Misplaced Pages

#816183

61-717: The Legend-class cutter , also known as the National Security Cutter ( NSC ) and Maritime Security Cutter, Large , is the largest active patrol cutter class of the United States Coast Guard , with the size of a frigate . Entering into service in 2008, the Legend class is the largest of several new cutter designs developed as part of the Integrated Deepwater System Program . These vessels can be used for

122-615: A SeaRAM replace the 20 mm Phalanx CIWS. The NSC is capable of carrying a sonar that is reported as having mine and underwater swimmer location ability. The NSC has an NBC detection and defense system to repel chemical, biological, or radiological attacks and has wash-down systems. The cutter's weapons, command and control suite can be upgraded and is hardened to survive potential attacks and process increased data flow. The first NSC, USCGC  Bertholf , entered sea trials in February 2008. She has been in service since August 2008, and

183-418: A course , topsail and topgallant . In earlier examples (before 1800) the topsail's foot had a large amount of roach and was sheeted to a separate yard that was set below the main yard (which carried the course). The headsails were a staysail , set on the forestay (which fastened to the stemhead), a jib , set flying to a traveller on the bowsprit and, in most cases, a flying jib (alternatively termed

244-490: A 12-cell Mk 56 VLS launcher for ESSM air-defense missiles, just behind the main gun, which is upgraded from 57 mm to a 76 mm Super Rapid . Two quad launchers for Harpoon anti-ship missiles and a triple launcher for torpedoes are added to the stern. It retains the SeaRAM/ Phalanx CIWS and 6 machine guns of other NSC variants. The stern is closed in and houses a towed-array sonar. A hull sonar

305-623: A 34 ft cutter could carry a total of 66 men, a 26 ft cutter, 36 men and a 20 ft cutter, 21 men. Steam powered ship's boats saw a slow introduction to the Royal Navy from 1864. By 1877, three types were in use: steam launches, picket boats and steam cutters. However, right up to the time of the First World War, the majority of the boats in use continued to be propelled solely by sail and oar. The Royal Navy still has some cutters that can be worked under sail or oar. In

366-437: A combination of radars and computers connected to either a rotating, automatically aimed launcher mount or vertical launching system . Examples of missile-based CIWS in operational service are: CIWS are also used on land in the form of Pantsir and C-RAM . On a smaller scale, active protection systems are used in some tanks (to destroy rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), and several are in development. The Drozd system

427-482: A decision to increase the number of boats carried by warships. During the Seven Years' War cutters were found particularly useful for cruising ships, being seaworthy and useful for boarding. However, they were more susceptible to damage than the heavier boats that they replaced and much less capable of carrying heavy weights, such as anchors and water casks. The range of sizes available steadily increased. By 1817

488-435: A fairly well equipped military of ships and aircraft with weapons and radar coverage well offshore, higher numbers of anti-ship cruise missiles, and a possible submarine threat. Operations in this threat environment could include defense operations, naval surface fire support, and the evacuation of noncombatants. The cutters are not expected to survive in a high-threat environment with their current configuration. The cutter has

549-555: A hundred years later. Some of these 18th and 19th century examples were rigged as ketches or brigs . However, the typical rig, especially in Naval or revenue protection use, was a single-masted rig setting a huge amount of sail. Square sails were set, as well as a full complement of fore and aft sails. In civilian use, cutters were mostly involved in smuggling . The navy and coastguard therefore also used cutters in an attempt to catch those operating illegally. The term cutter appeared in

610-413: A jib-topsail) also set flying, but to a higher point on the mast. A cutter has a running bowsprit, which can be brought inboard when not needed, such as in rough weather or in harbour. The bowsprit was usually of great length, sometimes longer than the hull. The standard fair weather sails consisted of a ringtail to the mainsail and studding sails to the square sails. It was not unknown for cutters to use

671-450: A rear-launching ramp, capable of launching and retrieving the two aft-stored RHIBs while underway. The NSC is built to about 90% military standards. The NSC has a steel hull and steel superstructure with steel bulkheads. Ballistic protection is provided for the main gun. The cutter's crew-served weapons can have steel ballistic shields attached for protection. The NSC is equipped with a state-of-the-art damage-control system, that contributes to

SECTION 10

#1732793145817

732-621: A removable mizzen mast for use when reaching , setting a lugsail . Since the boom of the mainsail overhung the stern, the mast would have to be removed to tack or gybe. The dimensions of an 18th-century cutter purchased by the Royal Navy in 1763, and roughly in the middle of the size range of the batch of 30 bought that year ( HMS  Fly ) are: length on deck 47 feet 6 inches (14.48 m), beam 20 feet 10.25 inches (6.3564 m), measuring just over 78 tons bm . Smuggling cutters ranged from 30 tons (captured in 1747) to 140 tons. The Revenue cutters increased in size to match

793-510: A rotating turret . Missile-based CIWSs use either infra-red , passive radar / ESM , or semi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and rotary or revolver cannon placed on

854-407: A rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are: Short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft); systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about 500 m (1,600 ft) or less, still close enough to cause damage to

915-434: A sailing vessel (but with regional differences in definition), to a governmental enforcement agency vessel (such as a coast guard or border force cutter), to a type of ship's boat which can be used under sail or oars, or, historically, to a type of fast-sailing vessel introduced in the 18th century, some of which were used as small warships. As a sailing rig, a cutter is a single-masted boat, with two or more headsails. On

976-403: A variety of tasks, including environmental protection, search and rescue, fisheries protection, ports, waterways, and coastal security, counterterrorism activities, law enforcement, drug interdiction, defense operations, and other military operations, including assigned naval warfare tasks with the U.S. Navy . The Legend-class cutters are the second-longest of all U.S. Coast Guard cutters, behind

1037-689: Is based at Coast Guard Island , Alameda, California . A second NSC, Waesche , was based in Alameda in 2010. Construction of Stratton , which now carries a crew of 123, began in 2008 at Huntington Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula. The vessel was christened by first lady Michelle Obama in July 2010, and delivered to the Coast Guard in September 2011. She is now in service in Alameda. Construction on

1098-435: Is derived from the sailing cutters which had this sort of role from the 18th century to the end of the 19th century. (See below.) Whilst the details vary from country to country, generally these are small ships that can remain at sea for extended periods and in all usual weather conditions. Many, but not all, are armed. Uses include control of a country's borders and preventing smuggling. Cutters as ship's boats came into use in

1159-473: Is increased to 148. It was offered to the U.S. Navy as a replacement for the Littoral Combat Ship . The FY13 cost of an LCS was $ 446.3   million compared to $ 735   million for an NSC. Patrol Frigate 4921 is a more radical redesign. It has a crew of 141. Weapons and sensors are added at the expense of reducing range from 12,000 to 8,000 nautical miles (22,000 to 15,000 km). It adds

1220-515: Is installed for mine countermeasures and an ESM suite. The original "National Patrol Frigate" concept had an AN/SPY-1 F air-defense radar. By 2012 the PF 4921 was being shown with an Australian CEAFAR radar. Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and Germany have shown interest in NSC derivatives. 761 Cutter (boat) A cutter is any of various types of watercraft . The term can refer to the rig (sail plan) of

1281-488: Is not pursuing the option of a 12th cutter. In January 2018, a whistleblower lawsuit against Lockheed Martin was unsealed, alleging that the company had sold defective communications systems to the NSC program. The qui tam lawsuit, filed by a former Lockheed employee, said Lockheed had concealed known problems with the radio-frequency distribution systems installed on nine NSCs, preventing them from simultaneously transmitting and receiving multiple radio signals. To settle

SECTION 20

#1732793145817

1342-712: Is to be upgraded under the Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (SEWIP). The Legend class is equipped with the same 220 rpm Bofors 57 mm gun as mounted on the U.S. Navy's littoral combat ships and Constellation-class frigates . Guided 57 mm ammunition is being developed for the Mk 110 for the Navy and Coast Guard, including for use on the National Security cutters. The missile defense duties are handled by

1403-731: The Arleigh Burke -class destroyers . Legend-class cutters have increased data exchange bandwidth. The Hensoldt , formerly EADS North America , TRS-3D radar system provides three-dimensional air and surface search functions, and is used in the LCS program and as the German Korvette 130 program. The cutters are equipped with the AN/SLQ-32(V)2 electronic warfare system, used in the DDG-51 class . The cutters AN/SLQ-32B(V)2 system

1464-501: The English Channel (2 h 42 min) in 1996 and for sculling non-stop from London to Paris (4 days 15 min) in 1999. The pilot cutter developed from the need for a fast boat to take maritime pilots from harbour to incoming large trading vessels. As most early pilots were local fisherman who undertook both jobs, although licensed by the harbour to operate within their jurisdiction , pilots were generally self-employed, and

1525-688: The Short Range Prosecutor and the Long Range Interceptor rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). The cutters are configured to survive in low-threat environments, such as an enemy having a poorly equipped military, some coastal patrol craft, and few to no anti-ship cruise missiles. Operations in this environment can be general defense operations, including theater security, port protection, ship escort, anti-piracy , and maritime interception operations. The cutters can survive in medium-threat environments, which can include

1586-399: The freeboard . It was pierced with rowlock cut-outs for the oars, so that the thwarts did not need to be set unusually high to achieve the right geometry for efficient use. Cutters, as decked sailing vessels designed for speed, came into use in the early part of the 18th century. When first introduced, the term applied largely to the hull form, in the same way that clipper was used almost

1647-452: The 11th NSC. The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2020 makes available $ 100.5   million for long lead-time material for a 12th cutter. In March 2023, the Coast Guard's proposed FY2024 budget requested $ 17.1 million in procurement funding for the NSC program for post-delivery activities for the 10th and 11th NSCs, class-wide activities that included test and evaluation, and program close-out support, thereby suggesting it

1708-403: The 18th century appeared, the term was also applied to a new class of ship's boat . These were clinker-built open boats, optimised for sailing but capable under oars. They had finer lines than the boats of that time (which had more rounded bows) and a transom stern. A distinctive feature was that the washstrake had cut-outs (called rowlocks ) in which the oars were worked, unlike most boats of

1769-555: The 18th century often decorated as depicted in historical prints and pictures of the River Thames in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern waterman's cutter is based on drawings of these boats. They are 34 feet (10 m) long with a beam of 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m). They can have up to six oarsmen either rowing or sculling and can carry a cox and passengers. The organisers of the Great River Race developed

1830-586: The FY18 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill in November 2017, funding for the 10th NSC at a cost of $ 540   million and long lead items for the 11th NSC was proposed. The FY2018 Omnibus Appropriations Bill includes $ 1.24   billion in funding for the NSC program. The bill contained funding for the construction of the 10th National Security Cutter (NSC), long-lead-time materials for the 11th NSC, and construction of

1891-648: The Mk 53 Nulka decoy systems, the Mk 36 SRBOC countermeasure systems also used on the FFG-7 and CG-47 programs, and the Phalanx CIWS . The combination of the Mk 110 and the Phalanx gives the cutters anti-surface capability, limited air-defense capability, and the capability to provide naval gunfire support. The cutters have space, weight, and power reserved for additional weapons and systems, which includes mine-warfare systems, non-line-of-sight missiles, and can have

Legend-class cutter - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-630: The OPC program by five years. The program was also plagued by structural issues. The Coast Guard historically uses its cutters extensively, typically 180 days at sea a year. Operations in North Pacific and North Atlantic waters are some of the roughest seas in the Northern Hemisphere. Stresses on the cutters are expected to be very severe. Structural analysis showed that some parts of the cutter could be expected to survive only 3 years. This

2013-599: The Royal Navy, the cutter appears to have originated in Deal . Some Navy Board correspondence of 1712 concerns disapproval of the captain of HMS  Rochester for buying a cutter of about 20 feet (6.1 m) in length as a replacement for her pinnace. In 1722, another ship had a cutter issued for a voyage to India, and by 1740 substantial numbers of cutters were being bought from Deal boatbuilders to equip Navy ships. The size of these boats varied from 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) in length. The 1740 purchases coincided with

2074-525: The bowsprit is permanently rigged. An example of this is the Friendship Sloop . A traditional cutter, by contrast, has a running bowsprit and the jib is set flying on a traveller that is hauled out to the end of the bowsprit. In a vessel such as a Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter , a storm jib might be set on a reefed bowsprit, with the bowsprit partially run in from its most fully extended position. The watermen of London used similar boats in

2135-405: The case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy -only projectiles. 8 × 9M311K + 32 missiles 1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec ABM: 3,500 m (11,500 ft) ABM: 1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s) A missile-based CIWS comprises

2196-488: The cutters issued came in 17 different lengths, from 12 to 34 feet (3.7 to 10.4 m). This big variety was reduced when the Royal Navy's warships moved to steam propulsion. Since drinking water could now be distilled on board, ships no longer needed to have the largest boats that they could carry to maximise the amount of water collected on each trip. The standard-issue cutters from 1877 to 1900 came in 11 different lengths, ranging from 16 to 34 feet (4.9 to 10.4 m). This

2257-460: The early 18th century (dating which roughly coincides with the decked sailing vessels described below). These were clinker-built open boats which were fitted for propulsion by both oar and sail. They were more optimised for sailing than the barges and pinnaces that were types of ship's boat used in the Royal Navy – one distinctive resulting feature of this was the washstrake added to increase

2318-413: The early 18th century as a description of a hull type. These vessels were designed for speed and the name was used in a similar way to clipper in the next century. The concept of hull type was perpetuated by the term "cutter brig" which was used over the period circa 1781–1807 for those rigged as brigs. "Cutter built" was a description applied to a hull of this type and designed for speed. More generally,

2379-533: The eastern side of the Atlantic , the two headsails on a single mast is the fullest extent of the modern definition. In U.S. waters, a greater level of complexity applies, with the placement of the mast and the rigging details of the bowsprit taken into account – so a boat with two headsails may be classed as a sloop . Government agencies use the term "cutter" for vessels employed in patrolling their territorial waters and other enforcement activities. This terminology

2440-574: The enhancements already installed. The NSC program originally encountered problems meeting TEMPEST requirements. After more recent testing, the first NSC, Bertholf , passed all TEMPEST requirements. The delays and problems led to cost increases. The 2014 USCG estimate for eight ships is $ 5.474   billion, for an average unit cost of $ 684   million. The first six hulls cost $ 3.902   billion, for an average of $ 650   million per ship. The sixth NSC cost $ 735   million in FY2012-13. In

2501-675: The fourth NSC, Hamilton , began in 2011. She was delivered to the Coast Guard in September 2014. In December 2009, a fleet mix analysis phase study called for nine NSCs. Eight ships are in the Program of Record . Seven hulls were funded as of the FY2013-2017 capital investment plan. The NSCs proved their capability to perform naval operations during the 2012 RIMPAC exercises , where the Bertholf detected and tracked missile threats and provided naval gunfire support for troops ashore during

Legend-class cutter - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-640: The hulks in smaller boats. In the UK, the Border Force (successor to the UK Border Agency and HM Customs and Excise ) currently operates a fleet of 42 m corvette -type vessels throughout UK territorial waters as border cutters, inspecting vessels for illicit cargoes. CIWS There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars , computers, and rapid-firing multiple-barrel rotary cannons placed on

2623-879: The larger SS  Great Britain on her maiden voyage. The term cutter is also used for any seaworthy vessel used in the law enforcement duties of the United Kingdom's Border Force , the United States Coast Guard (because of its descent from the Revenue Cutter Service ) or the customs services of other countries. In the United States, the early Revenue Cutter Service operated customs cutters that were commonly schooners or brigs . In Britain, they were usually rigged as defined under Sailing ( above ). The British Board of Customs also used other vessels as hulks , which were moored in places such as tidal creeks . Customs officers worked from

2684-426: The lawsuit, Lockheed agreed to pay the federal government $ 2.2   million, and to provide repairs valued at $ 2.2   million to the faulty systems. Huntington Ingalls Industries has proposed two "patrol frigates" for Navy use, based on the NSC hull. Patrol Frigate 4501 is very similar to the NSC, the main differences being a modified stern ramp and a knuckle boom crane replacing the overhead crane. The crew

2745-399: The mizzen. This made them similar to many of the luggers worked from the beaches and harbours of Britain. The sail plan illustration here (1880 Sail Plan) even replicates the civilian lugger terminology of having a fore and mizzen mast, and not using the term "main mast". A variation on this rig, seen for example in 1887, was to have two dipping lugs. The number of oars pulled varied with

2806-716: The modern version in the 1980s and now many of the fleet of 24 compete annually in this "Marathon of the River". Watermen's cutters also compete annually in the Port of London Challenge, and the Port Admirals' Challenge. Cutter races are also to be found at various town rowing and skiffing regattas . In addition the cutters perform the role of ceremonial Livery Barges with the canopies and armorial flags flying on special occasions. Cutters have been used for record-breaking attempts and crews have achieved record times for sculling

2867-432: The period, that used thole pins as the pivot point for the oars. This allowed a higher freeboard, which was helpful if sailing – when the cut-outs were filled with wooden shutters (often mis-called poppets ) to keep the water out. The alternative, if the correct geometry for an efficient rowing position was adopted, was to position the thwarts awkwardly high. Like some other types of ship's boats used in

2928-463: The quickest transport meant greater income. As their fishing boats were heavy working boats, and filled with fishing equipment, they needed a new type of boat; early boats were developed from single masted fishing cutter designs and twin masted yawls , and latterly into the specialist pilot cutter. The natural dangers of the Bristol Channel brought about over many years the development of

2989-487: The research icebreaker Healy , and replaced the 12 Hamilton -class cutters in service. These cutters are envisioned by the Coast Guard as being able to undertake the entire range of the high-endurance cutter roles, with additional upgrades to make it more of an asset to the Department of Defense during declared national emergency contingencies. To facilitate intercept missions, the Legend class can carry and launch

3050-412: The ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like Russian Kashtan and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close range surface-to-air missiles on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility. Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even in

3111-424: The ship's survivability. The NSC is designed to U.S. Navy damage stability criteria and to level-1 survivability standards. Most of the NSC design is compatible with ABS naval vessel rules. The NSC has a degaussing capability. The cutters have a reduced radar cross-section , which gives the cutters a higher degree of stealth over the past cutters. The NSC uses a modified version of the same stealthy mast design as

SECTION 50

#1732793145817

3172-464: The simpler definition, the sailing rig called "cutter" has a single mast with fore and aft sails which include more than one headsail . The mainsail (set abaft, or behind the mast) could be gaff , Bermuda , standing lug or gunter rigged. A more complex definition may be applied in American waters, where a boat with two headsails would be termed a sloop if the mast has a more forward position and

3233-451: The size of the boat. A schedule of ship's boats of 1886 shows 34 to 30 feet (10.4 to 9.1 m) cutters pulling 12 oars, 28 feet (8.5 m), 10 oars, 26 to 20 feet (7.9 to 6.1 m), 8 oars and the two smallest sizes of 18 and 16 feet (5.5 and 4.9 m), 6 oars. The smaller boats could be single banked whilst the larger and later examples were generally double-banked . For transporting large numbers of men, in moderate weather conditions,

3294-610: The specialist Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter . According to records from Pill, Somerset now housed in the Bristol Museum , the first official Bristol Channel pilot was barge master George James Ray, appointed by the Corporation of Bristol in May 1497 to pilot John Cabot 's Matthew from Bristol harbour to the open sea beyond. In 1837 Pilot George Ray guided Brunel 's SS  Great Western , and in 1844 William Ray piloted

3355-510: The training exercise, demonstrating the capability of moving with other naval forces and being able to perform other defense operations. In July 2009, the Government Accountability Office reported that delays in the NSC program are likely to result in "the loss of thousands of cutter operational days for conducting missions through 2017." The GAO also reported that month that problems in the NSC program had delayed

3416-439: The unmodified word "cutter" soon became associated with a single-masted rig. Fast vessels were often used for illegal purposes, such as smuggling, or by the authorities trying to prevent this illegality. Therefore, cutters were used for both. The Royal Navy bought and had built a large number for use in controlling smuggling, as "advice boats" (carrying dispatches), or against privateers . The characteristic cutter hull shape

3477-422: The vessels they attempted to catch – Repulse , of 210 tons was built in 1778. A determining factor on size was the number of crew needed to handle the large gaff mainsail with its long boom. Larger cutters purchased by the Royal Navy were sometimes converted to brigs to make them easier to handle, but still utilising the fast hull. At about the same time that the decked, fast-sailing cutters of

3538-626: Was addressed in cutter 752 onwards, with the first two cutters receiving reinforcements. WMSL-752, the Stratton , suffered corrosion and leaks within weeks of commissioning in 2012. Earlier ships have not had that problem, so it may be the result of the cathodic protection system being hooked up in reverse. The first NSC, the Bertholf , has had structural enhancements put into place to fix reports of fatigue life issues. The second NSC, Waesche , had structural enhancement work completed in September 2018. The cutter Stratton and all subsequent NSCs have

3599-416: Was cut to 5 sizes from 26 to 34 feet (7.9 to 10.4 m) in 1914. The sailing rig of the cutters used as ship's boats was usually two masted. In 1761, the larger Deal-built cutters had spritsails set on these masts, soon transitioning to a dipping lug fore-sail and a sprit mizzen. For much of the 19th century, and into the 20th, cutters were rigged with a dipping lug on the foremast and a standing lug on

3660-683: Was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by explosive reactive armour . Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian Arena , Israeli Trophy , American Quick Kill and South African-Swedish LEDS-150 . Laser-based CIWS systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard USS  Ponce . The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu , TÜBİTAK)

3721-423: Was wide; many had a length to breadth ratio of 3 to 1. It had a lot of deadrise and fine lines. A huge amount of sail could be set on these beamy hulls. The rig became standardised as having one mast, a gaff-rigged mainsail , square sails and several headsails – together with a full range of extra light weather sails. The mainsail had a boom that extended beyond the stern. Square sails consisted of

SECTION 60

#1732793145817
#816183