Keeping the foresight of rapidly changing technologies and rampant digital obsolescence , in 2008, the R & D in IT Group, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , Government of India envisaged to evolve Indian digital preservation initiative. In order to learn from the experience of developed nations, during March 24–25, 2009, an Indo-US Workshop on International Trends in Digital Preservation was organized by C-DAC , Pune with sponsorship from Indo-US Science & Technology Forum , which lead to more constructive developments towards formulation of the national program.
82-501: During April 2010, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , Government of India entrusted the responsibility of preparing National Study Report on Digital Preservation Requirements of India with Human-Centred Design & Computing Group, C-DAC , Pune, which was already active in the thematic area of heritage computing. The objective of this project was to present a comprehensive study of current situation in India versus
164-610: A "Trusted Digital Repository" (TDR) is defined as "one whose mission is to provide reliable, long-term access to managed digital resources to its designated community, now and in the future." The TDR must include the following seven attributes: compliance with the reference model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS), administrative responsibility, organizational viability, financial sustainability, technological and procedural suitability, system security, procedural accountability. The Trusted Digital Repository Model outlines relationships among these attributes. The report also recommended
246-465: A Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information with the main purpose of investigating what needed to be done to ensure long-term preservation and continued access to the digital records. The final report published by the Task Force (Garrett, J. and Waters, D., ed. (1996). "Preserving digital information: Report of the task force on archiving of digital information." ) became a fundamental document in
328-447: A combination of the declining cost of storage and the availability of sophisticated discovery tools which will allow researchers to find value in records of low information density. In the analog context, these records may have been discarded or only a representative sample kept. However, the selection, appraisal, and prioritization of materials must be carefully considered in relation to the ability of an organization to responsibly manage
410-424: A common problem and one that is a constant worry for a digital archivist—how to prepare for the future. Digital content can also present challenges to preservation because of its complex and dynamic nature, e.g., interactive Web pages, virtual reality and gaming environments, learning objects, social media sites. In many cases of emergent technological advances there are substantial difficulties in maintaining
492-454: A crucial element of metadata to be included in a database record or inventory, it is used in tandem with other descriptive metadata to differentiate objects and their various instantiations. Descriptive metadata refers to information about an object's content such as title, creator, subject, date etc... Determination of the elements used to describe an object are facilitated by the use of a metadata schema. Extensive descriptive metadata about
574-546: A definition of Preservation Description Information in the Open Archival Information System Reference Model; and defined migration as a crucial function of digital archives. The concepts and recommendations outlined in the report laid a foundation for subsequent research and digital preservation initiatives. To standardize digital preservation practice and provide a set of recommendations for preservation program implementation,
656-400: A digital object helps to minimize the risks of a digital object becoming inaccessible. Another common type of file identification is the filename . Implementing a file naming protocol is essential to maintaining consistency and efficient discovery and retrieval of objects in a collection, and is especially applicable during digitization of analog media. Using a file naming convention, such as
738-404: A key enabler for digital preservation, and includes technical information for digital objects, information about a digital object's components and its computing environment, as well as information that documents the preservation process and underlying rights basis. It allows organizations or individuals to understand the chain of custody . Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies (PREMIS) ,
820-464: A large quantity of information exists in digital forms, including emails, blogs, social networking websites, national elections websites, web photo albums, and sites which change their content over time. With digital media it is easier to create content and keep it up-to-date, but at the same time there are many challenges in the preservation of this content, both technical and economic. Unlike traditional analog objects such as books or photographs where
902-411: A part of the pilot digital repositories, National Cultural Audiovisual Archive (NCAA) at IGNCA, New Delhi is established using DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय). NCAA manages around 2 Petabytes of rare cultural audiovisual data. During June 2017, Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorization Body (PTAB), UK got accredited by National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB), New Delhi, India. PTAB
SECTION 10
#1732791461075984-476: A previous state. This effort is often enabled by the creation, validation, and management of checksums . While checksums are the primary mechanism for monitoring fixity at the individual file level, an important additional consideration for monitoring fixity is file attendance. Whereas checksums identify if a file has changed, file attendance identifies if a file in a designated collection is newly created, deleted, or moved. Tracking and reporting on file attendance
1066-423: A record can be preserved through bit-level preservation, fixity checking, and capturing a full audit trail of all preservation actions performed on the record. These strategies can ensure protection against unauthorised or accidental alteration. File fixity is the property of a digital file being fixed, or unchanged. File fixity checking is the process of validating that a file has not changed or been altered from
1148-540: A record maintaining their use and change history, which allows the future users to verify that the contents of the object are valid. International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES) is a collaborative research initiative led by the University of British Columbia that is focused on addressing issues of long-term preservation of authentic digital records. The research
1230-639: A repeat of the powerful 19th-century geomagnetic storm known as the " Carrington Event ". The Arctic World Archive, stored on specially developed film coated with silver halide with a lifespan of 500+ years, represents more secure snapshot of data, with archiving intended at five-year intervals. In 2006, the Online Computer Library Center developed a four-point strategy for the long-term preservation of digital objects that consisted of: There are several additional strategies that individuals and organizations may use to actively combat
1312-424: A specific challenge is the typically non-availability of the source code as commercial software is normally distributed only in compiled binary form. Without the source code an adaption ( porting ) on modern computing hardware or operating systems is most often impossible, therefore the original hardware and software context needs to be emulated . Another potential challenge for software preservation can be
1394-402: A specific location on a system and can be modified without affecting the bit-level profile of a digital file. The cornerstone of digital preservation, " data integrity " refers to the assurance that the data is "complete and unaltered in all essential respects"; a program designed to maintain integrity aims to "ensure data is recorded exactly as intended, and upon later retrieval, ensure the data
1476-565: A standalone ministerial agency responsible for IT policy, strategy and development of the electronics industry . Under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , the "Northeast Heritage" Web, owned by the Government of India , publishes information on Northeast India , in 5 Indian languages , Assamese , Meitei ( Manipuri ), Bodo , Khasi and Mizo, in addition to Hindi and English . Previously known as
1558-467: A variety of digital preservation tools and solutions which can be given to the memory institutions and records creating organizations for long term preservation. The project team at C-DAC Pune has developed a software framework for digital archiving named as DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय in Hindi language) which is customizable for various domains, data types and application contexts such as DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय)
1640-401: A variety of reasons such as damaged spindle motors, and flash memory (found on SSDs , phones, USB flash drives , and in memory cards such as SD, microSD, and CompactFlash cards) can start to lose data around a year after its last use, depending on its storage temperature and how much data has been written to it during its lifetime. Currently, archival disc -based media is available, but it
1722-433: A very useful strategy for preserving data stored on external storage media (e.g. CDs, USB flash drives, and 3.5" floppy disks). These types of devices are generally not recommended for long-term use, and the data can become inaccessible due to media and hardware obsolescence or degradation. Creating duplicate copies of data on one or more systems is called replication . Data that exists as a single copy in only one location
SECTION 20
#17327914610751804-440: A way to preserve them. The exemption was renewed in 2006, and as of 27 October 2009 , has been indefinitely extended pending further rulemakings "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive". The GitHub Archive Program has stored all of GitHub 's open source code in a secure vault at Svalbard , on the frozen Norwegian island of Spitsbergen , as part of
1886-420: Is a fundamental component of digital collection management and fixity. Characterization of digital materials is the identification and description of what a file is and of its defining technical characteristics often captured by technical metadata, which records its technical attributes like creation or production environment. Digital sustainability encompasses a range of issues and concerns that contribute to
1968-480: Is being conducted by focus groups from various institutions in North America , Europe , Asia , and Australia , with an objective of developing theories and methodologies that provide the basis for strategies, standards, policies, and procedures necessary to ensure the trustworthiness, reliability, and accuracy of digital records over time. Under the direction of archival science professor Luciana Duranti ,
2050-561: Is designed and developed as per the CCSDS Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model, ISO 14721: 2012. A number of digital preservation tools are developed to help in processing the digital data All the archival systems and digital preservation tools are developed in such a way that they enable in producing evidences / reports as required for the audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories. In order to test and demonstrate
2132-561: Is duly notified by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , Government of India Vide Notification No. 1(2)/2010-EG-II dated December 13, 2013 for all e-governance applications in India. The eGOV-PID provides standard metadata dictionary and schema for automatically capturing the preservation metadata in terms of cataloging information, enclosure information, provenance information, fixity information, representation information, digital signature information and access rights information immediately after an electronic record
2214-459: Is highly vulnerable to software or hardware failure, intentional or accidental alteration, and environmental catastrophes like fire, flooding, etc. Digital data is more likely to survive if it is replicated in several locations. Replicated data may introduce difficulties in refreshing, migration, versioning, and access control since the data is located in multiple places. Understanding digital preservation means comprehending how digital information
2296-510: Is identified as A4.2 within the Chain of Preservation (COP) model created by the InterPARES 2 project. Archival appraisal is not the same as monetary appraisal, which determines fair market value . Archival appraisal may be performed once or at the various stages of acquisition and processing . Macro appraisal, a functional analysis of records at a high level, may be performed even before
2378-632: Is only designed to last for 50 years and it is a proprietary format, sold by just two Japanese companies, Sony and Panasonic. M-DISC is a DVD-based format that claims to retain data for 1,000 years, but writing to it requires special optical disc drives and reading the data it contains requires increasingly uncommon optical disc drives , in addition the company behind the format went bankrupt. Data stored on LTO tapes require periodic migration, as older tapes cannot be read by newer LTO tape drives. RAID arrays could be used to protect against failure of single hard drives, although care needs to be taken to not mix
2460-457: Is produced and reproduced. Because digital information (e.g., a file) can be exactly replicated down to the bit level, it is possible to create identical copies of data. Exact duplicates allow archives and libraries to manage, store, and provide access to identical copies of data across multiple systems and/or environments. Emulation is the replicating of functionality of an obsolete system. According to van der Hoeven, "Emulation does not focus on
2542-468: Is produced by e-governance system. It helps in producing an acceptable Submission Information Package (SIP) for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) ISO 14721:2012. Best practices and guidelines introduce 5 distinct steps of e-record management namely e-record creation, e-record capturing, e-record keeping, e-record transfer to trusted digital repository and e-record preservation which need to be adopted in all e-governance projects. It also specifies
National Digital Preservation Program - Misplaced Pages Continue
2624-549: Is the de facto standard that defines the implementable, core preservation metadata needed by most repositories and institutions. It includes guidelines and recommendations for its usage, and has developed shared community vocabularies. The challenges of long-term preservation of digital information have been recognized by the archival community for years. In December 1994, the Research Libraries Group (RLG) and Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) formed
2706-724: Is the same as it was when it was originally recorded". Unintentional changes to data are to be avoided, and responsible strategies should be put in place to detect unintentional changes and react as appropriately determined. However, digital preservation efforts may necessitate modifications to content or metadata through responsibly-developed procedures and by well-documented policies. Organizations or individuals may choose to retain original, integrity-checked versions of content and/or modified versions with appropriate preservation metadata. Data integrity practices also apply to modified versions, as their state of capture must be maintained and resistant to unintentional modifications. The integrity of
2788-495: The 8.3 filename or the Warez standard naming , will ensure compatibility with other systems and facilitate migration of data, and deciding between descriptive (containing descriptive words and numbers) and non-descriptive (often randomly generated numbers) file names is generally determined by the size and scope of a given collection. However, filenames are not good for semantic identification, because they are non-permanent labels for
2870-481: The Arctic World Archive , with the code stored as QR codes . Another challenge surrounding preservation of digital content resides in the issue of scale. The amount of digital information being created along with the "proliferation of format types" makes creating trusted digital repositories with adequate and sustainable resources a challenge. The Web is only one example of what might be considered
2952-522: The Digital Era (38 C/Resolutions – Annex V). Based on the experience gained from this project, Government of India is considering to create a national policy on digital preservation which will be instrumental in establishing national digital preservation infrastructure. The digital preservation initiative stands at the crux where it is crucial to fill up the gap between the Digital India and
3034-453: The Harrod's Librarian Glossary , digital preservation is the method of keeping digital material alive so that they remain usable as technological advances render original hardware and software specification obsolete. The necessity for digital preservation mainly arises because of the relatively short lifespan of digital media. Widely used hard drives can become unusable in a few years due to
3116-486: The Research Libraries Group (RLG) and Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) began a collaboration to establish attributes of a digital repository for research organizations, building on and incorporating the emerging international standard of the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). In 2002, they published "Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities." In that document
3198-554: The Smithsonian Institution Archives considers uncompressed TIFFs to be "a good preservation format for born-digital and digitized still images because of its maturity, wide adaptation in various communities, and thorough documentation". Formats proprietary to one software vendor are more likely to be affected by format obsolescence. Well-used standards such as Unicode and JPEG are more likely to be readable in future. Significant properties refer to
3280-806: The UNESCO International Experts Consultative Meet on Preservation and Access during June 25–26, 2014 at Warsaw, Poland, which drafted the Standard Setting Instrument for the protection and preservation of the digital heritage . General Conference of UNESCO at its 38th session on 1 and 2 July 2015 unanimously adopted the Recommendation Safeguarding the Memory of the World –Preservation of, Access to, Documentary Heritage in
3362-582: The copyright which prohibits often the bypassing of copy protection mechanisms ( Digital Millennium Copyright Act ) in case software has become an orphaned work ( Abandonware ). An exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit to bypass copy protection was approved in 2003 for a period of 3 years to the Internet Archive who created an archive of "vintage software", as
National Digital Preservation Program - Misplaced Pages Continue
3444-532: The "Department of Information Technology", it was renamed as the Department of Electronics and Information Technology in 2012. On 19 July 2016, DeitY was made into full-fledged ministry, which henceforth is known as the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, bifurcating it from the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. The following is a list of child agencies subordinated within
3526-461: The "Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Union Government of the Republic of India". To boost and leverage Quantum computing potential, ministry has done a partnership with Amazon Web Services (AWS). The initiative is said to boost researchers and scientists work on quantum computing and will provide access to Amazon’s Braket cloud-based quantum computing service. Ministry based on
3608-494: The "data deluge". For example, the Library of Congress currently amassed 170 billion tweets between 2006 and 2010 totaling 133.2 terabytes and each Tweet is composed of 50 fields of metadata. The economic challenges of digital preservation are also great. Preservation programs require significant up front investment to create, along with ongoing costs for data ingest, data management, data storage, and staffing. One of
3690-513: The "essential attributes of a digital object which affect its appearance, behavior, quality and usability" and which "must be preserved over time for the digital object to remain accessible and meaningful." "Proper understanding of the significant properties of digital objects is critical to establish best practice approaches to digital preservation. It assists appraisal and selection, processes in which choices are made about which significant properties of digital objects are worth preserving; it helps
3772-618: The Indian judiciary has initiated the drafting of electronic evidence rules to be introduced under the Indian Evidence Act . In this context, the Joint Committee of High Court Judges visited C-DAC, Pune on 10 March 2018 to examine the technical aspects of the proposed electronic evidence rules in terms of extraction, encryption, preservation, retrieval and authentication of e-evidence in the court of law. As recommended in
3854-401: The Library was offered items for copyright deposit directly from a publisher. In digital preservation and collection management , discovery and identification of objects is aided by the use of assigned identifiers and accurate descriptive metadata. An identifier is a unique label that is used to reference an object or record, usually manifested as a number or string of numbers and letters. As
3936-647: The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System ( OAIS ) was developed, and published in 2012. OAIS is concerned with all technical aspects of a digital object's life cycle: ingest, archival storage, data management, administration, access and preservation planning. The model also addresses metadata issues and recommends that five types of metadata be attached to a digital object: reference (identification) information, provenance (including preservation history), context, fixity (authenticity indicators), and representation (formatting, file structure, and what "imparts meaning to an object's bitstream"). In March 2000,
4018-557: The audit and certification of Indian digital repositories. The first batch of potential technical auditors was trained which included 27 Participants from various stakeholder organisations. Apart from this, numerous digital preservation and DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय) training sessions were organised for the staff of NAI, IGNCA and the 21 partner institutions contributing in NCAA project. The Principal Investigator of Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation, Dr. Dinesh Katre represented India in
4100-422: The authenticity, fixity , and integrity of objects over time deriving from the fundamental issue of experience with that particular digital storage medium and while particular technologies may prove to be more robust in terms of storage capacity, there are issues in securing a framework of measures to ensure that the object remains fixed while in stewardship. For the preservation of software as digital content,
4182-458: The case of born-digital content (e.g., institutional archives, websites, electronic audio and video content, born-digital photography and art, research data sets, observational data), the enormous and growing quantity of content presents significant scaling issues to digital preservation efforts. Rapidly changing technologies can hinder digital preservationists' work and techniques due to outdated and antiquated machines or technology. This has become
SECTION 50
#17327914610754264-521: The challenges of media failure and technological change. The goal of digital preservation is the accurate rendering of authenticated content over time. The Association for Library Collections and Technical Services Preservation and Reformatting Section of the American Library Association defined digital preservation as combination of "policies, strategies and actions that ensure access to digital content over time." According to
4346-529: The challenges posed by rampant technological obsolescence, to make it a truly sustainable vision. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ( MEITy ) is an executive agency of the Union Government of the Republic of India . It was carved out of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology on 19 July 2016 as
4428-453: The collaborative development of digital repository certifications, models for cooperative networks, and sharing of research and information on digital preservation with regard to intellectual property rights. In 2004 Henry M. Gladney proposed another approach to digital object preservation that called for the creation of "Trustworthy Digital Objects" (TDOs). TDOs are digital objects that can speak to their own authenticity since they incorporate
4510-548: The course of artistic, scientific and online government activities. The third five-year phase (InterPARES 3) was initiated in 2007. Its goal is to utilize theoretical and methodological knowledge generated by InterPARES and other preservation research projects for developing guidelines, action plans, and training programs on long-term preservation of authentic records for small and medium-sized archival organizations. Society's heritage has been presented on many different materials, including stone, vellum, bamboo, silk, and paper. Now
4592-405: The development of preservation metadata, the assessment of different preservation strategies and informs future work on developing common standards across the preservation community." Whether analog or digital, archives strive to maintain records as trustworthy representations of what was originally received. Authenticity has been defined as ". . . the trustworthiness of a record as a record; i.e.,
4674-490: The digital object, but on the hard- and software environment in which the object is rendered. It aims at (re)creating the environment in which the digital object was originally created." Examples are having the ability to replicate or imitate another operating system. Examples include emulating an Atari 2600 on a Windows system or emulating WordPerfect 1.0 on a Macintosh . Emulators may be built for applications, operating systems, or hardware platforms. Emulation has been
4756-450: The drives of one array with those of another. Archival appraisal (or, alternatively, selection ) refers to the process of identifying records and other materials to be preserved by determining their permanent value. Several factors are usually considered when making this decision. It is a difficult and critical process because the remaining selected records will shape researchers' understanding of that body of records, or fonds . Appraisal
4838-552: The effectiveness of digital preservation tools, various pilot digital repositories were developed in collaboration with domain institutions such as Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts; New Delhi; National Archives of India , New Delhi; Stamps and registration Department, Hyderabad; and e-District. C-DAC Noida developed the pilot digital repository for e-Court in collaboration with district courts of Delhi using e-Goshwara: e-Court Solution. The pilot digital repositories were selected from different domains with following objectives: As
4920-521: The field of digital preservation that helped set out key concepts, requirements, and challenges. The Task Force proposed development of a national system of digital archives that would take responsibility for long-term storage and access to digital information; introduced the concept of trusted digital repositories and defined their roles and responsibilities; identified five features of digital information integrity (content, fixity, reference, provenance, and context) that were subsequently incorporated into
5002-421: The format of the data. Refreshing will likely always be necessary due to the deterioration of physical media. Migration is the transferring of data to newer system environments (Garrett et al., 1996). This may include conversion of resources from one file format to another (e.g., conversion of Microsoft Word to PDF or OpenDocument ) or from one operating system to another (e.g., Windows to Linux ) so
SECTION 60
#17327914610755084-576: The international trends of digital preservation along with the recommendations for undertaking the National Digital Preservation Program by involving all stakeholder organizations. Technical experts from around 24 organizations representing diverse domains such as e-governance , government and state archives , audio , video and film archives , cultural heritage repositories, health , science and education , insurance and banking , law , etc. were included in
5166-423: The key strategic challenges to such programs is the fact that, while they require significant current and ongoing funding, their benefits accrue largely to future generations. The various levels of security may be represented as three layers: the "hot" (accessible online repositories ) and "warm" (e.g. Internet Archive ) layers both have the weakness of being founded upon electronics - both would be wiped out in
5248-461: The longevity of digital information. Unlike traditional, temporary strategies, and more permanent solutions, digital sustainability implies a more active and continuous process. Digital sustainability concentrates less on the solution and technology and more on building an infrastructure and approach that is flexible with an emphasis on interoperability , continued maintenance and continuous development. Digital sustainability incorporates activities in
5330-420: The loss of digital information. Refreshing is the transfer of data between two types of the same storage medium so there are no bitrot changes or alteration of data. For example, transferring census data from an old preservation CD to a new one. This strategy may need to be combined with migration when the software or hardware required to read the data is no longer available or is unable to understand
5412-401: The meaning of the records has not been altered while in the archives' custody. Digital preservation efforts are largely to enable decision-making in the future. Should an archive or library choose a particular strategy to enact, the content and associated metadata must persist to allow for actions to be taken or not taken at the discretion of the controlling party. Preservation metadata is
5494-487: The national expert group for the National Digital Preservation Program. One of the key recommendations given in this report was to harmonize Public Records Act, Right to Information Act , Indian Evidence Act , Copyright Act and other related Acts with the Information Technology Act in order to address the digital preservation needs. The foresight of this recommendation has proved right, as in 2018,
5576-886: The national expert group. Major institutions represented in the expert group were Centre for Development of Advance Computing (C-DAC), National Informatics Centre (NIC), Unique Identity Program, National Archives of India , National Film Archive of India , Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts , Information and Broadcasting ( Doordarshan and All India Radio ), National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) / ISRO, Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA), National e-Governance Division (NeGD), Life Insurance Corporation , Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Indian Institute of Public Administration , Defense Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DSIDC) and several other organizations. The expert group members were asked to submit position papers highlighting
5658-726: The national study report, during April 2011, Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation was launched as the flagship project under the National Digital Preservation Program, funded by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , Government of India . The project was awarded to Human-Centred Design & Computing Group, C-DAC Pune, India. The objectives of Centre of Excellence were as under: The major outcomes of this project are briefly summarised hereafter. Digital preservation standard and guidelines are developed in order to help local data intensive projects in preparing for highly demanding standards such as ISO 16363 for Audit and Certification of Trusted Digital Repositories. The standard
5740-558: The open source and standard based file formats for the production of e-records. The guidelines incorporate the Electronic Records Management practice as per the ISO/TR 15489-1 and 2 Information and Documentation - Records Management . However, it is difficult to implement the digital preservation standard due to unavailability required tools and solutions. Therefore, the standard and guidelines are supported with
5822-865: The present that will facilitate access and availability in the future. The ongoing maintenance necessary to digital preservation is analogous to the successful, centuries-old, community upkeep of the Uffington White Horse (according to Stuart M. Shieber ) or the Ise Grand Shrine (according to Jeffrey Schnapp ). Renderability refers to the continued ability to use and access a digital object while maintaining its inherent significant properties. Physical media obsolescence can occur when access to digital content requires external dependencies that are no longer manufactured, maintained, or supported. External dependencies can refer to hardware, software, or physical carriers. For example, DLT tape
5904-459: The project began in 1999 with the first phase, InterPARES 1, which ran to 2001 and focused on establishing requirements for authenticity of inactive records generated and maintained in large databases and document management systems created by government agencies. InterPARES 2 (2002–2007) concentrated on issues of reliability, accuracy and authenticity of records throughout their whole life cycle, and examined records produced in dynamic environments in
5986-594: The proposal received and vetted by a steering committee will approve and sanction the set-up of the lab to bolster the quantum computing capability in India. ISO 16363 In library and archival science , digital preservation is a formal process to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible and usable in the long term. It involves planning, resource allocation, and application of preservation methods and technologies , and combines policies, strategies and actions to ensure access to reformatted and " born-digital " content, regardless of
6068-434: The quality of a record that is what it purports to be and that is free from tampering or corruption". Authenticity should not be confused with accuracy; an inaccurate record may be acquired by an archives and have its authenticity preserved. The content and meaning of that inaccurate record will remain unchanged. A combination of policies, security procedures, and documentation can be used to ensure and provide evidence that
6150-416: The records have been acquired to determine which records to acquire. More detailed, iterative appraisal may be performed while the records are being processed. Appraisal is performed on all archival materials, not just digital. It has been proposed that, in the digital context, it might be desirable to retain more records than have traditionally been retained after appraisal of analog records, primarily due to
6232-486: The resource remains fully accessible and functional. Two significant problems face migration as a plausible method of digital preservation in the long terms. Due to the fact that digital objects are subject to a state of near continuous change, migration may cause problems in relation to authenticity and migration has proven to be time-consuming and expensive for "large collections of heterogeneous objects, which would need constant monitoring and intervention. Migration can be
6314-407: The short term and long-term plans for digital preservation with respect to their domain. The study report was presented before Government of India in two volumes as under - The report included an overview of international digital preservation projects, study of legal imperatives ( Information Technology ACT 2000 /2008), study of technical challenges and standards, consolidated recommendations given by
6396-414: The totality of these materials. Often libraries, and to a lesser extent, archives, are offered the same materials in several different digital or analog formats. They prefer to select the format that they feel has the greatest potential for long-term preservation of the content. The Library of Congress has created a set of recommended formats for long-term preservation. They would be used, for example, if
6478-446: The user has unmediated access to the content, a digital object always needs a software environment to render it. These environments keep evolving and changing at a rapid pace, threatening the continuity of access to the content. Physical storage media, data formats, hardware, and software all become obsolete over time, posing significant threats to the survival of the content. This process can be referred to as digital obsolescence . In
6560-580: Was conducted during 11–13 January 2017 at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India. This training was organized as per the deliverable of Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation by C-DAC Pune in collaboration with Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorization Body (PTAB), UK. This initiative was helpful in formally introducing the ISO 16363 and ISO 16919 through the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) for
6642-488: Was involved to audit National Cultural Audiovisual Archive. Both NCAA and C-DAC teams worked together during the audit process. Finally, NCAA has been awarded the certified status as Trusted Digital Repository on 27 November 2017, as per ISO 16363 . It happens to be the first Certified Trusted Digital Repository (Certificate No. PTAB-TDRMS 0001) as per ISO 16363 in India and world. The High Level 3-day Training Course on ISO 16363 for Auditors and Managers of Digital Repositories
6724-1004: Was used for backups and data preservation, but is no longer used. File format obsolescence can occur when adoption of new encoding formats supersedes use of existing formats, or when associated presentation tools are no longer readily available. While the use of file formats will vary among archival institutions given their capabilities, there is documented acceptance among the field that chosen file formats should be "open, standard, non-proprietary, and well-established" to enable long-term archival use. Factors that should enter consideration when selecting sustainable file formats include disclosure, adoption, transparency, self-documentation, external dependencies, impact of patents, and technical protection mechanisms. Other considerations for selecting sustainable file formats include "format longevity and maturity, adaptation in relevant professional communities, incorporated information standards, and long-term accessibility of any required viewing software". For example,
#74925