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80-756: The Northwestern University Law Review was founded in 1906 by a faculty vote as the Illinois Law Review . It is the seventh oldest surviving law review in the United States, and only the second notable law review established outside the Northeast ( Michigan Law Review having been established in 1902). Initially, the Law Review was run by the faculty with students only allowed limited roles as associate editors. By 1932, full editorial control of Northwestern's law review had been handed over to

160-469: A Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Science , Bachelor of Business Administration , Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Social Work . In these programs, students are taught subjects associated with the additional non-law bachelor's degree during the first two years, in addition to standard legal subjects such as torts, contracts and constitutional law, such as social sciences for the Bachelor of Arts and

240-504: A college diploma for entry. Law schools that offer civil law BCL, LLB, or LLL degrees include McGill University , Université de Montréal , Université du Québec à Montréal , Université de Sherbrooke , Université Laval and the University of Ottawa . Because of Canada's dual system of laws, some law schools offer joint or dual degrees in common law and civil law: McGill University, Université de Montréal, Université de Sherbrooke and

320-529: A "broad-based" legal education. Some undergraduate programmes do not offer any optional coursework. Credits in English and Afrikaans are also often included. Along with Latin , these were, but are no longer, "subjects compelled by statute", and were typically entrance requirements for the LLB, having been studied as undergraduate modules. Similarly, Roman Law was previously a preliminary course, whereas, in both

400-684: A "distinguished list" of contributors as well. Beyond the Law Review ' s traditional legal scholarship, it has published contributions from noted philosopher F. S. C. Northrop , the Right Reverend James A. Pike , Erle Stanley Gardner , and J. Edgar Hoover . The Law Review has a history of special symposium issues on a broad range of topics. Recent symposium issues have included: The Law-Stem Alliance and Next Generation Innovation (2016); Democratizing Criminal Law (2016); McCleskey v. Kemp (2017); and Originalism (2018). John Henry Wigmore John Henry Wigmore (1863–1943)

480-400: A Canadian university with a Quebec civil law law school enabling students to obtain the home school's law degree in three years and the exchange school's law degree in the fourth year. In Hong Kong, three universities, including The University of Hong Kong , Chinese University of Hong Kong , and City University of Hong Kong , provide legal studies with both LLB degree or JD degree. The LLB

560-659: A JD degree. Yale graduates who received LLB degrees prior to 1971 were similarly permitted to change their degree to a JD, though many did not take the option, choosing to retain their LLB degrees. Before the degree was phased out, notable recipients of the LLB include former United States presidents Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , and William Howard Taft ; former United States Supreme Court Justices Earl Warren , Anthony Kennedy , William Rehnquist , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Thurgood Marshall , Sandra Day O'Connor and Stephen Breyer ; former FBI director J. Edgar Hoover ; American judge and jurist Richard Allen Posner ; as well as

640-648: A Model Code. This Model Code later became a basis for the Uniform Rules of Evidence drafted in the 1950s which was then used to help draft the Federal Rules of Evidence. Today the Federal Rules of Evidence have become the primary modern doctrinal basis for the law of evidence in US federal trials and serve as the basis on which many states have modeled their evidence rules. Bachelor of Laws A Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B )

720-493: A bachelor's degree in any subject from a recognised institution. However, specialised universities of law known as National Law Universities solely devoted to legal education offer an undergraduate five-year law course for students that have completed Class XII from a recognised board of education in India. The five-year law course leads to an integrated honours degree combining the LLB degree with another bachelor's degree, such as

800-505: A civil law degree (LLL) on its own. A number of Canadian law schools allow holders of baccalaureate degrees in Quebec civil law to earn the LLB in common law in two or three semesters. Similarly, the University of Ottawa offers a one-year LLL programme in Quebec civil law for holders of an LLB or JD degree in common law from a Canadian law school. Additionally, some Canadian universities with common law law schools have an arrangement with

880-619: A combination of physical, life and applied sciences for the Bachelor of Science. In the latter three years of all these programmes, legal subjects dominate the curriculum. The first national law school was the National Law School of India University . This was followed by others, including the Nalsar University of Law and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences . Today, many Indian universities offer five-year integrated BA LLB programmes similar to that of

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960-640: A common law system from the British colonial period. However, unlike the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, Malaysia adopted the fused legal profession with legal practitioners acting both as solicitors and in a way "barristers" . Hence all are lawyers eligible and can be admitted to the High Court as a legal professional is entitled to be bestowed with the title "Advocate & Solicitor". This applies to both lawyers practising in

1040-554: A graphical analysis method known as a Wigmore chart . He served as the second president of the American Association of University Professors . John Henry Wigmore was born in San Francisco on March 4, 1863. His parents were John and Harriet Joyner Wigmore. He was named after his father, a self-made lumberyard owner. He was the second-oldest child of thirteen. Wigmore attended Harvard University and earned

1120-657: A member] of the first editorial board of the Harvard Law Review ." In 1952, the journal was renamed to Northwestern University Law Review although the existing volume number was retained. The Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy is a scholarly legal journal that is the online companion to the Northwestern University Law Review located at the Northwestern University School of Law . Although

1200-503: A particular area of law, to an extent, by choosing from a range of optional courses. Some universities also require that students complete an experience based course ("Practical Legal Studies" / " Law clinic "); a credit comprising independent research exclusively is often offered as an elective, and at some universities is a degree requirement. Depending on university, the curriculum will comprise legal subjects exclusively, or may include humanities subjects so as to prepare graduates with

1280-530: A plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter (e.g., "pp." for "pages"). The bachelor's degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented with the Bachelor of Arts degree at Oxford and Cambridge. The "arts" designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. In continental Europe,

1360-473: A relatively modest institution into one of the leading law schools in the United States." As a result of his successes, he was actively recruited by rival institutions including Yale and Columbia. Nevertheless, he remained dedicated to Northwestern. In 1926, a 37-note carillon was commissioned and installed at the Law School. Now known as the "Wigmore Chimes," the carillon plays the "Counselor's Chorus,"

1440-403: A second degree, the Bachelor of Laws (LLB), was awarded. The curriculum has since been changed and now only one four-year honours LLB degree is awarded. Some universities in the United Kingdom and New Zealand offer variations, which generally take four years to complete and include a wider range of topics as well as some degree of specialisation or the study of multiple jurisdictions, such as

1520-412: A song written by Wigmore for the Law School. Wigmore served as Dean of Northwestern Law until 1929. Following his deanship, he remained a professor at the Law School taking emeritus status in 1934. He continued his work at Northwestern until his death on April 20, 1943 in a "freakish" taxi accident. His widow, Emma, died just four months later. Wigmore continues to be honored by the university: he

1600-766: A sound understanding of the roles and responsibilities of lawyers within society. This degree is often a prerequisite for taking bar exams or qualifying as a practising lawyer , depending on the jurisdiction. Additionally, the LLB program also serves as a foundation for further legal education, such as a Master of Laws (LLM) or other postgraduate studies in law. Bachelor of Laws degrees are awarded by universities in regions including Europe , Australia , China , Hong Kong , Macau , Malaysia , Bangladesh , India , Indonesia , Japan , Pakistan , Sri Lanka, Uganda , Kenya , Ghana , New Zealand , Nigeria , Singapore , South Africa , Botswana , Israel , Brazil , Tanzania , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Malawi , and United Kingdom . In

1680-458: A two-year LLB degree to graduates of subjects other than law. The University of Rajshahi is the first institute in South Asia to offer a bachelor's degree in law, originally offering the B. Jur. (Bachelor of Jurisprudence) beginning in 1970. Later on, the program was replaced with an LL. B (Hons.) program. Canada has two legal systems. The Province of Quebec uses a civil law system. At

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1760-561: A university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, the LLB became the uniform degree for lawyers in common law countries. In most common law countries (with the exceptions of all Canadian provinces except Quebec, and the United States), the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school. The LLB

1840-518: A writer was noted by his contemporaries. In examining his life's work, one biographer calculated that "[t]he sheer magnitude of [his] achievement is [...] more than 18 feet of shelf space or an entire section of standard library shelving." consisting of over 900 books and other works. In 1943, the Association of American Law Schools claimed "no great law writer or even any great novelist, such as Scott or Dumas, ... appears to match Dean Wigmore in

1920-482: Is 4 years in length, while JD is 2 years. Students who have an LLB or JD degree, whether conferred by local universities or the accredited universities overseas, are eligible to apply for admission to PCLL , the legal qualification programme in Hong Kong. In India , legal education is traditionally offered as a three-year graduate degree conferring the title of Bachelor of Laws, requiring prospective students to have

2000-456: Is a postgraduate degree and is required to practice as a barrister in Ireland. At the University of Zimbabwe , the first degree in common law was the Bachelor of Laws (BL), which was equivalent to the LLB in other common law jurisdictions. It was followed by a one-year programme at the university (analogous to post-LLB vocational programmes in other common law jurisdictions) at the end of which

2080-438: Is an undergraduate law degree offered in most common law countries as the primary law degree and serves as the first professional qualification for legal practitioners. This degree requires the study of core legal subjects and jurisprudence to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal system and its function. The LLB curriculum is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of legal principles, legal research skills, and

2160-554: Is an undergraduate course. In England and Wales it is also possible to study a programme for conversion called the Graduate Diploma in Law which allows entry to the legal profession following completion of a previous undergraduate degree unrelated to law, which entitles graduates to take the vocational courses for entry into the legal profession. Although Scotland has a mixed legal system, with both civil and common law influences,

2240-463: Is made apparent in a 1917 U.S. Army Military Law manual which credits the chapters on 'Evidence' to "the assistance of Prof. Wigmore of Northwestern University, recently commissioned a major and judge advocate in the Officers' Reserve Corps." Following his military service, Wigmore's preferred mode of address became "Colonel" and remained so for the rest of his life. Wigmore's high productivity as

2320-476: Is required to practise law in New Zealand. An LLB typically takes four years to complete, although it is often completed concurrently with another degree, such as a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) or Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), with the combined completion time usually being five years. Most New Zealand universities allow graduates of other degrees to complete an LLB in three years. Six New Zealand universities offer

2400-741: Is the namesake of a prominent alumni club and the annual student-run "Law School musical" is called the Wigmore Follies. In 1915, General Enoch Crowder , the Judge Advocate General of the Army, asked Wigmore to become a reserve officer. Following the United States’ declaration of war on Germany, Wigmore was activated to duty as a major serving with the Judge Advocate General's Office in Washington DC. By 1918 he

2480-583: The Bulletin . Wigmore accepted a teaching post at Northwestern University and returned to the United States in 1893. He taught torts, comparative law, and evidence. He became the first full-time dean of Northwestern Law School in 1901. In 1906, Wigmore helped establish the Northwestern University Law Review , which was a faculty-run publication in the early days. During his career at Northwestern, Wigmore "transformed

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2560-497: The Juris Doctor as a graduate-entry degree. In Bangladesh, obtaining an LLB degree is a prerequisite for practising as an advocate in a court of law. Both LLB and LLB (Hons.) degrees are offered at public and private universities. Only seven public universities offer LLB (Hons.) degree. Some private universities also offer four-year LLB (Hons.) degrees and one-year LLM courses. The National University of Bangladesh also offers

2640-712: The LLM , which Oxford retains the BCL as a master's level course, equivalent to the LLM. Some universities in the UK including Bournemouth University have a four-year LLB course, which consists of a 40-week industrial work placement. Staffordshire University also offers a two-year full-time LLB course. LLB programs in syaria and common law have been introduced by some universities in Pakistan and Malaysia. The United States no longer offers

2720-766: The Peninsular Malaysia (Malaya) and the States of Sabah & Sarawak . Under the Legal Profession Act 1976, a person is deemed to be a qualified person to be admitted as an Advocate & Solicitor if they completed and passed the course of Bar Vocational Course in UK & Wales from any Inns of Court, passed the Certificate in Legal Practice or completed a 4-year LLB (Honours) course from an accredited Malaysian university. An LLB

2800-536: The United States , the Bachelor of Laws was the primary law degree until the 1960s, when it was phased out in favor of the Juris Doctor ; Canada followed suit in the early 21st century. The first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates . The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, which were also schools of law. The first university, that of Bologna ,

2880-455: The University of Cambridge , though very specialised in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades , the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. Traditionally Oxford and Cambridge did not see common law as worthy of study, and included coursework in law only in the context of canon and civil law and for the purpose of

2960-590: The Admiralty Court). Although the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge did teach canon law until the English Reformation , its importance was always superior to civil law in those institutions. "LLB" stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin. The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum ("of laws"). Creating an abbreviation for

3040-600: The Australian Ballot ), and fair ballot access laws. In 1889, Wigmore was recruited as a foreign advisor to Meiji period Empire of Japan , and was assigned to teach law at Keio University in Tokyo . Wigmore was the only full-time professor at the university at the time and was "instrumental" in designing the law curriculum. He served at Keio University until 1892. Once he arrived in Tokyo he "came under

3120-514: The Colloquy is published online, its scholarly and journalistic standards are equal to that of the print Law Review. The Colloquy is the first scholarly weblog to be operated by a major law review. It features legal commentary in the form of essays, debates, series, book reviews, and responses to print Law Review pieces. The format of the Colloquy allows scholars to publish their thoughts within weeks of an emerging legal development anywhere within

3200-582: The Islamabad Bar Council. The Bachelor of Laws obtained from universities in Pakistan consists of a 5-year B.A. -LLB qualification. This rule was laid down by the Pakistan Bar Council in 2016 requiring 5 years of education to obtain a Bachelor of Laws qualification. This change in the legal education rules led to the abolishing of 3 year LLB programs being offered by universities in Pakistan. This rule however does not affect

3280-776: The LLB Law with French Law and Language offered by the University of East Anglia . Various universities in the United Kingdom and Australia will allow a degree that combines study with a non-law discipline. For example, some universities in the United Kingdom offer a combined study of law and history leading to a B.A. degree that is accepted by the Law Society and Inns of Court as equivalent to an LLB. The University of London External Programme in Laws (LLB) has been awarding its law degree via distance learning since 1858. At

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3360-438: The LLB degree. Pakistan is a common law country and to become a lawyer in Pakistan, one needs an LLB from a Pakistani or a foreign university from common law country recognised by the Pakistan Bar Council . Lawyers in Pakistan are called advocates . An advocate has to be member of one of the provincial Bar Councils, i.e., Punjab Bar Council , Sindh Bar Council , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bar Council , Balochistan Bar Council or

3440-472: The LLB, though some universities have introduced bachelor's degrees in legal studies, featuring curricula that include courses in constitutional law, tort law, and criminal law. These degrees may provide an accelerated pathway into the JD program, allowing students to complete both degrees in six instead of seven years. While the LLB was conferred until 1971 at Yale University , since that time, all universities in

3520-484: The Singapore Bar, graduates are minimally required to possess an LLB or JD from a recognised university. In South Africa the LLB is offered both at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. As of 1996 it is the universal and only legal qualification for legal practice, superseding the existing B.Juris. and B.Proc. degrees. The undergraduate programme, offered since 1998, requires four years of study. At

3600-628: The Solicitor's Admission Board, whose examinations rendered one eligible to be admitted respectively. The successor of these boards that still operates the alternative is the Legal Profession Admission Board , which issues the distinct Diploma in Law, equivalent to either an LLB or a JD Law degrees typically last 4 years for undergraduate admission or 3 years for university graduates. Of the thirty-eight law schools , thirteen of those universities have also started offering

3680-428: The United States have awarded the professional doctorate JD , which then became the generally standardised degree in most states as the compulsory prerequisite to sit for the bar exam prior to practice of law. Many law schools converted their basic law degree programmes from LLB to JD in the 1960s, and permitted prior LLB graduates to retroactively receive the new doctorate degrees by returning their LLB in exchange for

3760-430: The University of Ottawa. The law degree offered by McGill University is a mandatory joint common law LLB and Quebec civil law BCL degree. The programme is four years in length. Admission to that programme is a first-entry programme in the case of Quebec students while it is a second-entry programme in the case of students from other provinces (since two years of university studies is required). The University of Ottawa offers

3840-507: The academic standard of the new degree. Some universities have now discontinued the programme; in other cases undergraduate students are required to initially register as Arts, Commerce or Science students – with first year law subjects – and, in the second year of study, only those meeting specified criteria may choose to pursue the four-year LLB. The four universities under the National University of Ireland umbrella, award

3920-630: The bachelor's degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford and Cambridge. The teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. Professional training for practising common law in England was undertaken at the Inns of Court , but over time the training functions of the Inns lessened considerably and apprenticeships with individual practitioners arose as

4000-412: The bar still did not require any significant educational activity or examination. Therefore, in 1846, Parliament examined the education and training of prospective barristers and found the system to be inferior to the legal education provided in the United States. Therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider

4080-581: The degree of Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL). Four Irish universities and two Northern Irish universities award an LLB NUIG offer the LLB as a 1-year postgraduate course for holders of the Bachelor of Corporate Law or Bachelor of Arts in law degrees. Some English and Welsh universities award an LLB in Irish law. In the nineteenth century, the University of London conferred degrees of LLB on clerical and lay students at St. Patrick's College, Carlow from 1840 onwards. The King's Inns Barrister-at-Law degree B.L.

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4160-701: The degrees A.B. in 1883 and A.M. in 1884. Following his undergraduate work, he returned to San Francisco briefly, but then moved back to Cambridge to attend Harvard Law School where he received his LL.B. in 1887. Following law school, Wigmore's parents expected him to return to San Francisco to run the family business. Wigmore instead elected to stay in Boston, causing a rift to develop between himself and his parents. Wigmore married Emma Hunt Vogl (b. July 26, 1860, d. 1943) of Cambridge, whom he had met during law school, in September 1889. His parents did not attend

4240-453: The federal level, as well as in every province or territory except Quebec, a system of common law is used. Because of this, there are two types of Canadian law degrees generally in use. The programme of study for common law has traditionally been an undergraduate LLB degree, which has now been re-designated as a JD at nearly all Canadian common law schools. Entrants to the JD programme generally hold an undergraduate degree before registration in

4320-646: The field of legal inquiry, and provides a convenient forum for scholars to exchange ideas in the wake of such developments in the form of debates or multi-contributor series. Readers can rely upon the Law Review editors and staff to ensure that citations in these pieces support the assertions made in the posts. The Colloquy also provides for commenting on the essays and posts in a moderated forum. The Law Review has been staffed and managed by numerous individuals who went on to become well-known legal scholars and practitioners. The Law Review History specifically notes

4400-452: The graduate must obtain a licence from the Law Society of the province where they wish to practise law, which requires a year of articling . The civil law programme in Canada is three years in length. The programme of study for the first degree in Quebec civil law (called LLB, BCL, or LLL) is a first-entry degree programme. Like other first-entry university programmes in Quebec, it requires

4480-645: The greatest treatise on any single subject of the law." Wigmore on Evidence was probably the most "heavily cited law text of its day" and the dominant source of US evidentiary law up until the codification of the Federal Rules of Evidence in 1975. Wigmore was a strong advocate of a standard Code of Evidence and participated in a 1938 effort by the American Bar Association and the American Law Institute to produce

4560-574: The initial four-volume treatise would swell to ten volumes containing over 85,000 judicial citations. Contemporary reviews would declare the "sun of Evidence does pretty much 'rise and set in Wigmore'". Wigmore's peers called the Treatise "one of the greatest intellectual feats in law-writing of any age or any country." US Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter called the Treatise "unrivaled as

4640-443: The law programme and a significant number hold a graduate-level degree as well. However, admission may be granted to applicants with two years of undergraduate studies towards a degree. Unlike the United States , the JD is considered a bachelor's degree-level qualification, albeit a "second-entry" one. The common law programme is three years in length. Upon graduation, one holds a Bachelor of Laws or Juris Doctor degree. To practise law,

4720-499: The mid-1930s. Wigmore maintained his interest in comparative law for the rest of his life, becoming a prominent writer in the field and has been referred to as the "father of American comparative law", although some critics found his work "imaginary" and "needlessly uncritical". Despite his prominence, he is remembered more for popularizing the field of comparative law than for his scholarly contributions to it. His continuing fascination with similarities between legal systems around

4800-552: The national law schools of India, while others continue to offer a traditional three-year programme. Both integrated and traditional types of three-year law degrees are recognised by the Bar Council of India for to qualify for enrolment to the Bar. One needs to have a full-time law degree to practice as a lawyer in India. Distance or online education options are not available to become a practising lawyer in India. Malaysia inherited

4880-451: The post- and undergraduate degree, it is now offered as an elective. The structure of the undergraduate programme is under review. The issues noted are: graduates of these programmes are seen to be less prepared for the profession as compared to those pursuing the graduate LLB; only 20% of entrants complete the programme within four years; only about 50% of graduates here enter the legal profession at all. Further, there are those who question

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4960-519: The postgraduate level, the programme generally requires three years. Several South African universities offer Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Commerce degrees with a major in "Law"; graduates may then undertake a two-year postgraduate-programme. Some universities also offer a one-year programme for holders of the B.Proc. degree. The curriculum is typically structured around preliminary, core and advanced courses, and most universities also offer elective coursework. The preliminary courses acquaint

5040-416: The prominent medium of preparation. However, because of the lack of standardisation of study and of objective standards for appraisal of these apprenticeships, the role of universities became subsequently of importance for the education of lawyers in the English speaking world. In England in 1292, when Edward I requested that lawyers be trained, students merely sat in the courts and observed, but over time

5120-530: The purposes of admission as a lawyer in Australia is either the undergraduate LLB program at accredited universities, or the graduate JD (Juris Doctor). Every recognised qualification of each state admission board is reciprocally recognised by all other states. However, prior to degrees, there existed an alternative to a degree to become a lawyer in Australia, which was either the Barrister's Admission Board, or

5200-727: The recognition of LLB degrees of less than 5 years obtained from foreign universities recognised by the Pakistan Bar Council for the purposes of enrolling as an advocate in Pakistan. In Singapore, the LLB is an undergraduate degree conferred by three universities: the National University of Singapore (NUS), the Singapore Management University (SMU), and the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS). Graduate JD courses are also available at all three law schools. To be called to

5280-720: The spell of what is called Comparative Law ", although his interest pre-dated his experiences in Japan. A key legacy of his time in Japan was a detailed study of the laws of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan, which he edited and published as a series of papers while at Keio University. The collection of papers grew to 15 volumes under the collected title of Materials for the Study of Private Law in Old Japan before its completion in

5360-467: The students with both the background and the foundations of the South African legal system , and with legal thinking and analysis in general. The core subjects are those regularly required for legal practice. The advanced courses (usually) comprise further study in these core subjects, deepening and / or broadening the student's knowledge as appropriate. The electives – often comprising these advanced courses, amongst others – allow students to specialise in

5440-403: The students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences, which led to the institution of the Inns of Court system. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court -like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford and

5520-454: The students. At the journal's founding John Henry Wigmore , the first full-time Dean of Northwestern Law School, was a frequent contributor. Wigmore penned "adversarial editorials that directly addressed the U.S. Supreme Court of the United States and the 'cowardly' members of the Chicago Bar Association." It has been suggested that Wigmore was motivated to help found a journal after his experience "at Harvard Law School during 1887 and [as

5600-405: The study of philosophy or history only. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729. William Blackstone became the first lecturer in English common law at the University of Oxford in 1753, but

5680-415: The undergraduate LLB is the primary route into the legal profession. The Scots Law LLB is generally taken as a four-year honours course, similar to other university degrees in Scotland. Students wishing to satisfy the Law Society of Scotland requirements to become a solicitor must also complete the postgraduate Diploma in Professional Legal Practice at an approved university. A qualifying law degree for

5760-400: The universities of Oxford and Cambridge , the principal law degree remains the Bachelor of Arts, in either Jurisprudence or Law, which is equivalent to an LLB in other universities. Traditionally, the LLB at Cambridge, as well as the Bachelor of Civil Law at Oxford, were postgraduate degrees for specialising in law. The University of Cambridge , recently, replaced their LLB title with that of

5840-452: The university did not establish the programme for the purpose of professional study, and the lectures were philosophical and theoretical in nature. Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based, where concentration on foundational principles can be had, instead of concentration on detail and procedure had through apprenticeship and the Inns of Court. The Inns of Court continued but became less effective, and admission to

5920-408: The volume of published achievement." In 1904 Wigmore began publication of his most famous work, a treatise that would serve as an encyclopedic survey of the development of the law of evidence. This massive work, referred to as Wigmore on Evidence or just Wigmore (see § Select works for edition titles), was the product of "10 years of monastic toil." Over the course of the next forty years,

6000-478: The wedding. The couple departed for Tokyo just three days after their wedding. Following his graduation from Harvard, Wigmore practiced law in Boston . While in practice, he served as a "long-distance clerk" for New Hampshire Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Doe and was mentored by future US Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis . election law reform issues including the secret voting method (also known as

6080-492: The world is evident in a 1932 article: "The legal profession throughout the world has the strongest ties that ought to bind, - ties of sentiment, ties of public duty, ties of common experience in human nature." He was also a manager of the 1907-founded Comparative Law Bureau of the American Bar Association , whose Annual Bulletin was the first comparative law journal in the United States. Wigmore's interests in procedure and due process extended to his life in academia. He

6160-451: Was a prominent member and officer of the American Association of University Professors . In addition to serving as the second president from 1916 to 1917, Wigmore wrote publicly on behalf of academic freedom as comparable to "judicial immunity"; appointed standing committees; developed procedures for AAUP investigation of academic dismissal; and initiated the establishment of local AAUP chapters and of regular publication of AAUP proceedings in

6240-576: Was an American lawyer and legal scholar known for his expertise in the law of evidence and for his influential scholarship. Wigmore taught law at Keio University in Tokyo (1889–1892) before becoming the first full-time dean of Northwestern Law School (1901–1929). His scholarship is best remembered for his Treatise on the Anglo-American System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law (1904), often simply called Wigmore on Evidence, and

6320-447: Was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for other law schools of the medieval age. While it was common for students of law to visit and study at schools in other countries, such was not the case with England because of the English rejection of Roman law (except for certain jurisdictions such as

6400-639: Was promoted colonel. His wartime duties included advising the War Department on labor law, liability for patent infringements on German pharmaceuticals, and the law of war. He also had a significant role in the drafting of the Selective Service Act of 1917 and the Espionage Act, At the conclusion of the war, he sided with Crowder over General Samuel Ansell who insisted that courts-martial were in need of reform. Wigmore's legacy

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