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36-654: UEC Saturn was established in 2001, following the merger of Rybinsk Motors and Lyulka-Saturn. Rybinsk Motors was established on 20 October 1916 as the Russian Renault automotive plant. In 1917 it started producing aviation engines for the Ilya Muromets aircraft. The company was nationalized in 1918. Rybinsk was originally known as the Kolesov Engine Design Bureau. Kolesov took over the organization from V.A. Dobrynin who founded it in

72-483: A compass , a crude altimeter and airspeed indicator, two glass U-shaped tubes and a ball for bank indication, and a series of horizontal bars situated vertically on the nose of the fuselage for measuring climbs and descents. Later, in the bomber variants, a drift indicator and elementary bombsight was added to aid bombing. In 1913 the Ilya Muromets No. 107 flew for the first time, and on 11 February 1914,

108-415: A 787-10 for Singapore Airlines costs $ 17.5 million each. Emirates invested over $ 15 million each to refurbish its 777-200 LR in a new two-class configuration in 55 days initially then 35 days. In the mid-2000s, Formation Design Group proposed using the taller wide-body cabins to layer the bed and seat arrangements for higher density. Revealed at Aircraft Interiors Expo 2012, Factorydesign devised

144-403: A bedroom, a lounge, as well as the first airborne toilet. The aircraft also had heating and electrical lighting . The S-22 cockpit had sufficient space allowing several persons to observe the pilot. Openings on both sides of the fuselage permitted mechanics to climb out onto the lower wings to service the engines during flight. A hatch on the left side provided an entry to the main cabin, behind

180-557: A better flying experience to the economy traveler, but for much less money than business class. It is often limited to a few extras such as more legroom, as well as complimentary food and drinks. On board Air Canada, Premium Economy comes with wider seats (3 inches on the Boeing 777-300) (2 inches on the Boeing 787), more recline (3 inches more than economy), a fold-down foot rest, an amenity kit, premium food and drinks on long-haul international flights, and much more legroom. Economy class

216-480: A certain altitude, since the natural atmospheric pressure would be too low to supply sufficient oxygen to the passengers. Without pressurization, one could suffer from altitude sickness including hypoxia . If a pressurized aircraft suffers a pressurization failure above 10,000 feet (3,000 meters), then it could be deemed as an emergency. Should this situation occur, the aircraft should begin an emergency descent and oxygen masks should be activated for all occupants. In

252-410: A double-deck system of pods for 30% more density, between premium economy and business class . In 2015, Airbus filed a patent for a double-deck business class cabin, to monetize the vertical space. Cabin pressurization is the active pumping of compressed air into the cabin of an aircraft in order to ensure the safety and comfort of the occupants. It becomes necessary whenever the aircraft reaches

288-474: A small number of long flights. First class is characterized by having a larger amount of space between seats (including those that can be converted into beds), a personal TV set, high quality food and drink, personalized service, privacy, and providing travelers with complimentary items (ex. pajamas, shoes and toiletries). Passengers in this class have a separate check-in, access to the airline's first-class lounge, preferred boarding, or private transportation between

324-590: Is almost replacing first class : 70% of 777s had first-class cabins before 2008 while 22% of new 777s and 787s had one in 2017. Full-flat seats in business-class rose from 65% of 777 deliveries in 2008 to nearly 100% of the 777s and 787s delivered in 2017, excepted for low-cost carriers having 10% premium cabin on their widebodies. First-class seats were halved over the past 5–10 years, typically from eight to four. To differentiate from business class, high-end first class move to full-height enclosures like Singapore Airlines , Emirates , and Etihad . Business class became

360-463: Is the airline travel class with the lowest ticket price, as the level of comfort is lower than that of the other classes. This class is primarily characterized by the short distance between each seat, and a smaller variety of food and entertainment. VIP configuration of an aircraft has enclosed separated sections for use by select passenger(s) for use as an office space, meeting area and notably sleeping quarters from seated passengers. The most notable

396-731: Is the first venture by a Russian manufacturer into the production of large marine gas turbines, aimed at completely replacing the earlier Ukrainian equivalents. "Russkaya Mekhanika“ company is the manufacturer of snowmobiles Tajga and Buran, Approximately 10,000 are produced annually. It is a 100% affiliated company of NPO Saturn. The snowmobiles have been produced in Rybinsk in the Yaroslavl Oblast. (approx. 400 km north of Moscow) since 1971. Sikorsky Ilya Muromets The Sikorsky Ilya Muromets ( Russian : Сикорский Илья Муромец ) (versions S-22, S-23, S-24, S-25, S-26 and S-27)

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432-536: The Baltisky's engines in a tractor configuration along the lower wing's leading edge to create the Russky Vityaz — which had played an important role in the development of Russian aviation and the multi-engine aircraft industries of the world. The Ilya Muromets was first conceived and built as a luxurious aircraft. It was the first aircraft to have an insulated passenger saloon , containing wicker chairs,

468-506: The Monino Air Force Museum near Moscow built in 1970. Data from General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Cabin (aircraft) An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which passengers travel. Most modern commercial aircraft are pressurized , as cruising altitudes are high enough such that

504-828: The Order of St. Vladimir , Fourth Degree, arranging for an exemption from the wartime draft to allow him to continue his design work, and a promise of a grant worth 100,000 rubles from the State Duma. During an Imperial military review at Krasnoye Selo in July, Nicholas II decorated and christened the Ilya Muromets Type B Military Prototype, No. 128, the "Kievsky." During testing, the Ilya Muromets were fitted with both skis and pontoons in anticipation of new variants being produced. If it had not been for World War I,

540-566: The Ilya Muromets was introduced to the Imperial Russian Air Service and on 10 December 1914, the Russians formed their first ten-bomber squadron , slowly increasing the number to 20 by mid-1916. Operations with the heavy bombers began on 12 February 1915 with a raid on German frontline positions. German Fighter Pilots often were reluctant to attack Ilya Muromets in the air due to their defensive firepower including

576-590: The Ilya Muromets would probably have started passenger flights that same year. With the beginning of World War I, Sikorsky was encouraged by the results of the proving flights to redesign the aircraft to become the "Military Ilia Mourometz, Type V, the world's first purpose-designed heavier than air bomber. The new heavy bomber was slightly smaller and lighter than the Type A. Internal racks carried up to 800 kg of bombs, and positions for up to nine machine guns were added for self-defense in various locations, including

612-664: The Russian pioneer to a certain degree. The Russian government and Sikorsky himself sold the design and production license to the British and French governments. The Germans tried to copy its design, using the fragments of the Ilya Muromets they had shot down over their territory in September 1916. By the end of 1916, the design was generally believed to be at the end of its development cycle, with ensuing modifications to individual aircraft, such as additional armor and weapons, making

648-515: The aircraft too heavy and not suitable for operational use. Continual changes in the field as well as the factory led to many aircraft being redesignated as a new variant. After the armistice between Russia and the Central Powers about 30 Ilya Muromets were captured and destroyed. One Ilya Muromets S-26 D-1 was taken by Polish forces in the city of Babruysk . In October of 1917, Ukrainian forces acquired 16 Ilya Muromets aircraft near

684-802: The city of Vinnytsia however only six of these were serviceable. During summer of 1918 the Ukrainian State counted four Ilya Murmomets aircraft in its inventory. A few remaining aircraft were used by the newly formed Soviet Air Forces during the Russian Civil War as trainers and transports. Some sources claim that Ilya Muromets aircraft were also used by the White Army during the conflict. From 1921 to 1922 Ilya Muromets were used as civil airliners on routes from Moscow to Sevastopol (via Kharkiv ) and from Sarapul to Yekaterinburg . One Ilya Muromets S-22 replica exists in

720-445: The cockpit. The main cabin featured two large windows on each side. Further back was a private cabin that included a berth, a small table, and a cabinet. Lighting was provided by a wind-driven generator and heating was supplied by two long engine exhaust pipes that passed through the corners of the cabin. Despite many advancements, the flight instruments on the Ilya Muromets were primitive. They included four tachometers , one per engine,

756-806: The equivalent of what first class was a few years ago. In 2017, 80% of the 777s and 787s delivered had a separate premium economy with one or two fewer seats across than regular economy class . In economy class, 2 in (5 cm) slimmer seats with composite frames and thinner upholstery can add legroom or allow more seating. While ground or more often satellite internet connection is available at lower cost due to competition, only 25–30% of carriers outside U.S. offer inflight connectivity . LED lighting can support different scenarios like boarding, food service, shopping, branding or chronobiology through simulated sunset or sunrise. First- and business-class are refurbished every 5–7 years compared to 6–10 years for economy. A 337 seats cabin (36 business, 301 economy) in

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792-446: The extreme tail. The Muromets (in its S-25 Geh-2 variant, March 1916) was the first aircraft in history to incorporate a tail gunner position . The engines were protected with 5 mm-thick armor. The military version was designed expressly for long-range flying in both bombing and reconnaissance roles. When WWI broke out, only two Ilya Muromets bombers were completed out of an initial production run of ten aircraft. In August 1914,

828-480: The first to develop defensive tactics for a single bomber engaged in an air combat with several enemy fighters. The Ilya Muromets performed more than 400 sorties and dropped 65 tons of bombs during the war. By 1917, attrition from constant flying had reduced the bombing fleet substantially and only four bombers remained at the front line; the other Ilya Muromets were relegated to trainer duties. The heavy bombers of other participants appeared in 1916, all resembling

864-832: The late 1930s or early 1940s. Under Kolesov's direction, the bureau designed turbojet engines for the Myasishchev M-50 Bounder experimental supersonic bomber, turbojets for the Tu-22 Blinder medium bomber, RD-36-35FVR lift engines for the Yak-38 Forger, RD-36-51A supersonic engines for the Tu-144 SST, RD-36-51V engines for the Myasishchev M-17 Mystic, and lift engines for the Yak-141 Freestyle. Lyulka-Saturn

900-404: The majority of passenger aircraft, the passengers' oxygen masks are activated automatically if the cabin pressure falls below the atmospheric pressure equivalent of 14,000 feet (4,300 meters). The first class section of an airplane is the class with the best service, and it is typically the highest priced. The services offered are superior to those in business class, and they are available on only

936-449: The more space is provided. Cabins of the different travel classes are often divided by curtains, sometimes called class dividers . Passengers are not usually allowed to visit higher travel class cabins in commercial flights. Some aircraft cabins contain passenger entertainment systems . Short and medium haul cabins tend to have no or shared screens whereas long and ultra-long haul flights often contain personal screens. Business class

972-554: The return one, with a fuel stop at Novosokolniki , took even less time, about 13 hours. According to Sikorsky, "The 1,600 miles (2,600 km) flight proved conclusively the value of large multi-motored airplanes. The Army placed an order for ten four-engined airplanes of the Ilia Mourometz type and the factory personnel was overjoyed by this final approval of the results of two years of hard work." The acclaim received by Sikorsky included Tsar Nicholas II presenting him with

1008-400: The second prototype (factory airframe 128) took off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard, marking a record for number of passengers carried. From 30 June to 12 July 1914, it set a world record by making a trip from Saint Petersburg to Kiev , a distance of some 1200 km, and back. The first leg took 14 hours and 38 minutes, with one landing for fuel at Orsha , and

1044-405: The surrounding atmosphere is too thin for passengers and crew to breathe. In commercial air travel , particularly in airliners , cabins may be divided into several parts. These can include travel class sections in medium and large aircraft, areas for flight attendants , the galley , and storage for in-flight service. Seats are mostly arranged in rows and aisles. The higher the travel class,

1080-439: The terminal and the plane. Due to its high cost, there are few airlines that offer this service. Business class is more expensive, but it also offers more amenities to travelers than the classes below it. These may include better food, wider entertainment options, more comfortable seats with more room to recline and more legroom, among others. Premium economy class is a travel class offered by some airlines in order to provide

1116-419: The unique tail gun position, and the difficulty in bringing down such a large aircraft. Once engaged, small fighters also found that they were buffeted by propeller wash of the four large engines. On 12 September 1916 ( Julian calendar ), the Russians lost their first Ilya Muromets in a fight with four German Albatros , three of which it managed to shoot down. This was also the only loss to enemy action during

UEC Saturn - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-648: The war, as the Central Powers had no aircraft capable enough to rival it until much later. The Ilya Muromets (Sikorsky S-22) was designed and constructed by Igor Sikorsky at the Russo-Baltic Carriage Factory (RBVZ) in Saint Petersburg in 1913. It was based on his earlier S-21 Russky Vityaz , which started out as the twin-engined Le Grand , then as the twin tandem-engined Bolshoi Baltisky before placing all four of

1188-404: The war; three others were damaged in combat, but managed to return to base to be repaired. 83 Ilya Muromets bombers were built for the Russian forces between 1913 and 1918. They recorded a number of firsts in the history of military aviation, like bombing from heavy bombers, performing bomber group raids on enemy targets, night bombing , and photographic bomb damage assessment. They were also

1224-553: Was a class of Russian pre- World War I large four-engine commercial airliners and military heavy bombers used during World War I by the Russian Empire . The aircraft series was named after Ilya Muromets , a hero from Slavic mythology . The series was based on the Russky Vityaz or Le Grand, the world's first four-engined aircraft, designed by Igor Sikorsky . The Ilya Muromets aircraft as it appeared in 1913

1260-414: Was a revolutionary design, intended for commercial service with its spacious fuselage incorporating a passenger saloon and washroom on board. The Ilya Muromets was the world's first multi-engine aircraft in production and at least sixty were built. During World War I, it became the first four-engine bomber to equip a dedicated strategic bombing unit. This heavy bomber was unrivaled in the early stages of

1296-892: Was named after its founder, A. M. Lyulka . Following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , the Ukrainians refused to supply the Russian Navy with marine gas turbines from Zorya-Mashproekt , and so Saturn has been commissioned to design new engines for the Admiral Gorshkov and Admiral Grigorovich -class frigates. USC forecast these new engines will be available in 2017-18, allowing ships to be commissioned from 2020. UEC Saturn announced in April 2017 that Saturn's marine turbines are now in production and undergoing sea trials prior to delivery. This

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