciousness during CPR while still in full cardiac arrest. In absence of cerebral function monitoring or frank return to consciousness, the neurological status of patients undergoing CPR is intrinsically uncertain. It is somewhere between the state of clinical death and

740-466: The Province of Namur , integrated ULiège. It has adopted a new name for academics as well as research, namely Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech . The rector of ULiège is Professor Anne-Sophie Nyssen, who succeeded Professor Pierre Wolper in 2022, becoming the first woman to hold this position.   Anne Girin has been the university's Administrator since September 1, 2020. She replaced Laurent Despy and became

777-587: The Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy, and Their Own Families . The term "near-death experience" was used by John C. Lilly in 1972. The term was popularized in 1975 by the work of psychiatrist Raymond Moody , who used it as an umbrella term for out-of-body experiences (OBEs), the "panoramic life review", the Light, the tunnel, or the border. Researchers have identified the common elements that define near-death experiences. Bruce Greyson argues that

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814-659: The Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, the Institutes of Zoology, Anatomy, the HEC Liège Management School and the newly incorporated Faculty of Architecture. The Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech campus and faculty are located in the city of Gembloux , Namur Province , and Faculty of Science Department of Environmental Science and Management is located in Arlon , Luxembourg Province . The university also owns

851-574: The Netherlands , and by his Minister of Education, Anton Reinhard Falck . The foundation of the university was the result of a long intellectual tradition which dates back to the origins of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège . Beginning in the eleventh century, the influence of the principality attracted students and prominent scientists and philosophers, such as Petrarch , to study in its libraries. The reputation of its medieval schools gave

888-843: The US, where 46% of the population believes in guardian angels , the Light will often be identified as angels or deceased loved ones (or will be unidentified), while Hindus will often identify them as messengers of the god of death . Common traits that have been reported by NDErs are: Note that an OBE may be part of an NDE, but can happen in instances other than when a person is about to die, such as fainting, deep sleep, and alcohol or drug use. A 1975 study conducted by psychiatrist Raymond Moody on around 150 patients who all claimed to have witnessed an NDE stated that such an experience has nine steps. The steps are: Moody also explained how not every NDE will have each and every one of these steps, and how it could be different for each experience. Moody describes

925-407: The body 0 = Neither 1 = Unfamiliar, strange place 0 = Neither 1 = Unidentifiable voice 0 = Neither 1 = Sensed their presence 0 = Neither Clinical death Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two criteria necessary to sustain the lives of human beings and of many other organisms. It occurs when the heart stops beating in

962-464: The brain, CA1 neurons of the hippocampus , are fatally injured by as little as 10 minutes without oxygen. However, the injured cells do not actually die until hours after resuscitation. This delayed death can be prevented in vitro by a simple drug treatment even after 20 minutes without oxygen. In other areas of the brain, viable human neurons have been recovered and grown in culture hours after clinical death. Brain failure after clinical death

999-455: The city the reputation as a new Athens . A 17 March 1808 decree by Napoleon I concerning the organization of an imperial university indicated Liège as the site of a new academy to be composed of a Faculty of Arts and a Faculty of Science—the first university charter for Liège. Ultimately, Liège owes its university to William I of the Netherlands , who remembered the city's prestigious legacy of teaching and culture when he decided to establish

1036-502: The correct approach to an NDE patient is to "Ask, Listen, Validate, Educate, and Refer". Due to the potential confusion or shock attributed to those who experience near-death experiences, it is important to treat them in a calm and understanding way right after their return from the NDE. Kenneth Ring (1980) subdivided the NDE on a five-stage continuum , using Moody's nine step experiment as inspiration. The subdivisions were: The final stage

1073-410: The first woman to hold this position. The University of Liège counts: ULiège comprises 11 faculties: Since the 1970s, ULiège's main campus has been the Sart-Tilman  [ fr ] hill, a vast planned community campus located about ten kilometers south from the center of Liège. However, the university has kept its headquarters and many administrative facilities in the city centre, as well as

1110-436: The general features of the experience include impressions of being outside one's physical body , visions of deceased relatives and religious figures, and transcendence of egotic and spatiotemporal boundaries. Many common elements have been reported, although the person's interpretation of these events often corresponds with the cultural , philosophical , or religious beliefs of the person experiencing it. For example, in

1147-402: The heart and lungs. This state is called deep hypothermic circulatory arrest . At such low temperatures most patients can tolerate the clinically dead state for up to 30 minutes without incurring significant brain injury. Longer durations are possible at lower temperatures, but the usefulness of longer procedures has not been established yet. Controlled clinical death has also been proposed as

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1184-406: The patient in a state of stopped blood circulation. Certain surgeries for cerebral aneurysms or aortic arch defects require that blood circulation be stopped while repairs are performed. This deliberate temporary induction of clinical death is called circulatory arrest . It is typically performed by lowering body temperature to between 18 °C and 20 °C (64 and 68 °F) and stopping

1221-516: The time window of recovery from clinical death without brain damage from 5 minutes to 10 minutes. This induced hypothermia technique is beginning to be used in emergency medicine. The combination of mildly reducing body temperature, reducing blood cell concentration, and increasing blood pressure after resuscitation was found especially effective – allowing for recovery of dogs after 12 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature with practically no brain injury. The addition of

1258-582: Was pregnant . University of Li%C3%A8ge The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ), or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium founded in 1817 and based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . The university was founded in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands , then King of the United Kingdom of

1295-471: Was historically considered the official definition of death . With the advent of these strategies, cardiac arrest came to be called clinical death rather than simply death , to reflect the possibility of post-arrest resuscitation. At the onset of clinical death, consciousness is lost within several seconds, and in dogs, measurable brain activity has been measured to stop within 20 to 40 seconds. Irregular gasping may occur during this early time period, and

1332-467: Was proposed by French psychologist and epistemologist Victor Egger as a result of discussions in the 1890s among philosophers and psychologists concerning climbers' stories of the panoramic life review during falls. In 1892, a series of subjective observations by workers falling from scaffolds, soldiers who suffered injuries, climbers who had fallen from heights and other individuals who had come close to death such as in near drownings and accidents

1369-523: Was reported by Albert Heim . This was also the first time the phenomenon was described as a clinical syndrome. In 1968, Celia Green published an analysis of 400 first-hand accounts of out-of-body experiences . This represented the first attempt to provide a taxonomy of such experiences, viewed simply as anomalous perceptual experiences or hallucinations . In 1969, Swiss-American psychiatrist and pioneer in near-death studies Elisabeth Kübler-Ross published her well-known book On Death and Dying: What

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