78-725: National Writers Union ( NWU ) is a trade union in the United States for freelance and contract writers founded on 19 November 1981. Organized into 17 local chapters nationwide, it had been Local 1981 of the United Automobile Workers , AFL–CIO since merging with them in 1992. On 11 May 2020, the NWU disaffiliated with the UAW. NWU is affiliated with the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ),
156-619: A November 2008 New York Times editorial, Andrew Ross Sorkin claimed that the average UAW worker was paid $ 70 per hour, including health and pension costs, while Toyota workers in the US receive $ 10 to $ 20 less. The UAW asserts that most of this labor cost disparity comes from legacy pension and healthcare benefits to retired members, of which the Japanese automakers have none. The Big Three already sold each of their cars for about $ 2,500 less than equivalent cars from Japanese companies, analysts at
234-468: A bargain if it was to be a successful bargaining agency with a corporation, which meant that wildcat strikes and disruptive behavior by union members had to be stopped by the union itself. According to one writer, many UAW members were extreme individualists who did not like being bossed around by company foremen or by union agents. Leaders of the UAW realized that they had to control the shop floor, as Reuther explained in 1939: "We must demonstrate that we are
312-472: A benefit not calculated by the UAW's many critics. The UAW has claimed that the primary cause of the automotive sector's weakness was substantially more expensive fuel costs linked to the 2003-2008 oil crisis which caused customers to turn away from large sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks , the main market of the American Big Three. In 2008, the situation became critical because
390-530: A digital format. In June 2024, it returned to Chicago for its Juneteenth celebration at Soho House. One of the most famous aspects of the magazine was its list of "100 Most Influential Blacks". This list—which began in 1963, took a hiatus until 1971, and has continued on ever since—lists those who have made the greatest impact in the African-American community during the year. Most of those listed were well-educated, with 55 percent having completed
468-477: A disciplined, responsible organization; we not only have power, but that we have power under control.". World War II dramatically changed the nature of the UAW's organizing. The UAW's executive board voted to make a "no strike" pledge to ensure that the war effort would not be hindered by strikes. A vehement minority opposed the decision, but the pledge was later reaffirmed by the membership. As war production ramped up and auto factories converted to tank building,
546-563: A graduate degree. However, some researchers have noted that black scholars, teachers, and higher-education administrators are rarely, if ever, included on the list. The list exclusively focuses on entertainment figures, politicians, philanthropists, and entrepreneurs. The May 2001 "100+ Most Influential Black Americans" issue did not include a number of influential African Americans such as Thomas Sowell , Shelby Steele , Armstrong Williams , Walter Williams and, most notably, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas . The Economist described
624-462: A majority of the workers signing cards asking for UAW representation, in February 2014 workers at Volkswagen's Chattanooga , Tennessee plant narrowly voted down the union 712 to 626. However, the UAW organized a minority union Local 42, which was voluntary and does not collect dues. After the close vote against the UAW, Volkswagen announced a new policy allowing groups representing at least 15% of
702-500: A pregnant Nia Long , reminiscent of the iconic image of actress Demi Moore portrayed naked while pregnant on a major magazine cover two decades before. Some of Ebony ′s more conservative readers objected to the cover, stating it was inappropriate to feature an unwed, pregnant woman on the cover. The cover made national headlines in US Weekly and in a five-minute segment on CNN . More recent issues questioned whether President Obama
780-681: A successful strike at the Big Three in 2023, the union organized its first foreign plant ( VW ) in 2024. UAW members in the 21st century work in industries including autos and auto parts, health care, casino gambling, and higher education. The union is headquartered in Detroit , Michigan . As of February 24, 2022, the UAW has more than 391,000 active members and more than 580,000 retired members in over 600 local unions and holds 1,150 contracts with some 1,600 employers. It holds assets amounting to just over $ 1 billion. For most of its history,
858-479: A temporary "federal labor union" (FLU), whose members would then be divided up amongst the AFL's various craft unions. He sent William Collins to Detroit to organize automobile workers. Collins' efforts were hampered by an insufficiently militant program, a lack of organizing funds, fear of retaliation among the workers, distrust from Black and foreign workers, and strong opposition from the automobile companies. By 1935
SECTION 10
#1732773313943936-446: A time when other auto companies would not. Furthermore, many feared that Black workers were being asked to risk their jobs but would be "pushed aside and ignored" once the union had secured their votes. It took four years of organizing efforts for the UAW to win the right to represent Ford employees. On May 21, 1941, following a strike at Ford's Rouge plant , a decisive majority of employees, including most Black employees, voted to join
1014-521: A wide range of policy issues or reforms to AFL–CIO governance. On July 24, 1968, just days after the UAW disaffiliation, Teamsters General President Frank Fitzsimmons and Reuther formed the Alliance for Labor Action as a new national trade union center to organize unorganized workers and pursue leftist political and social projects. Meany denounced the ALA as a dual union , although Reuther argued it
1092-525: Is an American labor union that represents workers in the United States (including Puerto Rico ) and southern Ontario , Canada. It was founded as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the 1930s and grew rapidly from 1936 to the 1950s. The union played a major role in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party under the leadership of Walter Reuther (president 1946–1970). It
1170-577: Is the subject of perennial debate within the NWU.) There is a National Executive Board (NEB), consisting of the 11 officers of the National Executive Committee plus the chairs of the 17 local chapters. The NEB meets annually to approve the annual budget and to review the implementation of policies adopted by the Delegate Assembly. Contested elections for the National Executive Committee officers have occasionally been
1248-637: The American Federation of Labor (AFL) had only focused on organizing skilled workers practicing specific trades, an approach known as craft unionism . Most automobile workers were not skilled, so they were largely unorganized. This changed following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933. AFL president William Green decided to begin an organizing drive among unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Green planned to recruit workers at each factory into
1326-633: The Artists Rights Society , Association of American Editorial Cartoonists , Illustrator's Partnership of America, Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators , the Stock Artists Alliance , and the Advertising Photographers of America, among others) in opposing both The Orphan Works Act of 2008 and The Shawn Bentley Orphan Works Act of 2008 . Known collectively as " Artists United Against
1404-803: The COVID-19 pandemic . Though primarily known for autoworkers, academic staff comprised one quarter of UAW membership in 2022, and the 2022 University of California academic workers' strike achieved higher pay for that UAW affiliate. A corruption probe by the Justice Department against UAW and 3 Fiat Chrysler executives was conducted during 2020 regarding several charges such as racketeering , embezzlement , and tax evasion . It resulted in convictions of 12 union officials and 3 Fiat Chrysler executives, including two former Union Presidents, UAW paying back over $ 15 million in improper chargebacks to worker training centers, payment of $ 1.5 million to
1482-551: The Great Recession significantly impaired the ability of consumers to purchase automobiles. The Big Three also based their respective market strategies on fuel-inefficient SUVs, and suffered from lower quality perception (vis-a-vis automobiles manufactured by Japanese or European car makers). Accordingly, the Big Three directed vehicle development focused on light trucks (which had better profit margins) in order to offset
1560-549: The Johnson Publishing Company sold its historic building at 820 S. Michigan Avenue in Chicago's loop to Columbia College Chicago . The same year, Ebony was redesigned to update its longtime brand. In the past, the magazine was persistently upbeat, much like its postwar contemporary Life magazine. However, in the 21st century, Ebony featured more controversial content. The November 2011 cover featured
1638-400: The sitdown strike , a tactic where workers "sit down" at their work stations to occupy a factory. Sitdown strikes enabled small numbers of workers to interrupt the assembly line and stop production across an entire plant. Likewise, it projected power outwards from the factory across the entire supply chain: "just as a militant minority could stop production in an entire plant, so if the plant
SECTION 20
#17327733139431716-611: The "100 Most Influential Blacks in America". After 71 years, in June 2016, Johnson Publishing sold both Ebony and Jet , another Johnson publication, to a private equity firm called Clear View Group. The new publisher is known as Ebony Media Corporation . After the publication went bankrupt in July 2020, it was purchased for $ 14 million by Junior Bridgeman in December 2020. Ebony
1794-665: The 1960s, the magazine increasingly covered the civil rights movement . Articles were published about political events happening all over the U.S. where activists protested racial violence and advocated for increasing social mobility for African Americans across the diaspora. Also published was content about the Black Power movement . In 1965, executive editor Lerone Bennett Jr. wrote a recurring column entitled "Black Power", which featured an in-depth profile of Stokely Carmichael in 1966. Ebony also commemorated historical events that contributed to black citizenship and freedom such as
1872-555: The 1970s. The magazine's February 1971 cover featured 13 black congressmen and women. Ebony highlighted the black professionals serving in Jimmy Carter 's administration in the March 1977 issue. The magazine reached unprecedented levels of popularity, with marketers estimating that Ebony reached over 40% of the African-American adults in the United States during the 1980s, a feat unmatched by any other general–interest magazine at
1950-455: The AFL caved to pressure and called for a convention. The UAW's founding convention began on August 26, 1935 in Detroit. The total membership of its constituent unions was 25,769. The AFL attempted to keep control of the union by pushing through a charter that denied the rank-and-file the right to elect their own officers. Militant local unions quickly managed to overturn that situation, and
2028-715: The Ford Service Department to spy on and intimidate workers. At the Battle of the Overpass , Ford Service Department personnel beat union organizers in front of news photographers. Despite Ford's attempts to destroy them, photographs of the incident reached the press and helped turn public opinion against the company. However, Ford continued to refuse to sign a contract. The UAW's cause was hindered by its weakness with Black workers. Older Black workers felt loyalty to Henry Ford because he had hired and paid them well at
2106-614: The IRS to settle tax issues, commitment to independent oversight for six years, and a referendum that reformed the election mode for leadership. The "One Member One Vote" referendum vote in 2022 determined that UAW members could directly elect the members of the UAW International Executive Board (IEB), the highest ruling body of the UAW. Shawn Fain was elected president in March 2023. A strike against all big three automakers began on September 15, 2023, for
2184-736: The International Authors Forum (IAF), and the International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO). The NWU seeks to defend the rights of, and improve the economic and working conditions for, all writers. It offers advocacy, contract advice, grievance assistance, a job hotline, member education, press passes for qualified members, writer alerts and warnings, and access to group rate health and dental insurance (in certain geographic areas). The union also issues various publications and an irregular journal called American Writer . Ultimate power in
2262-576: The International Motor Vehicle Program said. According to the 2007 GM Annual Report, typical autoworkers earned a base wage of approximately $ 28 per hour. Following the 2007 National Agreement, the base starting wage was lowered to about $ 15 per hour. A second-tier wage of $ 14.50 an hour, which applies only to newly hired workers, is lower than the average wage in non-union auto companies in the Deep South . One of
2340-618: The Midwestern United States and Canada, had been impacted economically from losses in jobs and income. This peaked with the near-bankruptcy of Chrysler in 1979. In 1985 the union's Canadian division disaffiliated from the UAW over a dispute regarding negotiation tactics and formed the Canadian Auto Workers as an independent union. Specifically the Canadian division claimed they were being used to pressure
2418-570: The NWU is probably the 2001 victory in Tasini v. Times , in which the United States Supreme Court in a decisive 7–2 ruling affirmed the copyright privileges of freelance writers whose works were originally published in periodicals and then licensed by the publishers to electronic databases without explicit permission of, or compensation to, the writers. In 2008, NWU joined over 60 other art licensing businesses (including
National Writers Union - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-560: The NWU published a statement by a number of author organizations regarding the Internet Archive's Open Library project. The NWU was concerned that freely distributing copies of authors' works violated the protections that those authors get from copyright laws. The statement called for "a dialogue among writers, authors, publishers, and librarians on how to enable and create the digital libraries we all want, in ways that fully respect authors’ rights" The Freelance Solidarity Project
2574-592: The NWU rests in the biennial Delegate Assembly (DA), subject to the provisions of the UAW 's constitution. Delegates are elected to the assembly by local chapters and serve a term of two years. Each chapter is allocated a number of delegates according to the size of its membership. The DA sets over-all union strategy and policy, charters new locals, and establishes national working bodies that carry out union activities. Delegates are unpaid volunteers. The National Executive Committee (NEC) consists of 11 officers directly elected by
2652-662: The Obama administration, had become the chief executive officer of the magazine. In 2016, Johnson Publishing Company sold the magazine along with Jet to private equity firm Clear View Group. In May 2017, the editorial staff for the magazine moved from Chicago to Los Angeles along with the editorial staff for Jet magazine. In December 2020, the magazine and its sister publication Jet were purchased for $ 14 million by Junior Bridgeman. In July 2019, three months after Johnson Publishing Company filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy liquidation, it sold its historic photo archives including
2730-542: The September 1963 issue that honored the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. Ebony 's design and content began to shift in the late–1960s and early–1970s. A new level of competition for subscribers and readers began during the 1970s. Due to the emergence of new African-American oriented magazines such as Essence , Ebony began to cover more political activism and achievements in
2808-490: The U.S. Orphan Works Acts ," the diverse organizations joined forces to oppose the bills, which the groups believe "permits, and even encourages, wide-scale infringements while depriving creators of protections currently available under the Copyright Act." In 2017, the NWU sued Ebony magazine for $ 200,000 on behalf of writers who were owed money. The suit was settled with writers being paid $ 74,000. In February 2019,
2886-416: The UAW as their representative in a sitdown strike. By mid-1937 the new union claimed 150,000 members and was spreading through the auto and parts manufacturing towns of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Ford Motor Company was the last of the "Big Three" automakers to recognize the UAW. Henry Ford and his security manager, Harry Bennett , used brute force to keep the union out of Ford. They set up
2964-492: The UAW organized new locals in these factories and airplane manufacturers across the country and hit a peak membership of over a million members in 1944. That same year, Lillian Hatcher was appointed the first Black female international representative of the UAW. The UAW struck GM for 113 days, beginning in November 1945, demanding a greater voice in management. GM would pay higher wages but refused to consider power sharing;
3042-508: The UAW used the rhetoric of civic or liberal nationalism to fight for the rights of Black workers and other workers of color between the 1930s and 1970s. At the same time, it used this rhetoric to simultaneously rebuff the demands and limit the organizing efforts of Black workers seeking to overcome institutional racial hierarchies in the workplace, housing, and the UAW. The UAW leadership denounced these demands and efforts as antidemocratic and anti-American. Three examples, Williams argues, show how
3120-667: The UAW's use of working class nationalism functioned as a counter subversive tradition within American liberalism: the UAW campaign at the Ford plant in Dearborn, Michigan , in the late 1930s, the 1942 conflict in Detroit over the black occupancy of the Sojourner Truth housing project, and the responses of the UAW under the conservative leadership of Reuther to the demands of Black workers for representation in UAW leadership between
3198-452: The UAW, the first Earth Day would have likely flopped!" With the 1973 oil embargo , rising fuel prices caused the U.S. auto makers to lose market share to foreign manufacturers who placed more emphasis on fuel efficiency. This started years of layoffs and wage reductions, and the UAW found itself in the position of giving up many of the benefits it had won for workers over the decades. By the early 1980s, auto producing states, especially in
National Writers Union - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-422: The UAW. The UAW extracted a better deal from Ford than from other automakers, including pay increases, a closed shop , and rehiring of pro-union workers. The agreement also included a non-discrimination clause drafted by Shelton Tappes , a Black foundryman who had served on the UAW negotiating team. Communists provided many of the organizers and led some key union locals, especially Local 600 which represented
3354-634: The Volkswagen (VW) Chattanooga, Tennessee plant voted to join the UAW, the union's first victory in the South outside Detroit's Big Three. District 65, a former affiliate of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union that included as a predecessor the United Office and Professional Workers of America , merged into the UAW in 1989. In 2008, the 6,500 postdoctoral scholars (postdocs) at
3432-467: The Writers Union. Despite its name, wrote Peterson, on behalf of the NWU and President Jonathan Tasini, the union was in fact not legally a "labor organization," since its members are freelancers. Peterson's position was felt by many members to undermine two decades of work in establishing the NWU as writers' legitimate bargaining representative under Federal labor law. The best-known activity of
3510-404: The auto industry rebound in the 21st century and blamed for seeking generous benefit packages in the past which in part led to the automotive industry crisis of 2008–10 . UAW workers receiving generous benefit packages when compared with those working at non-union Japanese auto assembly plants in the U.S., had been cited as a primary reason for the cost differential before the 2009 restructuring. In
3588-519: The benefits negotiated by the United Auto Workers was the former jobs bank program, under which laid-off members once received 95 percent of their take-home pay and benefits. More than 12,000 UAW members were paid this benefit in 2005. In December 2008, the UAW agreed to suspend the program as a concession to help U.S. automakers during the auto industry crisis. UAW leadership granted concessions to its unions in order to win labor peace,
3666-499: The best compensated in the country in addition to gaining unprecedented rights and protections. Died in office Ebony (magazine) Ebony is a monthly magazine that focuses on news, culture, and entertainment. Its target audience is the African-American community, and its coverage includes the lifestyles and accomplishments of influential black people, fashion, beauty, and politics. Ebony magazine
3744-447: The campaign, Clear View Group made an effort to pay 11 of the 50 writers $ 18,000, ending with only three being paid in full. In late 2017, the remaining writers with the help of The National Writers Union filed suit against Clear View Group and Ebony Media Operations. The remaining writers settled their lawsuit with the company in February 2018. The magazine owners were ordered to pay $ 80,000 Ebony Media Operations, Clear View Group and
3822-504: The companies for extra benefits, which went mostly to the American members. The UAW saw a loss of membership after the 1970s. Membership topped 1.5 million in 1979, falling to 540,000 in 2006. With the late-2000s recession and automotive industry crisis of 2008–10 , GM and Chrysler filed for Chapter 11 reorganization. Membership fell to 390,000 active members in 2010, with more than 600,000 retired members covered by pension and medical care plans. UAW has been credited for aiding in
3900-401: The considerably higher labor costs, falling considerably behind in the sedan market segments to Japanese and European automakers. The UAW has tried to expand membership by organizing the employees outside of the Big Three. In 2010, Bob King hired Richard Bensinger to organize Japanese, Korean, and German transplant factories in the United States. In a representational election following
3978-496: The consumer with each contract, with limited success. An agreement on profit sharing with American Motors led nowhere, because profits were small at this minor player. The UAW expanded its scope to include workers in other major industries such as the aerospace and agricultural-implement industries. The UAW disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO on July 1, 1968, after Reuther and AFL–CIO President George Meany could not come to agreement on
SECTION 50
#17327733139434056-414: The efforts of the police and National Guard to retake them. On February 11, 1937, General Motors agreed to bargain with the UAW, and eventually recognized the UAW as a bargaining agent under the newly adopted National Labor Relations Act . This recognition marked a turning point in the growth of the UAW and organized labor unions more generally. The next month, auto workers at Chrysler won recognition of
4134-587: The exclusion of Justice Thomas from the list as spiteful. In 2018, the magazine published a series highlighting Black families from across the United States with the intention of showcasing Black family dynamics. In August 2008, the magazine had published a special eight-cover edition featuring the "25 Coolest Brothers of All Time". The lineup featured popular figures like Jay-Z , Barack Obama , Prince , Samuel L. Jackson , Denzel Washington , Marvin Gaye , Muhammad Ali and Billy Dee Williams . In November 2010,
4212-498: The first issue: We like to look at the zesty side of life. Sure, you can get all hot and bothered about the race question (and don't think we don't), but not enough is said about all the swell things we Negroes can do and will accomplish. Ebony will try to mirror the happier side of Negro life – the positive, everyday achievements from Harlem to Hollywood. But when we talk about race as the No. 1 problem of America, we'll talk turkey. During
4290-681: The first time in UAW history. After nearly a month and a half of strikes, UAW was able to reach an agreement with all three carmakers after securing record concessions from them. After the success of the strike, in November 2023, the UAW announced that it was launching a simultaneous campaign to unionize 150,000 workers at other automakers with plants in the United States: BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Lucid, Mazda, Mercedes, Nissan, Rivian, Subaru, Tesla , Toyota, Volkswagen , and Volvo. The UAW represented 145,000 at GM, Ford & Stellantis. In April 2024, after two failed attempts, 73% of workers at
4368-517: The largest Ford plants. The Communist faction had some key positions in the union, including the directorship of the Washington office, the research department, and the legal office. Walter Reuther at times cooperated closely with the Communists, but he and his allies formed strategically an anticommunist current within the UAW. The UAW discovered that it had to be able to uphold its side of
4446-466: The magazine featured a special 65th-anniversary edition cover featuring Taraji P. Henson , Samuel L. Jackson , Usher and Mary J. Blige . The issue included eight cover recreations from historic and iconic previous covers of Ebony . Blair Underwood posed inside, as did Omar Epps and Jurnee Smollett . National Public Radio marked this anniversary edition as the beginning of redesign of Ebony . Former White House social secretary Desiree Rogers , of
4524-502: The majority of members had been recruited by militant local activists taking their own initiative at plants outside Michigan. Many of these militant local unions opposed the AFL's plan to divide their members into different craft unions. They began advocating for the immediate creation of an automobile workers' union covering the entire industry . After the Toledo local led an unauthorized but successful strike against General Motors (GM),
4602-534: The membership. The NEC administers the union between meetings of the National Executive Board (NEB), oversees union staff, initiates new union activities, and implements strategies, campaigns, projects, and policies adopted by the Delegate Assembly. The President is paid a full-time salary and the Vice presidents and Financial Secretary/Treasurer are paid part-time salaries. (The question of salaries
4680-423: The mid-1940s and the 1960s. See also League of Revolutionary Black Workers and Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement for the history of Black workers who questioned the corrupt leadership of the UAW in the 1960s and the 1970s. The UAW was the most instrumental outside financial and operational supporter of the first Earth Day in 1970. According to Denis Hayes , Earth Day's first national coordinator, "Without
4758-791: The old confrontational syndicalist position that shorter hours drove up wages and protected against unemployment. The UAW delivered contracts for his membership through negotiation. Reuther would pick one of the Big Three automakers ( General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler ), and if it did not offer concessions, he would strike it and let the other two absorb its sales. Besides high hourly wage rates and paid vacations, in 1950, Reuther negotiated an industry first contract with General Motors known as Reuther's Treaty of Detroit . The UAW negotiated employer-funded pensions at Chrysler, medical insurance at GM, and in 1955 supplementary unemployment benefits at Ford. Many smaller suppliers followed suit with benefits. Reuther tried to negotiate lower automobile prices for
SECTION 60
#17327733139434836-472: The prints and negatives to a consortium of foundations to be made available to the public. After suspending the print edition of the magazine in May 2019, Clear View Group and Ebony Media Operations laid off the majority of the editing staff in June 2019. In 2017, 50 freelance writers created a social media campaign #EbonyOwes due to not being paid by the magazines' current owner, Clear View Group. In response to
4914-495: The right-to-work legislation that passed over the objection of organized labor in December 2012. The UAW also remains a major player in the state Democratic Party. In March 2020, the Detroit United Auto Workers union announced that after discussion with the leaders of General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , the carmakers would partially shut down factories on a "rotating" basis to combat
4992-467: The struggle alienated the UAW from the AFL leadership. The UAW joined John L. Lewis 's caucus of industrial unions, the Committee for Industrial Organization, in 1936. When the AFL expelled the industrial unions in 1938, it joined the new Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The UAW's fortunes began to improve after it began organizing on an industrial basis. The union found rapid success with
5070-487: The subject of great controversy within the NWU, and a considerable level of acrimony has inevitably developed. In particular, during one re-election attempt, a president was charged with using union funds to promote his campaign. The charge went to the US Department of Labor, but the department refused to hear the case after Lowell Peterson, a United Auto Workers lawyer, insisted that Federal labor law did not apply to
5148-482: The ten campuses of the University of California , who, combined, account for 10% of the postdocs in the US, voted to affiliate with the UAW, creating the largest union for postdoctoral scholars in the country: UAW Local 5810 . The expansion of UAW to academic circles, postdoctoral researchers in particular, was significant in that the move helped secure advances in pay that made unionized academic researchers among
5226-545: The time. Beginning in the mid-1970s, advertisers created customized ads for the magazine which featured African-American models using their products. In 1985, Ebony Man , a monthly men's magazine was created, printing the first issue in September 1985. By Ebony' s 40th anniversary in November 1985, it had a circulation of 1.7 million. In December 2008, Google announced that it was scanning back issues for Google Book Search . As of that date, all issues from November 1959 to December 2008 were made available for free. In 2010,
5304-422: The union during one of the most prosperous periods for workers in U.S. history. Immediately after the war, left-wing elements demanded "30–40", which is a 30-hour week for 40 hours pay. Reuther rejected 30–40 and decided to concentrate on total annual wages, displaying a new corporatist mentality that accepted management's argument that shorter hours conflicted with wage increases and other job benefits and abandoning
5382-423: The union finally settled with an eighteen-and-a-half-cent wage increase but little more. The UAW went along with GM in return for an ever-increasing packages of wage and benefit hikes through collective bargaining, with no help from the government. Walter Reuther won the election for president at the UAW's constitutional convention in 1946 and served until his death in an airplane accident in May 1970. Reuther led
5460-528: The workforce to participate in meetings, with higher access tiers for groups representing 30% and 45% of employees. This prompted anti-UAW workers who opposed the first vote to form a rival union, the American Council of Employees. In December 2014 the UAW was certified as representing more than 45% of employees. The union engages in Michigan state politics. President King was a vocal opponent of
5538-578: Was a key link in an integrated corporate empire, its occupation could paralyze the corporation." After winning sitdown strikes at General Motors (GM) plants in Atlanta and Kansas City, the UAW began to demand to represent General Motors workers nationwide. Their efforts culminated in the famous Flint sit-down strike , which began on December 30, 1936. By January 25, strikes and the effects of production shutdowns idled 150,000 workers at fifty General Motors plants from California to New York. Strikers repelled
5616-528: Was founded by John H. Johnson in 1945. The magazine was named by Johnson's wife, Eunice Walker Johnson, thinking of the dark wood. The magazine was patterned after the format of Life magazine . Ebony published its first issue on November 1, 1945, with an initial press run of 25,000 copies that sold out completely. Ebony 's earlier content focused on African-American sports and entertainment figures, but eventually began including black achievers and celebrities of many different professions. Editors stated in
5694-553: Was founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson , for his Johnson Publishing Company . He sought to address African-American issues, personalities and interests in a positive and self-affirming manner. Its cover photography typically showcases African-American public figures, including entertainers and politicians, such as Dorothy Dandridge , Lena Horne , Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , former U.S. Senator Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois , U.S. first lady Michelle Obama , Beyoncé , Tyrese Gibson , and Tyler Perry . Each year, Ebony selects
5772-426: Was known for gaining high wages and pensions for automotive manufacturing workers , but it was unable to unionize auto plants built by foreign-based car makers in the South after the 1970s, and it went into a steady decline in membership; reasons for this included increased automation , decreased use of labor, mismanagement, movements of manufacturing (including reaction to NAFTA ), and increased globalization . After
5850-542: Was not. The Alliance's initial program was ambitious. Reuther's death in a plane crash on May 9, 1970, near Black Lake, Michigan , dealt a serious blow to the Alliance, and the group halted operations in July 1971 after the Auto Workers (almost bankrupt from a lengthy strike at General Motors ) was unable to continue to fund its operations. In 1948, the UAW founded the radio station WDET 101.9 FM in Detroit. It
5928-408: Was organized by NWU in September 2019 with the aim of organizing freelance , permalance, staff, and contract workers . FSP is overseen by a twelve-member committee that aims to set industry wide standards for freelancers. United Automobile Workers The United Auto Workers ( UAW ), fully named International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America ,
6006-666: Was sold to Wayne State University for $ 1 in 1952. The UAW leadership supported the programs of the New Deal Coalition , strongly supported civil rights, and strongly supported Lyndon Johnson's Great Society . The UAW became strongly anti-communist after it expelled its Communist leaders in the late 1940s following the Taft–Hartley Act , and supported the Vietnam War and opposed the antiwar Democratic candidates. According to political scientist Charles Williams,
6084-464: Was still right for black America and whether biracial Americans need more acknowledgment in today's society. In 2018, Ebony' s publishing schedule was changed from being published monthly to a double issue published once each month. On May 24, 2019, Clear View Group suspended the print edition of the magazine, with the Spring 2019 issue the last to be printed. In March 2021, the magazine relaunched in
#942057