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56-534: Nomascus concolor Nomascus nasutus Nomascus hainanus Nomascus leucogenys Nomascus siki Nomascus gabriellae Nomascus annamensis Nomascus is the second-most speciose genus of the gibbon family, Hylobatidae . Originally, this genus was a subgenus of Hylobates , with all individuals considered to be one species, H. concolor . Species within Nomascus are characterized by 52 chromosomes. Some species are all-black, some are

112-650: A "decadent" nature of gay men, but says "I think they're wrong. Promiscuous gay men are expressing an essentially masculine trait. They are doing what most heterosexual men would do if they could. They are in this way just like heterosexual men, except that they don't have women to constrain them." Regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some researchers have said that the number of sexual partners had by gay men cannot fully explain rates of HIV infection in this population. Most gay men report having similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners as straight men on an annual basis. Unprotected receptive anal sex, which holds

168-532: A birth interval. This hypothesis is supported by the large scrotal size allowing for increased sperm production. Other observations have been made that males will share child carrying to place less of a burden on the female, delaying her interbirth time. The conflicting observations support the hypothesis that black-crested gibbons demonstrate both monogamous and polygamous sexual relationships. All gibbon species are known to produce loud and long song bouts, lasting for 10–30 minutes. The black-crested gibbon sings in

224-429: A compulsive urge to engage in illicit sex with attached individuals is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder , histrionic personality disorder , narcissistic personality disorder , and antisocial personality disorder but most promiscuous individuals do not have these disorders. In 2008, a U.S. university study of international promiscuity found that Finns have had the largest number of sex partners in

280-532: A large part of southern and central China up to the Yellow River . The four subspecies are geographically separated. The Tonkin black crested gibbon ( Nomascus concolor concolor ) occurs in southern China (southwestern Yunnan ) and northern Vietnam ( Lào Cai , Yên Bái , Sơn La , and Lai Châu provinces), between the Black and Red Rivers. The West Yunnan black crested gibbon ( N. c. furvogaster ) occurs in

336-500: A lighter beige or peach hue, with a distinct black tuft of crown fur, while others have notable, light-colored cheek “patches”. Nomascus is endemic from southern China ( Yunnan ) to southern Vietnam , and can also be found on Hainan . Every species within this genus are either endangered or critically endangered ; the Eastern black crested gibbon ( Nomascus nasutus ) has been deemed "the most-critically endangered ape species in

392-423: A median of 22 sexual partners in a lifetime ( sexual partner was defined as any sexual contact, kissing, touching or intercourse). 30% of gay respondents reported 0–9 partners in their lifetime. 50.1% of gay men reported having either 0 or 1 partner in the previous year, while 25.6% reported 10 or more partners in the previous year. Research on gay sexual behavior may overrepresent promiscuous respondents. This

448-743: A median of 8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 5.8% had 0 partners, 10.3% had 1 partner, 6.1% had 2 partners, 33% had between 3 and 9 partners, 38.3% had between 10 and 49 partners and 6.6% had more than 50 female sexual partners. A 2014 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had a median of 7.8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 3.7% had 0 partners, 12.6% had 1 partner, 6.8% had 2 partners, 32.3% had between 3 and 9 partners, 36.9% had between 10 and 49 partners and 7.8% had more than 50 female sexual partners. Research by J. Michael Bailey found that heterosexual men had

504-528: A much higher risk of HIV transmission, appears to be the major factor. In 1994, a study in the United States found almost all married heterosexual women reported having sexual contact only with their husbands, and unmarried women almost always reported having no more than one sexual partner in the past three months. Lesbians who had long-term partners reported having fewer outside partners than heterosexual women. More recent research, however, contradicts

560-536: A population or within their social groups . A 2006 systematic review analyzing data from 59 countries worldwide found no association between regional sexual behavior tendencies, such as number of sexual partners, and sexual-health status. Much more predictive of sexual-health status are socioeconomic factors like poverty and mobility. Other studies have suggested that people with multiple casual sex partners are more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections. Severe and impulsive promiscuity, along with

616-426: A sexual double standard in short-term or long-term mating contexts, nor in choosing a friend, except that women's self-stimulation was more acceptable than men's. Evolutionary psychologists propose that a conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited from hunter-gatherer ancestors. Promiscuity increases the likelihood of having children, thus "evolutionary" fitness. According to them, female promiscuity

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672-532: A significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity. Historically, stereotypes of the promiscuous woman have tended to be pejorative, such as "the slut " or "the harlot", while male stereotypes have been more varied, some expressing approval, such as "the stud" or "the player", while others imply societal deviance, such as "the womanizer" or "the philanderer". A scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are both prone to derogatory judgment. Promiscuity

728-627: A small area near the Burma border, west of the Mekong , in southwestern Yunnan, southern China. The Central Yunnan black crested gibbon ( N. c. jingdongensis ) occurs in a small region around the Wuliang Mountains , between the Mekong and Chuanhe rivers in west-central Yunnan. The Laotian black crested gibbon ( N. c. lu ) occurs in northwestern Laos in an isolated population on the east bank of

784-421: A state of promiscuity or " hetaerism " before the advent of society as we understand it. Hetaerism is a theoretical early state of human society, as postulated by 19th-century anthropologists, which was characterized by the absence of the institution of marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their tribe and in which children never knew who their fathers were. The reconstruction of

840-423: Is advantageous in that it allows females to choose fathers for their children who have better genes than their mates, to ensure better care for their offspring, have more children, and as a form of fertility insurance. Male promiscuity was likely advantageous because it allowed males to father more children. Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the 19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in

896-446: Is because gay men are a small portion of the male population, and thus many researchers have relied on convenience surveys to research behavior of gay men. Examples of this type of sampling includes surveying men on dating apps such as Grindr , or finding volunteers at gay bars, clubs and saunas. Convenience surveys often exclude gay men who are in a relationship, and gay men who do not use dating apps or attend gay venues. For example,

952-487: Is common in many animal species. Some species have promiscuous mating systems , ranging from polyandry and polygyny to mating systems with no stable relationships where mating between two individuals is a one-time event. Many species form stable pair bonds , but still mate with other individuals outside the pair. In biology , incidents of promiscuity in species that form pair bonds are usually called extra-pair copulations . Accurately assessing people's sexual behavior

1008-483: Is difficult, since strong social and personal motivations occur, depending on social sanctions and taboos , for either minimizing or exaggerating reported sexual activity. American experiments in 1978 and 1982 found the great majority of men were willing to have sex with women they did not know, of average attractiveness, who propositioned them. No woman, by contrast, agreed to such propositions from men of average attractiveness. While men were in general comfortable with

1064-498: Is likely that kin selection plays a major role in determining behavior of the group. Kin recognition is thought to be favored for maternal-offspring relationships. This is largely due to primates' uncertainty over paternity, even in pair-bonding species due to female promiscuity . Social behaviors within groups will evolve according to Hamilton's rule. Gibbons were previously reported to practice monogamous sexual relationships. They are known to form pair bonds, as well documented in

1120-551: Is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List . An estimated 1300 to 2000 individuals are left in the wild. The western black crested gibbons were included on the State Forestry Bureau of China's list of 12 flagship and keystone species for biodiversity protection in 2021. While under protection, there was still a noticeable decline in population size at Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve. It

1176-670: Is usually weaned once it reaches two years old; Black crested gibbons feed preferentially on ripe, sugar-rich fruit, such as figs, but occasionally consume vitamin-rich leaf buds, and rarely eat animals. Black-crested gibbons live arboreally in small groups, most of which consist of a pair of adults, one male and one female, and their offspring. It has been observed that some groups consist of one adult male living with two to four females and their offspring. The group could potentially include one infant, one juvenile, one adolescent, and one sub adult. Groups have been found to be territorial, like other species of gibbons. Territories are limited by

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1232-617: The 2017 survey of 42 nations surveyed only 33,000 people. In India, data was collected from less than 0.000001% of the total population at that time. According to the 2012 General Social Survey in the United States by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Protestants on average had more sex partners than Catholics. Similarly, a 2019 study by the Institute for Family Studies in

1288-669: The British and European convenience surveys included approximately five times as many gay men who reported "5 or more sexual partners" than the nationally representative NATSAL study did. Probability sample surveys are more useful in this regard, because they seek to accurately reflect the characteristics of the gay male population. Examples include the NATSAL in the United Kingdom and the General Social Survey in

1344-601: The Family, Private Property and the State . In the first half of the 20th century, this notion was rejected by a number of authors, e.g. Edvard Westermarck , a Finnish philosopher, social anthropologist and sociologist with in-depth knowledge of the history of marriage, who provided strong evidence that, at least in the first stages of cultural development, monogamy has been a perfectly normal and natural form of man-woman coexistence. Modern cultural anthropology has not confirmed

1400-529: The Mekong in Laos. The black crested gibbon inhabits tropical evergreen, semievergreen, deciduous forests in subtropical and mountainous areas. It generally lives in high altitudes, from 2100 to 2400 m above sea level, where most of their food resources are concentrated. In Vietnam and Laos, the species is found at lower altitudes, while in China, it has been observed as high as 2689 meters. The black crested gibbon

1456-722: The US found that of never married young people, Protestants have more sexual partners than Catholics. A 1994 study in the United States, which looked at the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, found 20% of heterosexual men had one partner, 55% had two to 20 partners, and 25% had more than 20 sexual partners. More recent studies have reported similar numbers. In the United Kingdom, a nationally representative study in 2013 found that 33.9% of heterosexual men had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners. Among men between 45 and 54 years old, 43.1% reported 10 or more sexual partners. A 2003 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had

1512-414: The United Kingdom was the country with the most sex partners with an average of 7, while Austria had around 6.5. The 2012 Trojan Sex Life Survey found that African American men reported an average of 38 sex partners in their lifetime. A study funded by condom -maker Durex , conducted in 2006 and published in 2009, measured promiscuity by a total number of sexual partners. The survey found Austrian men had

1568-426: The United States. According to John Corvino , opponents of gay rights often use convenience sample statistics to support their belief that gay men are promiscuous, but that larger representative samples show that the difference is not so large, and that extreme promiscuity occurs in a minority of gay men. Psychologist J. Michael Bailey has stated that social conservatives use promiscuity among gay men as evidence of

1624-400: The assertion that heterosexual women are largely monogamous. A 2002 study estimated that 45% to 55% of married heterosexual women engage in sexual relationships outside of their marriage, while the estimate for heterosexual men engaging in the same conduct was 50–60% in the same study. One possible explanation for hyper sexuality is child sexual abuse (CSA) trauma. Many studies have examined

1680-501: The availability of the male for territory defense. Thus, group and territory size would be limited. With a large group, territory defense would not be favored by kin selection due to the group consisting of less-closely related individuals. Though the research is not explicit, there can be some assumptions made about altruism within groups. Since the majority of groups are living in monogamous relationships with both males and females displaying aggression when another individual enters, it

1736-411: The branches of the rainforest on their long arms, a method of locomotion known as brachiation. Gibbons are also adept, however, at walking upright, both on the ground and in the trees. Black crested gibbons live in small family groups consisting of a monogamous male and female and their offspring; occasionally groups reportedly may contain additional mature females. These apes are predominantly arboreal and

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1792-849: The correlation between CSA and risky sexual behavior . Rodriguez-Srednicki and Ofelia examined the correlation of CSA experienced by women and their self-destructive behavior as adults using a questionnaire. The diversity and ages of the women varied. Slightly fewer than half the women reported CSA while the remainder reported no childhood trauma. The results of the study determined that self-destructive behaviors, including hypersexuality, correlates with CSA in women. CSA can create sexual schemas that result in risky sexual behavior. This can play out in their sexual interactions as girls get older. The sexual behaviors of women that experienced CSA differed from those of women without exposure to CSA. Studies show CSA survivors tend to have more sexual partners and engage in higher risk sexual behaviors. Since at least 1450,

1848-416: The existence of a complete promiscuity in any known society or culture. The evidence of history is reduced to some texts of Herodotus , Strabo , and Solinus , which have been hard to interpret. Christianity , Judaism , and Islam condemn promiscuity and instead advocate lifelong monogamous marriage (although Islam allows polygamy for men). The perspectives on promiscuity vary significantly depending on

1904-403: The fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than the luteal phase , whereas attraction to the primary partner does not change depending on the menstrual cycle . A 2004 study by Pillsworth, Hasselton and Buss contradicted this, finding greater in-pair sexual attraction during this phase and no increase in attraction to extra-pair men. In Norwegian students, Kennair et al. (2023) found no signs of

1960-635: The form of copulation outside the pair bond . In the animal world, some species, including birds such as swans and fish such as Neolamprologus pulcher , once believed monogamous , are now known to engage in extra-pair copulations . One example of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) in birds is the black-throated blue warblers . Though it is a socially monogamous species, both males and females engage in EPF. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm, which states that males are typically eager to copulate while females are more choosy about whom to mate with, has been confirmed by

2016-475: The genus Hylobates , currently four subspecies are recognized. The length from the head to the end of body is 43–54 cm (17–21 in) and it weighs from 6.9 to 10 kg (15 to 22 lb). The species exhibits sexual dichromatism , the male is completely black, while the female is a golden or buff colour with variable black patches, including a black streak on the head. Gibbons are forest dwellers and are well known for their habit of swinging between

2072-569: The gibbons to connect with other groups. Ecological corridors were put in place in the Hengduan Mountain in China to help restore connections between different groups, increase overall well-being, and decrease the risk of extinction. Promiscuity#Other animals What sexual behavior is considered promiscuous varies between cultures, as does the prevalence of promiscuity. Different standards are often applied to different genders and civil statutes. Feminists have traditionally argued

2128-404: The group forages and sleeps amongst the trees. Led by the female, the breeding pair partakes in vigorous bouts of singing in the morning, which hauntingly echo through the forest. These 'duets' are believed to be essential in pair bond formation and reinforcement, and also serve to advertise the presence of the group within the territory. A single young is born every two to three years and the infant

2184-439: The group more quickly than females do. Yet, upon tolerance by the mother, adult female offspring may remain in the group, as the group continues to forage and feed as family members. The mutual tolerance of females is likely to be caused by "weak territoriality of females". Further selection occurs due to the birth interval for a single female averaging 2–2.5 years. Male fitness would benefit from inseminating other females during

2240-448: The highest number of sex partners globally, with 29.3 sexual partners on average. New Zealand women had the highest number of sex partners for females in the world with an average of 20.4 sexual partners. In all of the countries surveyed, except New Zealand, men reported more sexual partners than women. One review found the people from developed Western countries had more sex partners than people from developing countries in general, while

2296-465: The industrialized world, and British people have the largest number among big western industrial nations. The study measured one-night stands, attitudes to casual sex , and number of sexual partners . A 2014 nationwide survey in the United Kingdom named Liverpool the country's most promiscuous city. Britain's position on the international index "may be linked to increasing social acceptance of promiscuity among women as well as men". Britain's ranking

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2352-536: The majority of gibbon species. Upon the discovery of single male, multi-female living groups, the question arose to determine if all females were mating. The observation that offspring of similar ages lived within a multi-female group confirmed that polygyny did in fact occur. The current hypothesis remains that both monogamous and polygamous relationships exist. There may be various selection pressures for polygyny within previously monogamous groups. Parents tend to be hostile towards maturing offspring, with males leaving

2408-664: The mean number of sexual partners between gay and straight men "did not appear very large". A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women." The 2013 British NATSAL study found that gay men typically had 19 sexual partners in a lifetime (median). In the previous year, 51.8% reported having either 0 or 1 sexual partner. A further 21.3% reported having between 2 and 4 sexual partners, 7.3% reported having between 5 and 9, and 19.6% reported having 10 or more sexual partners. A 2014 study in Australia found gay men had

2464-463: The morning, sometimes in duets initiated by the male. The males choose the highest tree branches, often near ridges. The songs are thought to be used for resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. The black crested gibbon has a discontinuous distribution across southwestern China, northwestern Laos, and northern Vietnam. One thousand years ago, gibbons which may have been crested gibbons ( Nomascus ) were found over

2520-568: The original state of primitive society or humanity was based on the idea of progress, according to which all cultures have degrees of improvement and becoming more complicated. It seemed logical to assume that never before the types of families developed did they simply exist, and in primitive society, sexual relations were without any boundaries and taboos. This view is represented, inter alia, by anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan in Ancient Society and Friedrich Engels ' work The Origin of

2576-508: The rate of STIs was higher in developing countries. According to the 2005 Global Sex Survey by Durex, people have had on average nine sexual partners, the most in Turkey (14.5) and Australia (13.3), and the fewest in India (3) and China (3.1). In many cases, the population of each country that participates is approximately 1000 people and can equate to less than 0.0003% of the population, e.g.

2632-421: The region. Every country has different values and morals pertaining to sexual life. Promiscuity has been practiced in hippie communities and other alternative subcultures since the 1960s cultural revolution . Sex and Culture is a book by J. D. Unwin concerning the correlation between a society's level of 'cultural achievement' and its level of sexual restraint. Published in 1934, the book concluded with

2688-401: The requests, regardless of their willingness, women responded with shock and disgust. The number of sexual partners people have had in their lifetimes varies widely within a population. We see a higher number of people who are more comfortable with their sexuality in the modern world. A 2007 nationwide survey in the United States found the median number of female sexual partners reported by men

2744-525: The same level of interest in casual sex as gay men. However he found straight men were limited in their ability to acquire high numbers of female partners. According to Bailey, "These facts suggest that women are responsible for the pace of sex. Gay and straight men both want casual sex, but only straight men have the brake of women’s sexually cautious nature to slow them." A 1989 study found having over 100 partners to be present though rare among homosexual males. An extensive 1994 study found that difference in

2800-411: The spread of sexually transmitted infections consistently demonstrate a small percentage of the studied population has more partners than the average man or woman, and a smaller number of people have fewer than the statistical average. An important question in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections is whether or not these groups copulate mostly at random with sexual partners from throughout

2856-512: The theory that as societies develop, they become more sexually liberal, accelerating the social entropy of the society, and thereby diminishing its "creative" and "expansive" energy. Many animal species, such as spotted hyenas , pigs , bonobos and chimpanzees , are promiscuous as a rule, and do not form pair bonds . Although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species and about 3% of mammalian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in

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2912-559: The word ' slut ' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe a sexually promiscuous woman. In and before the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras , terms like "strumpet" and "whore" were used to describe women deemed promiscuous, as seen, for example, in John Webster 's 1612 play The White Devil . Thornhill and Gangestad found that women are much more likely to sexually fantasize about and be attracted to extra-pair men during

2968-457: The world". [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Nomascus concolor The black crested gibbon ( Nomascus concolor ) is a Critically Endangered species of gibbon found in China , Laos , and northern Vietnam , with four subspecies . The taxonomy of the species is confused. Previously grouped in

3024-547: Was "ascribed to factors such as the decline of religious scruples about extramarital sex, the growth of equal pay and equal rights for women, and a highly sexualized popular culture". The top-10-ranking OECD nations with a population over 10 million on the study's promiscuity index, in descending order, were the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechia, Australia, the United States, France, Turkey, Mexico, and Canada. A 2017 survey by Superdrug found that

3080-435: Was discovered that the gray langurs are suppressing the black crested gibbon's potential recovery. The gray langurs and black crested gibbons have similar diets and ranges; however, gray langurs have an advantage by having a more comprehensive dietary list, a larger group, and faster life history. The black crested gibbon inhabits the evergreen broad-leaved forests that take a long time to regenerate, making it challenging for

3136-463: Was seven and the median number of male partners reported by women was four. The men possibly exaggerated their reported number of partners, women reported a number lower than the actual number, or a minority of women had a sufficiently larger number than most other women to create a mean significantly higher than the median, or all of the above. About 29% of men and 9% of women reported to have had more than 15 sexual partners in their lifetimes. Studies of

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