The Northern Frontier Province or Northern Province , or initially referred to as 'Northern Frontier District' (NFD) was one of the provinces of British Kenya . Originally, the Northern Frontier covered the northern region of East Africa Protectorate later succeeded by British Kenya, it later included half of the Jubaland Province that remained as part of Kenya when the other half was ceded to the Italian Empire .
34-704: By the late 1920s, the Northern Frontier Province covered nearly half of the colony's territory. The population of the region was estimated to be 65,136 in 1931. It was one of the most underdeveloped region of the colony and was not favoured by settlers due to its arid and semi-arid climate . In 1963, the Northern Province was abolished and its territories spread across three newly created regions of Kenya : Eastern Region , divided into Marsabit and Isiolo districts; Rift Valley covered Turkana District ; North Eastern Region contained
68-773: A few instances), dry summers, though summers are not typically as hot as hot desert climates. Unlike hot desert climates, cold desert climates tend to feature cold, dry winters. Snow tends to be rare in regions with this climate. The Gobi Desert in northern China and Mongolia is one example of a cold desert. Though hot in the summer, it shares the freezing winters of the rest of Inner Asia . Summers in South America's Atacama Desert are mild, with only slight temperature variations between seasons. Cold desert climates are typically found at higher altitudes than hot desert climates and are usually drier than hot desert climates. Cold desert climates are typically located in temperate zones in
102-410: A total of just 16 mm (0.63 in) of rainfall was measured. To determine whether a location has an arid climate, the precipitation threshold is determined. The precipitation threshold (in millimetres) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then adding 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun summer half of the year (April through September in
136-502: Is classified as "hot arid subtype" ( BW h ), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the isotherm is classified as "cold arid subtype" ( BW k ). Most desert/arid climates receive between 25 and 200 mm (1 and 8 in) of rainfall annually, although some of the most consistently hot areas of Central Australia , the Sahel and Guajira Peninsula can be, due to extreme potential evapotranspiration , classed as arid with
170-550: Is seen in sections of Africa and Arabia . During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies. However, temperatures rarely drop far below freezing under the hot subtype. Hot desert climates can be found in the deserts of North Africa such as the wide Sahara Desert , the Libyan Desert or the Nubian Desert ; deserts of
204-953: The Horn of Africa such as the Danakil Desert or the Grand Bara Desert ; deserts of Southern Africa such as the Namib Desert or the Kalahari Desert ; deserts of West Asia such as the Arabian Desert , or the Syrian Desert ; deserts of South Asia such as Dasht-e Lut and Dasht-e Kavir of Iran or the Thar Desert of India and Pakistan; deserts of the United States and Mexico such as
238-472: The Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk ) is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation . The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates are dry and hold little moisture, quickly evaporating the already little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of Earth's land area, hot deserts are the second-most common type of climate on Earth after
272-804: The Mojave Desert , the Sonoran Desert or the Chihuahuan Desert ; deserts of Australia such as the Simpson Desert or the Great Victoria Desert and many other regions. In Europe , the hot desert climate can only be found on southeastern coast of Spain as well as small inland parts of southeastern, especially parts of the Tabernas Desert . Hot deserts are lands of extremes: most of them are among
306-810: The North Eastern Region out of the Northern Frontier District. Unsatisfied with this solution, the Somali Republic severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 March 1963. On the eve of Kenya's independence in August 1963, British officials belatedly realized that the new Kenyan regime was not willing to give up the Somali-inhabited areas it had just been granted administration of. Led by
340-593: The Northern Hemisphere , or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received there. If the area's annual precipitation is less than half the threshold (50%), it is classified as a BW (desert climate), while 50–100% of the threshold results in a semi-arid climate. Hot desert climates ( BWh ) are typically found under
374-475: The Polar climate . There are two variations of a desert climate according to the Köppen climate classification : a hot desert climate ( BWh ), and a cold desert climate ( BWk ). To delineate "hot desert climates" from "cold desert climates", a mean annual temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) is used as an isotherm so that a location with a BW type climate with the appropriate temperature above this isotherm
SECTION 10
#1732772947176408-583: The Southwestern United States , northern Mexico , sections of southeastern Spain , the coast of Peru , and Chile . This makes hot deserts present in every continent except Antarctica. At the time of high sun (summer), scorching, desiccating heat prevails. Hot-month average temperatures are normally between 29 and 35 °C (84 and 95 °F), and midday readings of 43–46 °C (109–115 °F) are common. The world's absolute heat records, over 50 °C (122 °F), are generally in
442-523: The Wajir , Mandera and Garissa districts. During negotiations for Kenya's independence, Britain granted administration of the whole of the Northern Province to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite showing the overwhelming desire of part of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. The North Eastern Region of the Northern Frontier District is, and has historically been, mostly inhabited by Somalis . In present-day usage,
476-501: The subtropical ridge in the lower middle latitudes or the subtropics , often between 20° and 33° north and south latitudes. In these locations, stable descending air and high pressure aloft clear clouds and create hot, arid conditions with intense sunshine. Hot desert climates are found across vast areas of North Africa , West Asia , northwestern parts of the Indian Subcontinent , southwestern Africa, interior Australia,
510-652: The 30s and 40s latitudes, usually in the leeward rain shadow of high mountains, restricting precipitation from the westerly winds. An example of this is the Patagonian Desert in Argentina, bounded by the Andes ranges to its west. In the case of Central Asia, mountains restrict precipitation from the eastern monsoon . The Kyzyl Kum , Taklamakan and Katpana Desert deserts of Central Asia are other significant examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region and
544-636: The Allies during World War I . Britain retained control of the southern half of the territory, which was later merged with the Northern Frontier Province In 1925, the military's role began to diminish, with a partial transition to civil administration, with the exception of Wajir and Mandera, which were civilly administered the following year. The districts of the reorganised Northern Frontier Province included Moyale, Gurreh, Wajir, Telemugger, Garba Tula, Marsabit, and Samburu. By 1929,
578-754: The Arctic and Antarctic regions receive very little precipitation during the year owing to the cold, dry air freezing most precipitation. Polar desert climates have desert-like features that occur in cold desert climates, including intermittent streams, hypersaline lakes, and extremely barren terrain in unglaciated areas such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. These areas are generally classified as having polar climates because they have average summer temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) even if they have some characteristics of extreme non-polar deserts. Marsabit District Marsabit District
612-537: The NFD refers to the six counties of Kenya that were established out of the six districts created by the colonial government prior to independence. The Northern Frontier Province existed in the East Africa Protectorate as one of nine protectorate's provinces. The formal inception of the administration of the Northern Frontier District commenced in 1909, albeit in an unofficial capacity. This period saw
646-603: The North-Eastern region. In December 1962, at the urging of the Somalia government, the British appointed a commission to ascertain the desires of the inhabitants of the Northern Frontier District regarding its future. The commissioners reported that the inhabitants of five of the six administrative areas of the Northern Frontier District favoured union with the Somali Republic. According to the Somali Republic, unification
680-534: The Northern Province People's Progressive Party (NPPPP), Somalis in the NFD vigorously sought union with their kin in the Somali Republic to the north. In response, the Kenyan government enacted a number of repressive measures designed to frustrate their efforts in what came to be known as the shifta period: Somali leaders were routinely placed in preventive detention, where they remained well into
714-714: The annual rainfall as high as 430 millimetres or 17 inches. Although no part of Earth is known for certain to be rainless, in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, the average annual rainfall over 17 years was only 5 millimetres (0.20 in). Some locations in the Sahara Desert such as Kufra , Libya , record an even drier 0.86 mm (0.034 in) of rainfall annually. The official weather station in Death Valley , United States reports 60 mm (2.4 in) annually, but in 40 months between 1931 and 1934
SECTION 20
#1732772947176748-994: The city of Leh in the Great Himalayas in India also have a cold desert climate. In North America, the cold desert climate occurs in the drier parts of the Great Basin Desert and the Bighorn Basin in Big Horn and Washakie County in Wyoming . The Hautes Plaines , located in the northeastern section of Morocco and in Algeria , is another prominent example of a cold desert climate. In Europe , this climate only occurs in some inland parts of southeastern Spain, such as in Lorca . Polar climate desert areas in
782-409: The ensuing years, with the exception of a new post established at Buna . In 1916, Bulesa was designated as a sub-district, achieving full district status in 1917/18, with its headquarters at Garba Tula . However, this status was short-lived, as it reverted to a sub-district in 1919/20. The headquarters of the Northern Frontier District were relocated to Meru , Kenia Province, in 1919. By 1921, with
816-512: The establishment of stations at Marsabit and Moyale , alongside a police post at Ewaso Ngiro, which was subsequently renamed Archer's Post. Initially, the district was under the nominal jurisdiction of the provincial commissioner of Naivasha Province. However, it was officially recognized in 1910, with its headquarters located at Moyale. In 1911, the military occupied posts at Loiyangolani near Lake Rudolf , followed by Wajir and Gurreh in 1912. In 1915, these posts were subsequently vacated over
850-529: The ethnically based irredentist motives of the Somalis, making constant reference in official statements to the shifta (bandit) problem in the area. Although the main conflict ended in a cease-fire in 1967, Somalis in the region still identify and maintain close ties with their brethren in Somalia. They have traditionally married within their own community and formed a cohesive ethnic network. Arid climate The desert climate or arid climate (in
884-585: The extraprovincial areas of the Northern Frontier were amalgamated to form the Northern Frontier Province, which included the districts of Turkana , Isiolo , Marsabit , Moyale , Mandera , Wajir , and Garissa . The province was thereafter administered from Marsabit. On 26 June 1960, four days before granting British Somaliland independence, the British government declared that all Somali-inhabited areas of East Africa, Greater Somalia should be unified in one administrative region. Which meant Kenya
918-599: The hot deserts, where the heat potential can be the highest on the planet. This includes the record of 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Death Valley , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth . Some deserts in the tropics consistently experience very high temperatures all year long, even during wintertime. These locations feature some of the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), up to nearly 35 °C (95 °F) in Dallol, Ethiopia . This last feature
952-444: The hottest, the driest, and the sunniest places on Earth because of nearly constant high pressure; the almost permanent removal of low-pressure systems, dynamic fronts, and atmospheric disturbances; sinking air motion; dry atmosphere near the surface and aloft; the exacerbated exposure to the sun where solar angles are always high makes this desert inhospitable to most species. Cold desert climates ( BWk ) usually feature hot (or warm in
986-573: The late 1970s. The North Eastern Province was closed to general access (along with other parts of Kenya) as a "scheduled" area (ostensibly closed to all outsiders, including members of parliament, as a means of protecting the nomadic inhabitants), and news from it was very difficult to obtain. A number of reports, however, accused the Kenyans of mass slaughters of entire villages of Somali citizens and of setting up large "protected villages"—in effect concentration camps . The government refused to acknowledge
1020-463: The military administration, Telemugger, with its headquarters at Sankuri, was transferred to the district from Jubaland. The Samburu received a new headquarters at Barsaloi , and the administrative base for Gurreh was established at Mandera in 1923. At the time under British colonial administration, the northern half of Jubaland Province was ceded to Italy as a reward for the Italians' support of
1054-552: The seven districts had been reduced to five: Isiolo, Marsabit, Moyale, Wajir, and Telemugger. The provincial headquarters were subsequently relocated from Meru to Isiolo . In 1934, the provincial status was withdrawn, and the Samburu were transferred to the Rift Valley Province . Moyale and Mandera were evacuated in 1940, but civil administration was restored the following year. In 1947, the districts of Turkana and
Northern Frontier District - Misplaced Pages Continue
1088-493: Was an administrative district in the Eastern Province of Kenya . Its capital town was Marsabit . The district had a population of 121,478. The district was located in northern Kenya. It borders the eastern shore of Lake Turkana . The district was created prior to Kenya's independence, carving it out of the then Northern Frontier District . In 2013, based on the original district's boundaries, Marsabit County
1122-534: Was favoured by 88% of the inhabitants. Early in 1963, Britain assured Somalia that no decision would be made regarding the Northern Frontier without prior consultation with the Republic. However, Britain did not follow the wishes of the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of the Northern Frontier and cede the territory to the Somalia Republic. Instead, on 8 March 1963, Britain announced the creation of
1156-407: Was to cede part of the Northern Frontier. However, after the dissolution of the former British colonies in the region, Britain granted administration of the Northern Frontier to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic , and the fact that the NFD was majorly inhabited by ethnic Somalis in
#175824