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57-786: The delegations from Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly , the Provisional Siberian Government , the Provisional Regional Government of the Urals, Cossack Troops governments, governments of a number of national-state entities, several all-Russian political parties that were present at the meeting formed the Provisional All-Russian Government (the so-called “Ufa Directory”), which

114-550: A declaration of November 21, 1918, he recognized their external debts and other contractual obligations (by the end of 1917, Russia's foreign debt exceeded 12 billion rubles). The chief representative of the white governments abroad was the former tsarist foreign minister, an experienced diplomat Sergey Sazonov , who was in Paris . All Russian embassies abroad, remaining from the pre-revolution period, submitted to him, retaining their apparatus, property and functions. The Russian state

171-759: A new electoral law was developed. On November 19, 1918, the Council of Ministers adopted a resolution at the suggestion of the Minister of Foreign Affairs Yury Klyuchnikov to consider the oldest spiritual anthem of the Russian Empire , How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion , to be the national anthem of Russia. The rules of the anthem repeated the order of the hymn God Save the Tsar! . In January - April 1919, in Omsk, on

228-515: A project created by an artist from Kazan , Gleb Ilyin , a two-headed eagle, above which stood a cross with the motto “In this, conquer!”. The regional coats of arms of the Russian Empire were removed from the wings of the eagle, but the Moscow arms with Saint George was kept, the crowns were also removed, and the scepter was replaced by the sword. Although none of the submitted projects of

285-620: A second front, without which the final victory of the Allies would be impossible. This was assured by Russia, in particular, by the head of the French military mission, General Maurice Janin , speaking on his arrival in Vladivostok in November 1918. It was assumed that if prior to the convening of the conference, the new Russia's government is not legally recognized by the allies, then any of

342-623: A separate territory, the rights to cultural-national self definition. With regard to the Russian Army , the Act spoke of the need to “re-create a strong, combat-ready, unified Russian army, delivered outside the influence of political parties” and, at the same time, “the inadmissibility of the political organizations of servicemen and the elimination of the army from politics”. The following tasks were identified as urgent tasks for restoring state unity and independence of Russia: On October 9, 1918,

399-552: A single government will be established throughout its entire territory, and then convene a special international conference on all issues related to it. In January 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George launched an initiative to convene a special international conference on the Russian question on the Princes Islands , to which representatives of both opposing sides were invited:

456-650: The Baltic Limitrophe states . The declaration of the All-Russian Government of December 7, 1918, on the end of world war expressed the hope of Russia's participation in the Paris Peace Conference . The government created a special commission at its Foreign Ministry to prepare for a peace conference in the hope that Russia will be represented at Versailles as a great country that suffered huge losses and for three years held

513-790: The Bolsheviks and the whites. The Soviet government responded to this proposal. Among whites, however, the proposal of the Allies to negotiate with the Bolsheviks caused a wave of indignation. Kolchak and Denikin refused to send their representatives to the Princes' Islands. On September 28, 1918, Lieutenant-General Vasily Boldyrev , a member of the Directorate of the General Staff, was appointed commander-in-chief of all land and naval armed forces of Russia and took command of

570-752: The People's Army of Komuch (the "People's Army"). From June to August 1918, Komuch's influence spread from Samara into the provinces of Simbirsk , Kazan , Ufa and Saratov . In September, however, the People's Army suffered a number of defeats by the Soviet Red Army and withdrew from much of the territory. Komuch participated with the Provisional Siberian Government in the State Conference held in Ufa held between 8 and 23 September 1918. Some of

627-524: The Red Army . The Volunteer Army continued to exist from 22 May 1919 until 26/27 March 1920, when the remaining troops were evacuated from Novorossiysk to Crimea . Most then merged there with Wrangel's forces. In early April 1920, Anton Denikin , commander-in-chief of the AFSR, delegated all authority to Pyotr Wrangel , who took command of the so-called Russian Army , which included all remaining units of

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684-676: The 170 delegates present also represented other smaller regions. While the conference was in progress, Komuch suffered two significant defeats, losing control of Kazan on 10 September and of Simbirsk two days later. The conference, meanwhile, established the short-lived Provisional All-Russian Government . After Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak 's coup, the provisional government and other institutions were dissolved by General Vladimir Kappel in November 1918. Armed Forces of South Russia The Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR or SRAF) ( Russian : Вооружённые силы Юга России , romanized :  Vooruzhyonniye sily Yuga Rossii, VSYuR ) were

741-639: The AFSR after its defeat in Northern Caucasus. The General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia ( Russian : Особое совещание при Главкоме ВСЮР Osoboye soveschaniye pri Glavkome VSYuR ) was an administrative body in southern Russia in 1919 and 1920 performing government functions in the territory controlled by the troops of the Russian White movement 's Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of South Russia. The predecessor to

798-816: The Armed Forces of South Russia. Vladimir May-Mayevsky took command of the Volunteer Army, known formerly as the Caucasian Volunteer Army. Sidorin took command of the Don army, while Wrangel took command of the Caucasian Army, consisting mainly of the Kuban Cossacks. The Caucasus Army disbanded on 29 January 1920 and was replaced by the short-lived Kuban Army. Troops of the Kuban Army ended up surrendering by 18–20 April 1920 to

855-634: The Constituent Assembly ( Russian : Комитет членов Учредительного собрания ) was an anti-Bolshevik government that operated in Samara, Russia , during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had occupied the city. In Russian, the committee was called Комитет членов Учредительного собрания, transliterated as Komitet chlenov uchreditelnogo sobraniya. The initial consonants of

912-441: The Constituent Assembly that had been dissolved by the Bolsheviks . Two other members, N. Shmelev and V. Abramov, are named in a declaration issued by Komuch that reinstated freedoms and set forth fundamental principles. Its executive body was the "Council of Department Heads" led by Yevgeny Rogovsky. The Committee grew in size as members, mainly Socialist-Revolutionaries, of the former Constituent Assembly travelled to Samara. By

969-549: The Council of Ministers on the observance of law and order in management was the control and deliberative body of the Council of Ministers, which has supervised control functions in the area of compliance with the law and the rules of order. The Office of the Supreme Leader was a state body that performed functions in order to ensure the activities of the Supreme Leader as head of state in the exercise of supreme state power. Alexander Kolchak had Russia's gold reserves in

1026-403: The Council of Ministers. In the very first statements after the “November 18 coup”, both the Russian government, the supreme leader himself, and the white rulers and governments of other Russian regions that recognized his authority confirmed the need to convene a National Constituent Assembly, which was to become a truly unifying center, without any participation "Revolutionary radicals". For this,

1083-654: The General Command was the Political Council (Политический совет; Političeskij sovet ) established in December 1917. In 1918, due to an increasing amount of territory falling under control of the Volunteer Army, the issue of civilian administration became more consequential. On 31 August 1918, the General Command was established under General Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseyev . The functions of the General Command were clarified on 3 October 1918. The head of

1140-728: The Kolchak government, which existed until January 4, 1920. All commanders of the White armies in the south and west of Russia as well as in Siberia and the Far East recognized the supreme ruler of Admiral Kolchak; at the turn of May — June 1919, the generals Anton Denikin , Yevgeny Miller , Nikolai Yudenich voluntarily submitted to Alexander Kolchak and officially recognized his Supreme Command over all armies in Russia. The Supreme Commander at

1197-500: The Provisional All-Russian Government moved from Ufa to Omsk in connection with the approach of the Red Army to Ufa. On November 4, the Provisional All-Russian Government appealed to all regional governments with a request to immediately dissolve “all without exception Regional Governments and Regional Representative Institutions” and to transfer all powers to manage the All-Russian Government. On

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1254-572: The Russian state, the guarantor of the supreme power of the head of state. Composition: The Council of the Supreme leader was an advisory and advisory body on the most important state issues under the Supreme leader of the Russian State. Composition: The Emergency State Economic Meeting was a consultative body on economic issues at the Council of Ministers. Performed the functions of "industrial-cooperative" representation. It existed in

1311-716: The Soviet troops of the Eastern Front north of the line Nikolaevsk - Buzuluk - Sterlitamak - Verkhneuralsk - Kustanay - Pavlodar . The commander-in-chief of the Czechoslovak Corps, Major General Jan Syrový , was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front, and General Mikhail Dieterikhs was appointed Chief of Staff of the Front. The front consisted of Russian, Bashkir and Czechoslovak military units in

1368-683: The Urals and in the Volga region: two divisions of the Czechoslovak Corps and the Yekaterinburg group (commanded by Radola Gajda ), the Kama group (commanded by lieutenant-general Sergey Lyupov), the Samara group (all groups with rights armies), (commander - colonel (later Major General) Sergei Wojciechowski ); Kama military river flotilla (commander - Rear Admiral Mikhail Smirnov). The Ural and Orenburg Cossack troops, as well as regular units operating to

1425-453: The Volunteer Army would be chairman of the General Command which would serve as an advisory body to the head. On 8 October 1918, following the death of General Alekseyev, the role of Supreme Leader was given to General Anton Denikin . Chairmen of the command were Abram Dragomirov (October 1918–September 1919) and Alexander Lukomsky (September–December 1919). The General Command was abolished on 30 December 1919 by Denikin and replaced with

1482-422: The assumption of full supreme power and then decided to transfer it to one person, conferring on him the title of Supreme Leader. Admiral Alexander Kolchak was elected by secret ballot to members of the Council of Ministers for this post. The admiral accepted the offer and announced the assumption of the rank of Supreme Commander. A new Russian government was formed, which went down in history as Omsk government, or

1539-483: The coat of arms was finally approved by the jury, the submission of Gleb Ilyin was often shown on stationery stamps, on the pages of the Siberian press, and was used on banknotes. On May 9, 1919, the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Russian government approved the symbolism of the Supreme leader is a flag and a pennant with a double-headed eagle, but without signs of “imperial” authority. Simultaneously with

1596-584: The combined Russian armed units of Eastern Russia (the Siberian army , the Orenburg and Ural Cossack units, the remnants of the People's Army of Komuch and the Czechoslovak Corps). At first, the unification of the Siberian and People's Armies did not lead to success: the new command could not properly use the available capabilities, and the units of the People's Army left to themselves continued

1653-573: The competition for a new anthem and emblem, a competition was held for new State Orders - “Revival of Russia” and “Liberation of Siberia”. The submitted drafts Order of the Revival of Russia did not receive the approval of the jury. Only the draft of the Order of the Liberation of Siberia, approved by the same Gleb Ilyin, was approved. The main reason for the lack of competition results was considered

1710-469: The conditions necessary for supplying the army and organizing the rear on an All-Russia scale”. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve the abolition of all regional, national and Cossack governments in the east of Russia and thereby consolidate the forces of anti-Bolshevik resistance. On November 18, 1918, the members of the Directory who were in Omsk were arrested, the Council of Ministers announced

1767-473: The diplomats of old Russia will represent its interests in agreement with the white governments. However, the position of the allies in this matter soon changed. The decisive argument was the absence of a legally recognized government of all Russia. As a result, the conference decided: to postpone consideration of the question of Russia, its international status and borders until the end of the Civil War, when

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1824-526: The duration of the wartime and the restoration of the full order in the country. The Supreme leader was the sole head of state, with full supreme legislative, executive and judicial powers. According to the position, he was the Supreme Commander of all land and sea armed forces of Russia. The only person holding this post was Admiral Alexander Kolchak . On January 4, 1920, he signed his last decree, in which he announced his intention to transfer

1881-619: The elimination of the corps areas of the Siberian Army and the formation of military districts instead: By the same order, Kolchak approved the Orenburg Military District with the headquarters in Orenburg (Orenburg province without Chelyabinsk district and Turgay region), which was formed by the order of the military circle of the Orenburg Cossack army. In the autumn - winter of 1918, the situation on

1938-646: The end of September 1918, it numbered 96 members. On 8 June 1918, after the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion , Brushvit convinced the legion to occupy Samara. According to William Henry Chamberlin , "A committee of five members of the dissolved Constituent Assembly , all Socialist Revolutionaries , Brushvit, Fortunatov, Klimushkin, Volsky and Nesterov, thereupon assumed civil and military power in Samara City and Province." Having seized power with

1995-769: The first and third words gave Комуч, transliterated as Komuch, as the shorthand name for the committee. Komuch proclaimed itself the highest authority in Russia , temporarily acting on behalf of the Russian Constituent Assembly in the territory occupied by the interventionists and the White Movement until the convocation of a new Assembly. Initially, Komuch consisted of five Socialist-Revolutionaries  – Vladimir Vol'skii (chairman), Ivan Brushvit, Prokopiy Klimushkin, Boris Fortunatov and Ivan Nesterov – former members of

2052-576: The form of gold coins and ingots, as well as jewelry, platinum, silver and securities, captured by the People's Army of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Kazan in August 1918 and later transported to Omsk . Gold reserves were estimated at 650 million rubles in gold at the pre-war rate. The government of Kolchak spent 240 million gold rubles for the payment of the tsar's debts and for

2109-436: The freedom to pursue private enterprise . City dumas, zemstva and other municipal institutions were also reinstated. Paying lip service to the socialization of land, Komuch provided landowners with an opportunity to recover their confiscated lands from peasants and harvest the winter crops of 1917. Expeditions were sent to the rural areas of Russia to protect landowners, kulaks and their property and, later, to mobilize

2166-460: The front commanders formally from the commander-in-chief was given to the commanders of the Northern and North-Western armies generals Yudenich and Miller. Alexander Kolchak continued the economic and political course of the Provisional Siberian Government , the former head of which - Pyotr Vologodsky, who became for the supreme ruler a symbol of the legitimacy of his rule, was left as chairman of

2223-493: The front favored Kolchak's plans for uniting disparate anti-Bolshevik forces. On November 29, the Yekaterinburg group of the Siberian Army, having launched a decisive offensive, completely crushed the 3rd Army of the Red Army , took Kungur (December 21) and Perm (December 24), where it took huge trophies. Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly The Committee of Members of

2280-516: The help of the Czech Legion, Komuch announced the "reinstatement" of various democratic freedoms . An eight-hour working day was established and plant and factory committees ( fabzavkomy , from "fab richno- zav odskiye kom itety ") and trade unions were permitted, as were conferences and congresses of workers and peasants. Soviet decrees were abrogated and all industry and financial establishments returned to their former owners, along with

2337-546: The initiative of the Society of Artists and Fine Art Lovers of the Steppe Territory, competitions were held to create a new text of the national anthem and a new state coat of arms. It was announced that, under the terms of the competition, the state coat of arms, “preserving the image of the two-headed eagle, should be compiled in more artistic forms, in the basics of the ancient Russian style, and should correspond to

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2394-525: The military ministry of the Provisional Siberian Government into the military and naval ministry of the Provisional All-Russian Government , on November 2, 1918, Pavel Ivanov-Rinov was relieved of his post as governor, but retained the post of commander of the Siberian army. The reorganization of the management of the anti-Bolshevik armed forces of the East of Russia was completed by Admiral Alexander Kolchak, as Supreme Commander. On December 18, 1918, he ordered

2451-452: The modern understanding of decorativeness”, and “instead of the removed emblems of the tsarist era (crowns, scepter and powers) the coat of arms should be decorated with emblems characteristic of the new reviving statehood". During the competition, 210 versions of the text of the anthem and 97 projects of the State coat of arms were proposed. The most likely contender for victory was considered

2508-452: The national-state structure of Russia should have proceeded from federal principles: “the organization of liberating Russia on the basis of recognition of its individual areas of the rights of broad autonomy, due to both geographical and economic, and ethnic characteristics, suggesting the final establishment of a federal organization on federal principles by the full Constituent Assembly ..., recognition for national minorities that do not occupy

2565-583: The original composition until May 2, 1919. Composition: The State Economic Meeting was a special advisory body on major economic issues under the Council of Ministers, established on May 2, 1919, by transforming the Extraordinary State Economic Meeting. Developed projects to improve economic policy, which were subsequently submitted to the Supreme Governor for review and approval. Composition: The Committee of

2622-426: The powers of the “Supreme All-Russian Power” to Anton Denikin . Pending receipt of instructions from Anton Denikin, "the full military and civilian authority throughout the Russian Eastern Fringe" was provided to Lieutenant General Grigory Semyonov . Anton Denikin did not officially enter this position, although he actually performed it. The Council of Ministers was the highest legislative and executive authority of

2679-562: The principle of “non-denial” declared by the white government. The state consisted of three separate parts, only the Omsk and Arkhangelsk governments for some time were able to connect their territories. Laws that were passed in Omsk became binding for all territories of the Russian State. The Omsk government provided financial assistance to the South. To address the issue of lack of bread, Miller's northern government made purchases in Siberia. The structure of government consisted of temporary government bodies. These authorities were limited to

2736-405: The retreat that began as early as September. October 3, 1918 Syzran was left, October 8 - Samara . In early October, General Boldyrev reorganized the command of the armed forces of the East of Russia, distributing all the troops subordinate to him on three fronts: Western, South-Western and Siberian. The structure of the Western Front included all Russian and Czechoslovak troops operating against

2793-430: The same day, on the basis of the ministries and central administrations of the Provisional Siberian Government, the executive body of the Directory was formed - the All-Russian Council of Ministers, headed by Pyotr Vologdsky. Such centralization of state power was due to the need, first of all, to “recreate the combat power of the motherland, so necessary in the struggle for the revival of Great and United Russia”, “to create

2850-408: The same time confirmed the powers of commanders. By order of the supreme leader Miller and Yudenich received the status of governor-general. From this point on, the Armed Forces of South Russia , the Northwestern Army , the Northern Army and the Eastern Front acted on the fronts of this united army. The name “ Russian Army ” was approved as the unification of all the white fronts, the status of

2907-415: The south of this line on the Saratov and Tashkent directions, formed the South-Western Front, led by the ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army, Lieutenant General Alexander Dutov . All anti-Bolshevik troops operating on the territory of Siberia became part of the Siberian Front, whose commander-in-chief was appointed Commander of the Siberian Army, Major General Pavel Ivanov-Rinov. Due to the transformation of

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2964-419: The supply of the allies. It was impossible to do without these supplies, because in an atmosphere of economic chaos during the Civil War, industrial enterprises reduced production several times. In foreign policy, Alexander Kolchak steadily adhered to the orientation on Russia's former allies in the First World War. As the Supreme ruler and successor to the pre-October Russian governments (tsarist and interim) in

3021-622: The unified military forces of the White movement in southern Russia between 1919 and 1920. On 8 January 1919, the Armed Forces of South Russia were formed, incorporating the Volunteer Army and the Don Army . Subsequently, it included the Crimean-Azov Army , the Forces of Northern Caucasus and the Turkestan Army . By October 1919, the army had 150,000 soldiers, which included 48,000 horsemen. The British had supplied 280,000 rifles, 4,898 machine guns, 917 cannons, 102 tanks, 194 airplanes 1,335 automobiles, 112 tractors, and what became known as Wrangel's fleet . In May 1919, Denikin reorganized

3078-436: The “ideological inopportunity” of such events. As a jury member, writer Sergei Auslender, recalled: “The main content of the overwhelming majority of projects was the idea of“ Russia on the march ”, which, of course, did not correspond to the task set - to create the sovereign symbolism of the updated Russian state”. The jury also expressed doubts about the lack of monarchical symbolism in the submitted projects, which went against

3135-399: Was abolished, which was replaced by the “wide autonomy of the regions”, the limits of which were completely dependent on the “wisdom of the Provisional All-Russian Government”. The All-Russian government was charged with helping to speed up the convocation of the Constituent Assembly and subsequently unconditionally submit to it "as the only supreme power in the country". The fundamentals of

3192-461: Was de jure recognized internationally by only one state: the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . At the end of June 1919, Chargé d'affaires of the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry Jovan Milanković arrived in Omsk. Vasily Strandman was appointed Ambassador in Belgrade . The Russian state was de facto recognized by the countries of the Entente and the countries that emerged after the collapse of European empires: Czechoslovakia , Finland , Poland , and

3249-426: Was headed by Nikolai Avksentiev . It was found that the Provisional All-Russian Government "until the convening of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly is the sole bearer of the supreme power in the whole space of the Russian state". The act provided for “the transfer to the Provisional All-Russian Government, as soon as it requires it,” “all the functions of the supreme power.” Thus, the sovereignty of regional entities

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