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72-626: The settlement of the territory of Novgorod Land began in the Valdai Upland since the Paleolithic and Mesolithic , along the border of the Valdai (Ostashkovsky) glaciation, and in the north–west of Priilmenye, in the area of the future territorial center, since the Neolithic . Archaeologically and through the study of toponymy, the presence of migratory so–called Nostratic communities

144-527: A treaty with the ambassador of the King of Sweden and Norway Magnus IV which defined the spheres of influence in Lappland . Rather than setting a fixed border the treaty stipulated which part of the aboriginal Sami people would pay tribute to Norway and which to Novgorod. Novgorod traded with Baltic cities for the most part of its history with the first known treaty with Gotland and German cities dating to

216-582: A Mongol pogrom. In 1268, the Livonian order was again defeated in the fierce Battle of Rakovor . In the beginning of the 14th century, princes of Tver and Moscow princes vied for the influence over Novgorod. The Golden Horde supported Moscow in this struggle trying to prevent a noticeable advantage of one Russian prince over another and the Novgorod nobility sympathized with the Moscow princes as Moscow

288-405: A capable military commander. The Novgorod Chronicle speaks of him in an extremely positive way: fair in court and punishment, a successful commander, attentive to the concerns of people, and noble and selfless. In Novgorod, Mstislav showed decisiveness and initiative in internal affairs: he replaced the posadniks and the archbishop, launched active construction in the city and the posad , undertook

360-610: A monk of the Khutynsky monastery and a member of an influential boyar clan. He became an archbishop under the name of Anthony and was an ardent supporter of preaching and missionary work on the Russian frontiers. By 1210 the Germans started the conquest of Estonians and signed a peace treaty with Polotsk promising to pay the "Livonian" tribute. The relations between Albert and Pskov - and by extension Novgorod - were strengthened by

432-541: A patrimony of Ivan III, subjected its foreign policy to Moscow, accepted the Grand Prince as the ultimate judicial authority and lost some peripheral lands to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Novgorod Land was annexed completely in 1478 and the veche bell was removed to Moscow. Having conquered Novgorod in 1478, Moscow inherited its former political relations with its neighbors. The legacy of the independence period

504-691: A prince who may rule over us and judge us according to law" and therefore invited Rurik (founder of the Rurikovich dynasty ), Sineus and Truvor , to rule over them. At the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th centuries (in chronicles dating to 882), the center of the Rurikovich state moved from Novgorod to Kiev. In the 10th century, Ladoga was attacked by the Norwegian jarl Eric . In 980, Novgorod Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich (the Baptist) , at

576-558: A similar operation. At the end of 1209, he made a brief raid into Estonian Vironia, returning with rich booty, and in 1210 made a large campaign against the Chud, capturing the Bear's Head . He took from the Chudes not only a tribute, but also a promise to be baptized into Orthodoxy. He first used Christianity as an additional measure to strengthen his power, which previously had been done only by

648-445: Is considered the golden age of Novgorod architecture. While chronicle-writing existed in Novgorod from the times of Kievan Rus, new genres of literature such as travelogues, novels and hagiographies appeared in 14-15th centuries. Novgorod started minting its own novgorodka coins in 1420 and in 1440 a Judicial Charter was issued which codified legal practices. After 1330s Grand Duchies of Moscow and Lithuania started to dominate

720-577: Is noteworthy however that 1224 Tarbatu had garrison of local troops and about 200 mercenaries from Novgorod against Teutonic knights. City was captured by the crusaders in August 1224 and all its defenders were killed. The information about links of Vironia with Novgorod are more limited. The claim of them being under Novgorod were not verified as they fought against Novgorod, such as Novgorod raid of 1209 to Vironia, Teutonic crusaders and made diplomatic agreements independently. Their leader Thabelin (Tabellinus)

792-796: Is overlain by deposited glacial materials in the form of terminal moraines and other detritus . The Valdai Hills reach their maximum height of 346.9 m (1,138 ft) near Vyshny Volochyok . The Volga , the Daugava (the Western Dvina), the Lovat , the Msta , the Dnieper , the Syas , and other rivers originate in the Valdai Hills. The region thus is divided among the drainage basins of

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864-534: Is supposed here, replaced by Indo–European groups (future Balts and Slavs) who came from the south–west and ancestors of the Baltic–Finnish peoples who came from the east. It is traditionally believed that in the 6th century Krivichi tribes came here, and in the 8th century, in the process of Slavic settlement of the East European Plain , the tribe of Ilmen Slovenes came. Finnic tribes lived in

936-998: The Caspian Sea (the Volga), the Black Sea (the Dnieper), and the Baltic Sea (the Msta and the Lovat via the Volkhov , the Syas via Lake Ladoga and the Neva , and the Daugava). It is a place of many lakes, among them Lake Volgo , Lake Peno , Lake Seliger , Lake Brosno , and Lake Valdayskoye . During the last glacial period , the Valdai Hills with its hard rocks posed an obstacle to

1008-593: The posadnik was to be Orthodox and the king was not allowed to build Catholic churches in the Novgorod Land. In spite of this, Ivan III launched his first campaign against Novgorod in 1471 alleging that they converted to Catholicism. After the Novgorodian army was defeated in the Battle of Shelon and the city was besieged, the peace treaty of Korostyn was signed according to which Novgorod acknowledged it as

1080-647: The 15th century. The trade with Livonian cities was disrupted by the wars between Novgorod and the Livonian Order. The latter forbade selling horses to Novgorod in 1439 and 1440 and between 1443 and 1450 the Hansa kontor was closed. The importance of trade with the Hansa diminished during the 15th century while the trade with Narva , Stockholm and Vyborg was growing. The stone walls of the Kremlin and numerous new churches were constructed in 14th century which

1152-538: The Baltic-Volga-Caspian trade route, not only for trading but also for bringing food from the fertile Oka region to their city. In the early spring of 1209, the Toropets prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny took Torzhok, capturing not only the local posadnik and several merchants, but also a group of noblemen of the Novgorod prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich , the youngest son of Vladimir prince Vsevolod

1224-471: The Big Nest . After that, he sent a letter to Novgorod with the offer of help: "I bow to Saint Sophia, and the tomb of my father, and all Novgorodians; I have come to you having heard about the violence from the prince, and I pity my patrimony." Having learned about the capture of Torzhok, Vsevolod the Big Nest sent his eldest son Constantine against him. However, apparently Mstislav had the support within

1296-706: The Blind attacked Novgorod in 1456 and after the Novgorodians' defeat in the battle of Staraya Russa they were forced to conclude the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy with Moscow, according to which the powers of the Moscow prince in Novgorod affairs were significantly expanded. Novgorod signed a treaty with Casimir IV of Poland-Lithuania and invited him to rule as a prince. The treaty safeguarded the Orthodox church in Novgorod:

1368-749: The Catholics. However, the Orthodox priests were not as mobile as the Catholic ones, and the prince's initiative was not continued: instead priests from Riga came to the Estonians and thus the Bear's Head (Odenpe) later became one of the lands of the Riga bishopric . New border of East–West Schism was established, line running via Narva river , Lake Peipus and Piusa river being the border between Eastern Orthodoxy on eastern side and Catholic Church dominion on

1440-573: The Kiev Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed . The Novgorodians supported Yaroslav during the war, and after his victory in the war, Yaroslav rewarded them and granted the "Yaroslav's Law" and the "Charter" to Novgorod. These documents became the prototype of and were referenced in the charters on which the princes invited by Novgorodians took the oath. Also under Yaroslav, Detinets and the first Saint Sophia Cathedral were built. Among

1512-531: The Novgorod authorities. He asked the governor whether they are enemies to the Swedes or friends and whether they want to comply with the Vyborg treaty concluded with Sweden under Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The governors could only answer that it depends on the future king and that they have no right to answer this question. Valdai Hills The Valdai Hills , sometimes shortened to Valdai , are an upland region in

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1584-465: The Novgorod land in the end of 15th century after the incorporation of Novgorod Land into Muscovy which are the earliest surviving records of the population of Russia . The population increased by 14% between the two censuses. On March 21, 1499, the son of Tsar Ivan III Vasily was declared Grand Prince of Novgorod and Pskov. In April 1502 he was proclaimed the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir and

1656-472: The Novgorodians paid tribute to him in 1113. In 1117, without taking into account the opinion of the Novgorod community, Mstislav was recalled to the south by his father, and Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich was seated on the throne of Novgorod. Some boyars opposed this decision of the prince, in connection with which they were called to Kiev and thrown into prison. After the death of Mstislav the Great in 1132 and

1728-498: The Novgorodians, dissatisfied with the absence of their prince Davyd Svyatoslavich , returned Mstislav, and seven years later they opposed the attempt of the Kiev prince to replace Mstislav with his son. The key republican authorities ( veche , prince, posadnik ) emerged in Novgorod in the 11th century. In the second decade of the 12th century, Vladimir Monomakh strengthened the central authority in Novgorod Land. Chronicles report that

1800-524: The Novgorodians. During the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' the southern parts of Novgorod land were devastated; Volok Lamsky, Vologda, Bezhetsk, Torzhok were all captured by the invaders. Several versions have been proposed by historians to explain the Mongols' refusal to march on Novgorod after the capture of Torzhok on March 5: the upcoming spring thaw, lack of fodder and high losses in the struggle against

1872-631: The Rus, the Novgorodians were the first to reach the regions between the Arctic Ocean and Lake Onega . An expedition led by the voivode Uleb were defeated by the Yugra people near the Iron Gates (which have been identified with the valley of Pechora River or possibly regions further to the east) in 1036. Trade with the Yugra tribe was already established in 1096. In 1020 and 1067, Novgorod Land

1944-533: The Russian lands and subsequently Novgorodians invited princes from both grand duchies. In 1449 Moscow concluded an Eternal Peace agreement with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania delimiting zones of influence in Russia. In the next few years Vasily the Blind defeated his rival Dmitry Shemyaka and prevailed in the Muscovite Civil War . Dmitry Shemyaka died (possibly by poisoning) in Novgorod in 1453. Vasily

2016-630: The Ryazan and Vladimir principalities. The destruction of the powerful principality of Vladimir by the Mongols removed the danger to Novgorod and its colonies and left it as an undisputed leader of Russian eastward expansion. On July 15, 1240, Alexander Yaroslavich defeated the Swedes on the Neva and on April 5, 1242 he won the Battle on the Ice of the lake Peipus against the Livonian Order. In 1257–1259 he established his influence in Novgorod threatening it with

2088-676: The Swordsmen and the Teutonic Order ) completed the subordination of the Baltic tribes, who had previously paid tribute to Novgorod and Polotsk , and reached the borders of the Russian lands themselves which set the stage for the conflict between Novgorod and the crusader orders in the first half of 13th century. Pskov and Novgorod for a successful fight against them began to need an ally, ready to provide military assistance if necessary. But help did not always come on time, both because of

2160-594: The Terrible, repeated crop failures and the increasing tax burden, the population decreased five times by the end of the century. In 1609 the government of Vasily Shuisky concluded the Vyborg Treaty with Sweden , according to which Korela was transferred to the Swedish crown in exchange for military assistance. Ivan Odoevsky was appointed governor of Novgorod in 1610. In the same year Tsar Vasily Shuisky

2232-543: The Tver. The number of victims in Novgorod is estimated between 3,000 and 27,000, out of the total population of 35 thousand people. The pogrom lasted for six weeks and thousands of people were tortured and drowned in Volkhov. The city was plundered and the property of churches, monasteries and merchants was confiscated. The population of Novgorod land at the turn of 16th century was estimated to be from 500 to 800 thousand and it

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2304-501: The administrative division at that time were pogosts . The lands confiscated from the previous owners were either declared state lands or given to Muscovite military servicemen as manors . The burden on peasants living on state lands significantly decreased compared to the republican period as the in-kind rents were replaced by money ones. On the other hand the rents paid by peasants living on servicemen's manors changed little and sometimes even increased. Two censuses were carried out in

2376-583: The army of Suzdal Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy . On May 28, 1136, in connection with the dissatisfaction of Novgorod with the actions of Prince Vsevolod, he was taken into custody and then expelled from Novgorod. From the late 11th century the Novgorodians asserted greater control over the determination of their rules and rejected a politically dependent relationship to Kiev. In 1136 they expelled prince Vsevolod Mstislavich accusing him of not caring for smerds , of trying to move to Pereslavl and of cowardliness and indecisiveness in military matters. Svyatoslav Olgovich ,

2448-467: The autocrat of All Russia and thus became the co–ruler of Ivan III. After the death of Ivan III on October 27, 1505 he became the sole monarch of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1565, after Tsar Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian State into oprichnina and zemshchina , the city became part of the latter. Huge damage to Novgorod was caused by the oprichnina pogrom , which was perpetrated in

2520-521: The city as Novgorodians arrested their current prince Svyatoslav (brother of Constantine) and expressed support for the new chosen one, confirming the right to "liberty in the princes." In this way, the safety of Mstislav was guaranteed, after which Constantine was forced to stop in Tver and his father who avoided military conflicts in his old age recognized Mstislav as the legitimate ruler of Novgorod. When he came to Novgorod Mstislav did not have influential patrons or great wealth but he had proved himself as

2592-454: The deepening tendencies of political fragmentation, the prince of Novgorod lost the support of the central government. In 1134, Vsevolod was expelled from the city. Returning to Novgorod, he was forced to conclude an agreement with the Novgorodians, limiting his authority. On January 26, 1135, the army of Novgorod, led by Vsevolod and Izyaslav Mstislavich , lost the Battle of Zhdanaya Mountain to

2664-598: The expense of Prince of Polotsk Vladimir who lost the support of his compatriots. In 1216, when the brother of Vladimir Prince Yaroslav organized an economic blockade of Novgorod, Novgorodians, with the help of Smolensk princes, intervened in the power struggle between the Suzdal princes, as a result of which the Vladimir prince was overthrown. However, at the beginning of the 13th century, German Catholic orders (the Order of

2736-401: The glacier ice that advances from northwest, diverting the ice into the lowlands. 57°00′N 33°30′E  /  57.000°N 33.500°E  / 57.000; 33.500 Yaropolk I of Kiev Yaropolk I Sviatoslavich (also translitered as Iaropolk Svyatoslavich ; Old East Slavic : Ꙗрополкъ Свѧтославичъ ; 952 – 11 June 978) was Prince of Kiev from 972 to 978. He was

2808-595: The head of the Varangian squad, overthrew the Kiev Prince Yaropolk . In the 990s, Novgorod refused to convert to Christianity, and stood up for its faith with the supreme priest Bogumil Solovey and tysyatsky Ugonyay. Novgorod was baptized by force with "fire and sword": many Novgorodians were killed, and the whole city burned down. In 1015–1019, Prince of Novgorod Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise overthrew

2880-508: The influence of Novgorod. Thus, the administrative–political, defensive, and commercial significance of Pskov began to grow in the process of transforming the Baltic states from a backward pagan province into an important region for the Western European trade, church, and military expansion. This led to the nomination of a separate prince for Pskov during the reign of Mstislav in Novgorod. The information of control and influence in

2952-456: The land of Chudes is challenged by Livonian Chronicle of Henry . Overall rulers of Novgorod Republic and Principality of Pskov made frequent raids against Ugaunians in the 12th century but never succeeded to subjugate them. Fort Bear's Head was conquered in 1116 and 1193, Tarbatu in 1134 and 1192. However these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes. Ugaunians themselves made several raids against Pskov. It

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3024-503: The late 12th century. After the Baltic cities formed the Hansa a conflict between Novgorod and Hansa ensued. Novgorodians complained about the terms of the fur and salt trade and both sides arrested merchants and confiscated the goods belonging to the other side. The treaty of 1392, known as Niebur's Peace, resolved most of the issues and became the basis for the relationship between Novgorod and Hansa, in spite of several conflicts occurring in

3096-490: The marriage of the daughter of Pskov Prince Vladimir Mstislavich (Mstislav's brother) and Theodoricus, the younger brother of Bishop Albert. According to some historians the collaboration between Albert and Vladimir was tantamount to dividing Estonia between them. At the same time, recognizing the rights of Riga to the lands along the Daugava (possibly also Kukenois and Gerzike ) improved the position of Novgorod and Pskov at

3168-418: The north-west of central European Russia running north–south, about midway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow , spanning Leningrad , Novgorod , Tver , Pskov , and Smolensk Oblasts . The Valdai Hills are a popular tourist destination , particularly for fishing. The towns of Ostashkov and Valday are also known for their historical associations. Valdaysky National Park was established in 1990 in

3240-662: The northeast. The center of the Slavic settlements was the vicinity of Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River , and the Ilmen Slovenes lived here. Archeological data shows that in the 9th century Novgorod was already a large settlement (or rather a chain of settlements from the sources of Volkhov and Rurik Gorodishche up to Kholopiy Town, opposite of Krechevitsy ). Other settlements included Ladoga , Izborsk and possibly Beloozero . Slavic and Finnic tribes inhabited

3312-412: The oldest son of Sviatoslav I . His mother was Malusha , who was a steward in the household of his grandmother, Olga of Kiev . Yaropolk was given Kiev by his father Sviatoslav I , who left on a military campaign against the Danube Bulgars . Soon after Sviatoslav's death, however, civil war began between Yaropolk and his brothers. According to one chronicle , Yaropolk's brother Oleg killed Lyut,

3384-472: The presence of Scandinavians, traditionally referred to in the Old Russian (medieval) literary sources as Varangians , among the inhabitants of these first large settlements. In addition to the Slavic population, a significant part of the Novgorod Land was inhabited by various Finnic peoples . Vodskaya pyatina along with the Slavs was inhabited by Votians and Izhora , who have long been closely associated with Novgorod. The Yem', who lived in southern Finland,

3456-580: The reconstruction of defensive structures on the southern approaches to his land: the fortress walls of Velikiye Luki were reconstructed and the town was placed under control of Mstislav's brother Vladimir who resided in Pskov. After that, Pskov became responsible for the southern (Polotsk, Lithuania) and western (Estonia, Latgale) borders of Novgorod Land and also controlled the border regions of Southern Estonia ( Ugandi , Waiga and partly Sakala ) and Northern Latgale (Talava, Ochela). The lands of Northern Estonia (Vironia), Vody, Izhora and Karelia remained under

3528-422: The remoteness of Vladimir from the northwestern borders of Russia, and because of disagreements between the Novgorod nobility and the princes of Vladimir. The more dangerous position of Pskov gave rise to disagreements between Pskov and Novgorod. The Pskovites demanded from Novgorodians and Vladimirites either decisive successes in the Baltic campaigns, or peace with the Order. Pskov often received princes expelled by

3600-422: The same territory, having left a memory of themselves in the names of numerous rivers and lakes. The interpretation of pre–Slavic toponymy as exclusively Finno–Ugric is questioned by some researchers. The dates of the Slavic settlement rely on the burial mounds, with long mounds associated with Krivichi, and hill-shaped mounds with Slovenes. Archaeological research in Staraya Ladoga and Rurik Gorodishche shows

3672-477: The sole ruler of Rus' . In 980, Vladimir returned with the Varangian mercenaries and attacked Yaropolk. On his way to Kiev, Vladimir seized Polotsk because Rogneda , daughter of the Polotsk prince Rogvolod , had chosen Yaropolk over him. Vladimir forced Rogneda to marry him. Then, Vladimir seized Kiev with assistance from a boyar, Blud, who had become Yaropolk's chief adviser upon the death of Sveneld. Blud betrayed Yaropolk by advising him to flee from Kiev to

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3744-434: The son of Yaropolk's chief adviser and military commander Sveneld . Alternatively, Sveneld is identical to Sviatoslav, as Sveinald/Sveneld is the Norse rendition of the Slavic name. In an act of revenge and at Sveneld's insistence, Yaropolk went to war against his brother and killed him. Yaropolk then sent his men to Novgorod , from which his other brother Vladimir had fled upon receiving news of Oleg's death. Yaropolk became

3816-415: The southern part of Novgorod Oblast to protect the landscapes of the highest part of the hills. The park includes Lake Valdayskoye and the northern section of Lake Seliger, as well as the town of Valday. Since 2004, the National Park has the status of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . The hills are a northward extension of the Central Russian Upland . To the northwest stretches the Vepsian Upland . The ridge

3888-411: The territory and by the 9th century Scandinavians were also present. The Scandinavians probably called this territory Garðaríki . According to tradition, Novgorod Land was one of the centers of formation of Kyivan Rus' . The Primary Chronicle calls it "a great and abundant land" and records the legend of the Invitation of the Varangians (traditionally dated to 862): its inhabitants wanted to "seek

3960-440: The time, while sometimes the Novgorodians helped their allies to take these positions, as, for example, in 1212. Novgorod brought much of its food supplies from the Oka region which was controlled by the princes of Vladimir who had defeated the old Rostov–Suzdal boyars in 1174–1175 and consolidated the power in their hands. They could and did block grain traffic causing a shortage or even famine in Novgorod. After taking control of

4032-478: The town of Rodnya at the mouth of the Ros' River . Vladimir besieged Rodnya and starved Yaropolk into negotiations. Yaropolk trusted Blud's and his brother's promises of peace and left for Vladimir's headquarters , where he was killed in an ambush by two Varangians. As for contemporary foreign sources, Lambert of Hersfeld records that, on the Easter of 973, the Holy Roman Emperor was visited by envoys from Rus' ( legati gentium Ruscorum ). In later centuries it

4104-438: The troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies, they undertook a campaign against Novgorod, in which Roman Mstislavich , the son of the prince expelled from Kiev, was located. The Novgorodians managed to win the defensive battle and defend their independence with the enemy suffering heavy losses. From 1181 to 1209, with intervals of 1184–1187 and 1196–1197, the Vladimir–Suzdal dynasty was in power in Novgorod, from 1197 its rule

4176-400: The valley of Sheksna and the town of Beloozero located close to the road from Novgorod to the Northern Dvina, Vladimir could also threaten the possessions of Novgorod in the east and often intercepted the tribute delivered from there. Sometimes Novgorod resisted the expansionist policy of Yuri Dolgoruky by force, launching an invasion in 1134 under the leadership of Vsevolod Mstislavich which

4248-402: The western side. The divide has significant influence also on modern times as Piusa river is the border between Võros , more influenced by Protestantism on west and Setos , influenced by Eastern Orthodoxy in the east. Dissatisfied with the passivity of the church Mstislav achieved the removal from service of Archbishop Mitrofan in January 1211 and proposed to nominate Dobrynya Yadreikovich,

4320-415: The winter of 1569/1570 by an army personally led by Ivan the Terrible. The reason for the pogrom was the denunciation and suspicions of treason (as modern historians suggest, the Novgorod conspiracy was invented by the favorites of Ivan the Terrible, Vasily Gryazny and Malyuta Skuratov ). All cities on the road from Moscow to Novgorod were looted and Malyuta Skuratov personally strangled Metropolitan Philip in

4392-408: The younger brother of Vsevolod of Chernigov , the main ally of the Mstislavichs and rival of the then Kiev prince, Yaropolk from the House of Monomakh , became the first prince independently called upon by the Novgorodians. Subsequently the Novgorodians were able to invite in and dismiss a number of princes. Often these invitations or dismissals were based on who was the dominant prince in Rus' at

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4464-431: Was attacked by the Polotsk Izyaslavichs. In the 11th century, the governor – the son of the Kiev prince – still had great powers. In the same period, the institute of posadniks appeared, who ruled in Novgorod at a time when its prince was not there (like Ostromir ) or the prince was a minor, as in 1088, when Vsevolod Yaroslavich sent his grandson Mstislav (son of Vladimir Monomakh ) to reign in Novgorod . In 1095,

4536-477: Was baptized by Germans in Gotland island before crusaders reached present day Estonia and lands were claimed by Danish crown during Livonian Crusade as per Danish Census Book . Mstislav's father Mstislav the Brave , who reigned in Novgorod for less than a year and was buried in Saint Sophia Cathedral (1180), was remembered for his victorious campaign against the Chud at the head of 20,000 troops in 1179. Therefore, Mstislav Udatny began his military campaigns with

4608-409: Was continuous. By the middle of 12th century the Novgorod officials appointed boyars from the city to collect and administer the territories it held in the north-east ("beyond the portage"). A charter from the 1130s mentioned 30 administrative posts in Novgorod territory where revenues were collected regularly and sent as a tithe to the Novgorod bishop. Throughout the 12th century, Novgorod utilized

4680-399: Was defeated at Zhdanaya Mountain. In 1149, together with Svyatopolk Mstislavich, the Novgorodians ravaged the surroundings of Yaroslavl and left because of the spring flood leading seven thousand men into captivity. More often Novgorod had to appease the powerful prince of Vladimir, including by accepted two sons of Yuri as princes of Novgorod. In 1170, immediately after the capture of Kiev by

4752-472: Was farther than Tver and was thought to pose less danger. Thus the attempt of Mikhail of Tver to subjugate Novgorod by force was thwarted. The independence of Pskov was recognised by Novgorod in 1348 by the Treaty of Bolotovo . According to some primary sources, the Novgorodians participated in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 , however some historians question these accounts. In 1326, in Novgorod, Bishop Moses, Posadnik Olfromey and Tysyatsky Ostafy signed

4824-458: Was largely stable or slightly increased in the first half of the century. According to Turchin and Nefedov, Novgorod Land experienced overpopulation during this period leading to inferior soils brought into cultivation, increasing use of fertilisers, epidemics and declining per capita consumption. Novgorod Land was especially seriously affected by the crisis of the late 16th century . Due to a severe epidemic hitting Novgorod in 1552, massacres by Ivan

4896-466: Was murdered by his pagan half-brother (whose own rights to the throne were questionable) before he could be formally received in the Christian faith. Any information on Yaropolk's baptism according to the Latin rite would be suppressed by later Orthodox chroniclers, zealous to keep Vladimir's image of the Russian Apostle untarnished for succeeding generations. It is known that Vladimir's son Yaroslav had Yaropolk's bones exhumed, christened and interred in

4968-431: Was overthrown and Moscow swore allegiance to Prince Vladislav . In Moscow, a new government was formed, which began to swear in royal and other cities of the Russian state. Ivan Saltykov was sent to administer the oath to the Novgorodians and to guard against the Swedes and from gangs of brigands. In the summer of 1611, Swedish general Jacob De la Gardie with his army approached Novgorod. He entered into negotiations with

5040-714: Was said that Yaropolk also exchanged ambassadors with the Pope . The Chronicon of Adémar de Chabannes and the life of St. Romuald (by Pietro Damiani ) document how St. Bruno of Querfurt was sent to Rus' (Latin: Russia ) and succeeded in converting a local king (one of three brothers who ruled the land) to Christianity . As both texts are rife with anachronisms, Vladimir Parkhomenko reasons that Bruno's deeds were conflated with those of his predecessors, Adalbert of Prague and several anonymous missionaries active in Eastern Europe during Otto II 's reign. Following this line of thought, Alexander Nazarenko suggests that Yaropolk went through some preliminary rites of baptism , but

5112-434: Was the preservation of diplomatic practice, in which the northwestern neighbors of Novgorod – Sweden and Livonia – maintained diplomatic relations with Moscow through the Novgorod governors of the Grand Duke. In territorial terms, Novgorod Land in the era of the Tsardom of Russia (16th–17th centuries) was divided into 5 fifths (pyatinas): Vodskaya, Shelonskaya, Obonezhskaya, Derevskaya and Bezhetskaya. The smallest units of

5184-497: Was usually at enmity with the Novgorodians and more inclined to the side of the Swedes, while the neighboring Karelians usually kept to Novgorod. Novgorod were often fighting Chud who inhabited Livonia and Estonia . Zavolochye was inhabited by Finnic tribes, which was often called Zavolotskaya Chud; later Novgorod colonists settled in this region. Tersky coast was inhabited by the Sámi people . Further, Permians and Zyryans lived in

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