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75-430: Japan's Nationwide Mutual Usage Service ( 全国相互利用サービス , Zenkoku Sōgo Riyō Sābisu ) is a system that allows for reciprocal use and interoperability between the country's ten most common transportation IC cards – contactless smart cards used on public transport with additional e-money functionality. Launched on March 23, 2013, the service allows riders of trains, buses, and other public transport to seamlessly use

150-426: A PIN can be added to a Complex Card. Complex Cards used to provide account information have been developed for: The latest generation of battery free, button free, Complex Cards can display a balance or other kind of information without requiring any input from the card holder. The information is updated during the use of the card. For instance, in a transit card, key information such as the monetary value balance,

225-409: A contactless payment bank card (or a dedicated travel card called an Oyster card ) to pay for their travel. Between the multiple modes, trips, and payments, data is gathered and used to help people's journeys become more efficient. In the government space, the same data allows for informed decision-making when considering improvements in regional transit systems. Most MaaS studies have been done in

300-410: A French financial institution. This pilot featured acoustic tones as a means of authentication. Although Complex Cards were developed since the inception of the smart card industry, they only reached maturity after 2010. Complex Cards can accommodate various peripherals including: While first generation Complex Cards were battery powered, the second generation is battery-free and receives power through

375-782: A Masters student at Aalto University , and the support of the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communication. MaaS became a popular topic at the World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems 2015 in Bordeaux , and subsequently, the Mobility as a Service Alliance was formed. In 2017 the MaaS Alliance published its white paper on Mobility as a Service, and how to create foundation for thriving MaaS ecosystem. The EU-funded "Mobinet" project has laid some of

450-464: A Service was discussed as a potential outcome of the confluence between the digital realm of smartphone technology and shared electric autonomous vehicles [hence the E-Mobility in the conferences title]. The notion of a digitally connected seamless multi-modal transportation network was discussed as a potential outcome of the real-time connectivity offered by the newly introduced smart phone. The idea

525-472: A base salary to taxi drivers through existing employers. The Pay-as-you-go model operates well in environments with a high number of "one-off" riders (tourists, transit networks in areas with high car adoption, etc.). Each leg of the booked trip (each train trip, taxi trip etc.) is priced separately and is set by the transport service provider. In this model, mobile applications would operate as search engines, seeking to draw all transport service providers into

600-553: A capacitive keyboard requires constant power, therefore a battery and a mechanical button are required to activate the card. The first Complex Cards were equipped with a buzzer that made it possible to broadcast sound. This feature was generally used over the phone to send identification data such as an identifier and one-time passwords (OTPs). Technologies used for sound transmission include DTMF ( dual-tone multi-frequency signaling ) or FSK ( frequency-shift keying ). Companies that offered cards with buzzers include: Mobility as

675-481: A card and reader. They are becoming more popular for payment and ticketing. Typical uses include mass transit and motorway tolls. Visa and MasterCard implemented a version deployed in 2004–2006 in the U.S., with Visa's current offering called Visa Contactless . Most contactless fare collection systems are incompatible, though the MIFARE Standard card from NXP Semiconductors has a considerable market share in

750-424: A credit or debit card, used as a security feature for card-not-present (CNP) payment card transactions to reduce the incidence of fraud. The Card Security Code (CSC) is to be given to the merchant by the cardholder to complete a card-not-present transaction. The CSC is transmitted along with other transaction data and verified by the card issuer. The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) prohibits

825-670: A large increase in vehicle kilometres and congestion. In January 2016, the President of the United States, Barack Obama , secured funding to be used over the next ten years to support the development of autonomous vehicles. In 1996, the concept of an "intelligent information assistant" integrating different travel and tourism services was introduced at the ENTER conference . The concept first arose in Sweden. A well-executed trial

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900-420: A market space and momentum for MaaS. The movement towards MaaS is fueled by a myriad of innovative new mobility service providers such as carpool and ridesharing companies , bicycle-sharing systems programs, scooter-sharing systems and carsharing services as well as on-demand "pop-up" bus services. On the other hand, the trend is motivated by the anticipation of self-driving cars , which puts into question

975-472: A notice stating unauthorized access to magnetic strips costing Target over 300 million dollars along with the increasing cost of online credit theft was enough for the United States to invest in the technology. The adaptation of EMV's increased significantly in 2015 when the liability shifts occurred in October by the credit card companies. Contactless smart cards do not require physical contact between

1050-631: A pattern of metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip. Others are contactless , and some are both. Smart cards can provide personal identification, authentication, data storage, and application processing. Applications include identification, financial, public transit, computer security, schools, and healthcare. Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within organizations. Numerous nations have deployed smart cards throughout their populations. The universal integrated circuit card (UICC) for mobile phones, installed as pluggable SIM card or embedded eSIM ,

1125-532: A plastic card in the late 1960s. The idea of incorporating an integrated circuit chip onto a plastic card was first introduced by the German engineer Helmut Gröttrup . In February 1967, Gröttrup filed the patents DE1574074 and DE1574075 in West Germany for a tamper-proof identification switch based on a semiconductor device and described contactless communication via inductive coupling. Its primary use

1200-405: A service Travel planning typically begins in a journey planner . For example, a trip planner can show that the user can get from one destination to another by using a train/bus combination. The user can then choose their preferred trip based on cost, time, and convenience. At that point, any necessary bookings (e.g. calling a taxi, reserving a seat on a long-distance train) would be performed as

1275-467: A simple travel arrangement is booked. However, there are also many anticipated challenges for sustainability and governance stemming from MaaS, ranging from increased energy use, reduced health effects, and up to conflicts across organizations. MaaS also holds remarkable potential in the revolutionizing of public transport systems in developing countries. Since developing countries tend to depend heavily on informal and unstructured public transport modes,

1350-472: A single application, enabling users to avoid having to interact with multiple gateways in an attempt to assemble the optimal trip. Many cities have cards which pay for intermodal public transport, including Vienna and Stuttgart but none yet include taxis/on-demand buses in the service. Both models have similar requirements, such as trip planners to construct optimal trip chains, and technical and business relationships with transport service providers, (i.e.

1425-406: A static CSC. The first generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by NagraID Security required a battery, a quartz and Real Time Clock (RTC) embedded within the card to power the computation of a new Dynamic CSC, after expiration of the programmed period. The second generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by Ellipse World, Inc., does not require any battery, quartz, or RTC to compute and display

1500-531: A taxi booking/payment API and e-ticketing, QR codes on urban buses and metros, etc.). As the development of the autonomous car accelerates, the company Uber has announced that it plans to transition its app to a fully autonomous service and aims to be cheaper than car ownership. Many automobile manufacturers and technology companies have announced plans or are rumored to develop autonomous vehicles, including Tesla , Mobileye , General Motors , Waymo , Apple , and Local Motors . Autonomous vehicles could allow

1575-521: A unit. It is expected that this service should allow roaming, that is, the same end-user app should work in different cities, without the user needing to become familiar with a new app or to sign up to new services. Together with other emerging vehicular technologies such as automated driving, connected cars and electric vehicles, MaaS is contributing to a new type of future mobility, which is autonomous, connected, electric and shared vehicles. Booming demand for more personalised transport services has created

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1650-513: A well-funded commercially operated "MaaS Operator" which will purchase transport services in bulk and provide guarantees to users. In Hanover , Germany , the MaaS operator can purchase bulk transit services and act as the middleman through the product, Hannovermobil. It is not necessary that the operator include all forms of transport, but just enough to be able to provide reasonable guarantees. A monthly subscription will also provide enough funding for

1725-522: A wide variety of components. The choice of components drives functionality, influences cost, power supply needs, and manufacturing complexity. Depending on Complex Card types, buttons have been added to allow an easy interaction between the user and the card. Typically, these buttons are used to: While separate keys have been used on prototypes in the early days, capacitive keyboards are the most popular solution now, thanks to technology developments by AudioSmartCard International SA. The interaction with

1800-401: Is also a type of smart card. As of 2015 , 10.5   billion smart card IC chips are manufactured annually, including 5.44   billion SIM card IC chips. The basis for the smart card is the silicon integrated circuit (IC) chip. It was invented by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959. The invention of the silicon integrated circuit led to the idea of incorporating it onto

1875-527: Is less harmful to the environment than traditional PVC cards. Smart cards are also being introduced for identification and entitlement by regional, national, and international organizations. These uses include citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient cards. In Malaysia , the compulsory national ID MyKad enables eight applications and has 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are part of ICAO biometric passports to enhance security for international travel. Complex Cards are smart cards that conform to

1950-1004: Is part of the Nationwide Mutual Usage Service, these cards are also interoperable with the ten major cards and usable across Japan. Discounted and subsidized fares, such as those for disabled riders, can also be selectively applied in users' home regions while charging standard fares elsewhere. Multi-function IC cards include nolbé in Gunma, totra in Tochigi, yamako cherica and shoko cherika in Yamagata, Iwate Green Pass in Iwate, HACHICA in Hachinohe , and AOPASS in Aomori, among others. JR East has viewed this ongoing endeavor as an effort to "promote regional revitalization" in

2025-667: Is scheduled to launch in Nagano in March 2025, superseding the previous local card of the same name without mutual usage functionality. A similar card is planned to be introduced for buses in Matsumoto in spring 2026. As of 2024, the ten cards are fully interchangeable (i.e. any system that supports one of the cards will support the other nine) with two exceptions: Kantō Railway 's two railway lines in Ibaraki Prefecture , and

2100-559: Is that new information is transmitted with the payment transactions, thus making it useless for a potential fraudster to memorize or store it. A transaction with a Dynamic Card Security Code is carried out exactly the same way, with the same processes and use of parameters as a transaction with a static code in a card-not-present transaction. Upgrading to a DCSC allows cardholders and merchants to continue their payment habits and processes undisturbed. Complex Cards can be equipped with biometric sensors allowing for stronger user authentication. In

2175-402: Is then broken down further into 2 payment models: The Monthly subscription model assumes that enough users consume public transit services on a monthly basis to offer bundled transit service. Users pay a monthly fee and receive bundled transit services such as unlimited travel on urban public transport in addition to a fixed number of taxi kilometers. The monthly subscription model incorporates

2250-635: The Chiba Urban Monorail . Both located in the Greater Tokyo Area , these two systems support only PASMO and Suica, and have not yet been upgraded due to low ridership and the high cost of replacing aged equipment. Smart card A smart card ( SC ), chip card , or integrated circuit card ( ICC or IC card ), is a card used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with an embedded integrated circuit (IC) chip. Many smart cards include

2325-580: The Global North but in the Global South there is demand and proposals may have different characteristics like support for offline access and integration with informal transport. Mobility as a service may cause a decline in car ownership. If average vehicle occupancy for on-road time decreases, total vehicle-kilometres-travelled will increase. MaaS could significantly increase the efficiency and utilization of transit providers that contribute to

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2400-474: The ISO/IEC 14443 standard, and magstripe. Developers of Complex Cards target several needs when developing them: A Complex Card can be used to compute a cryptographic value, such as a One-time password . The One-Time Password is generated by a cryptoprocessor encapsulated in the card. To implement this function, the crypto processor must be initialized with a seed value, which enables the identification of

2475-459: The ISO/IEC 7810 standard and include components in addition to those found in traditional single chip smart cards. Complex Cards were invented by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud in 1999 when they designed a chip smart card with additional components, building upon the initial concept consisting of using audio frequencies to transmit data patented by Alain Bernard. The first Complex Card prototype

2550-467: The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications , over 100 million residents became covered under the new Mutual Usage system. A golden brown and red service mark, consisting of the letters "IC" with a pantograph replacing the tittle of the "i" and wheels on the "c", is displayed at ticket gates , fare boxes, and point of sale systems (such as in convenience stores or restaurants) where any of

2625-563: The Tōhoku region by allowing for the use of Suica and other transit cards in these areas, thereby attracting potential visitors and positioning the cards as a component of the company's mobility as a service strategy. These cards follow the SD2 FeliCa standard and support reward point programs of both local operators and JR East via FeliCa Pocket. They are alternatively referred to as "Regional Collaboration IC cards." A revised KURURU IC card

2700-592: The Arimura Technology Institute in Japan developed a similar idea of incorporating an integrated circuit onto a plastic card, and filed a smart card patent in March 1970. The following year, Paul Castrucci of IBM filed an American patent titled "Information Card" in May 1971. In 1974 Roland Moreno patented a secured memory card later dubbed the "smart card". In 1976, Jürgen Dethloff introduced

2775-489: The EMV system was released in 1994. In 1998 the specifications became stable. EMVCo maintains these specifications. EMVco's purpose is to assure the various financial institutions and retailers that the specifications retain backward compatibility with the 1998 version. EMVco upgraded the specifications in 2000 and 2004. EMV compliant cards were first accepted into Malaysia in 2005 and later into United States in 2014. MasterCard

2850-507: The EMV technology in 2014, with the deployment still in progress in 2019. Typically, a country's national payment association, in coordination with MasterCard International, Visa International, American Express and Japan Credit Bureau (JCB), jointly plan and implement EMV systems. Historically, in 1993 several international payment companies agreed to develop smart-card specifications for debit and credit cards. The original brands were MasterCard, Visa, and Europay . The first version of

2925-458: The MaaS operator to purchase significant enough transit services that it can use market power to achieve competitive prices. In particular, a MaaS operator may improve the problems of low utilization - e.g. in Helsinki , taxi drivers spend 75% of their working time waiting for a customer, and 50% of kilometers driven without generating revenue. A MaaS operator can solve this problem by guaranteeing

3000-567: The Marines corps (USMC) at Parris Island allowing small amount payments at the cafeteria. Since the 1990s, smart cards have been the subscriber identity modules (SIMs) used in GSM mobile-phone equipment. Mobile phones are widely used across the world, so smart cards have become very common. Europay MasterCard Visa (EMV)-compliant cards and equipment are widespread with the deployment led by European countries. The United States started later deploying

3075-623: The OTPs respective of each card. The hash of seed value has to be stored securely within the card to prevent unauthorized prediction of the generated OTPs. One-Time Passwords generation is based either on incremental values (event based) or on a real time clock (time based). Using clock-based One-Time Password generation requires the Complex Card to be equipped with a Real-time clock . Complex Cards used to generate One Time Password have been developed for: A Complex Card with buttons can display

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3150-555: The Total Cost of Business Mobility could help travel decision makers in the corporate world save hundreds of thousands. By analysing data and costs attributed to "business mobility" (e.g. vehicle rental costs, fuel costs, parking charges, train ticket admin fees and even the time taken to book a journey) businesses can make informed decisions about travel policy, fleet management and expense claims. Some MaaS companies suggest that in journey planning alone, it can take up to 9 steps before

3225-487: The Télécarte, microchips were integrated into all French Carte Bleue debit cards in 1992. Customers inserted the card into the merchant's point-of-sale (POS) terminal, then typed the personal identification number (PIN), before the transaction was accepted. Only very limited transactions (such as paying small highway tolls ) are processed without a PIN. Smart-card-based " electronic purse " systems store funds on

3300-598: The US Department of Transportation began a series of demonstration projects called the "Mobility on Demand Sandbox Program" in 2016. Overseen by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the goals of the program included improved efficiency, effectiveness, and customer experience of transportation services. Eleven cities received almost $ 8 million to conduct demonstration projects which were evaluated based on performance measures provided by

3375-508: The US and Europe. Use of "Contactless" smart cards in transport has also grown through the use of low cost chips NXP Mifare Ultralight and paper/card/PET rather than PVC. This has reduced media cost so it can be used for low cost tickets and short term transport passes (up to 1 year typically). The cost is typically 10% that of a PVC smart card with larger memory. They are distributed through vending machines, ticket offices and agents. Use of paper/PET

3450-482: The ability for JR West's ICOCA and JR East's Suica to be used interchangeably since August 2004, this was abandoned in favor of a "blanket approach" targeting all major cards, realized with the launch of the Nationwide Mutual Usage Service. Discussions of such a system had been underway since December 2010, and testing lasted for six months prior to the public release. An announcement was released jointly by all eleven issuing companies on December 18, 2012, with plans for

3525-404: The balance of one or multiple account(s) linked to the card. Typically, either one button is used to display the balance in the case of a single account card or, in the case of a card linked to multiple accounts, a combination of buttons is used to select a specific account's balance. For additional security, features such as requiring the user to enter an identification or a security value such as

3600-671: The card, so that readers do not need network connectivity. They entered European service in the mid-1990s. They have been common in Germany ( Geldkarte ), Austria ( Quick Wertkarte ), Belgium ( Proton ), France ( Moneo ), the Netherlands ( Chipknip Chipper (decommissioned in 2015)), Switzerland ("Cash"), Norway (" Mondex "), Spain ("Monedero 4B"), Sweden ("Cash", decommissioned in 2004), Finland ("Avant"), UK ("Mondex"), Denmark ("Danmønt") and Portugal ("Porta-moedas Multibanco"). Private electronic purse systems have also been deployed such as

3675-502: The cards are accepted as a form of payment. PiTaPa is excluded from mutual usage agreements when used as digital currency (e-money) due to its implementation as post-pay system tied to a user's bank account rather than a prepaid, rechargeable card. Beginning in 2021, initially targeting Aomori , Akita , northern Iwate , Yamagata , and Gunma Prefectures , JR East introduced chīki renkei ( 地域連携 , lit.   ' regional cooperation ' ) IC cards, 2-in-1 cards which combine

3750-467: The concept of MaaS according to some researchers, could hold the key to providing more efficient, equitable and accessible transportation services. In these contexts however, MaaS may need to be re-envisioned, and tailored to the unique challenges of the developing world, in order to create the desired impacts. The concept assumes use through mobile app, although the concept can also be used for any type of payment (transit card, ticket, etc.). The concept

3825-429: The cost of public transit. MaaS could improve ridership habits, transit network efficiency, decrease costs to the user, improve utilization of MaaS transit providers, reduce city congestion as more users adopt MaaS as a main source of transit, and reduce emissions as more users rely on public transit component, autonomous vehicles in a MaaS network. MaaS equally has many benefits for the business world - understanding

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3900-525: The deployment of shared autonomous vehicles on the city of Lisbon by PTV as part of the International Transport Forum's Corporate Partnership Board. This model shows that the positive impacts on transport networks and mobility in congested places will be realised to their greatest extent with increases in shared minibus/bus scale public transport in addition to ride-sharing; whereas autonomous taxis with individual passengers would see

3975-409: The economic benefit of owning a personal car over using on-demand car services, which are widely expected to become significantly more affordable when cars can drive autonomously. This shift is further enabled by improvements in the integration of multiple modes of transport into seamless trip chains, with bookings and payments managed collectively for all legs of the trip. In London, commuters may use

4050-405: The groundwork for MaaS, e.g. pan-European identity management of travelers, and payments, and links to trip planners. In September 2019, Berlin's public transport authority Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) continued Mobility as a Service development by launching first in the world large scale and city owned project "Jelbi" together with a Lithuanian mobility startup Trafi. In the United States,

4125-694: The known element (called "the secret") to identify gate user as of USP 4105156. In 1977, Michel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first microprocessor smart card with two chips : one microprocessor and one memory , and in 1978, he patented the self-programmable one-chip microcomputer (SPOM) that defines the necessary architecture to program the chip. Three years later, Motorola used this patent in its "CP8". At that time, Bull had 1,200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 division together with its patents to Schlumberger , who subsequently combined its own internal smart card department and CP8 to create Axalto . In 2006, Axalto and Gemplus, at

4200-457: The needs of smaller, local transit operators with standard Suica functionality. With limited budget and resources to overhaul historical systems to comply with JR East's standards, these cards allow for regional "affiliate" operators to continue supporting various implementations of commuter passes while also providing riders with the ability to use their cards identically to Suica, i.e. not only on local transit but also in larger cities. As Suica

4275-542: The new dynamic code. Instead, the card obtains its power either through the usual card connector or by induction during every EMV transaction from the Point of Sales (POS) terminal or Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to compute a new DCSC. The Dynamic CSC, also called dynamic cryptogram, is marketed by several companies, under different brand names: The advantage of the Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC)

4350-500: The number of remaining trips or the expiry date of a transit pass can be displayed. A Complex Card being deployed as a payment card can be equipped with capability to provide transaction security. Typically, online payments are made secure thanks to the Card Security Code (CSC) , also known as card verification code (CVC2), or card verification value (CVV2). The card security code (CSC) is a 3 or 4 digits number printed on

4425-511: The overall transit network in a region. The predictions were validated by the Ubigo trial in Gothenburg during which many private cars were deregistered for the duration of the trial and utilization of existing transit services increased the efficiency of the overall network. Ultimately, a more efficient network coupled with new technology such as autonomous vehicles could significantly reduce

4500-525: The project partners, as well as independent evaluators. The SMILE (Simply MobILE) project started in 2012 and the trial began in November 2014. In September 2023, Brussels launched Floya, as MaaS app to book public transport, scooters, bikes, and cars. Whim started in Helsinki in 2016 and provided 1.8 Million trips a year after launch. Qixxit was a nationwide planning app by Deutsche Bahn . It

4575-443: The public to use roads in low cost-per-kilometre, self-navigating vehicles to a preferred destination at a significantly lower cost than current taxi and ridesharing prices. The vehicles could have a large impact on the quality of life in urban areas and form a critical part of the future of transportation, while benefiting the traveler, the environment, and even other sectors such as healthcare. Modelling scenarios were conducted on

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4650-659: The same card in all major Japanese cities, across hundreds public, privately owned, and third-sector systems. As of March 9, 2024, it is available on services run by 326 transit operators. The ten cards included in the Nationwide Mutual Usage Service and their issuing companies are: With some exceptions, IC cards part of the Nationwide Mutual Usage Service typically cannot be used for continuous travel between two areas served by different IC cards, but rather within each area or city. All cards implement an RFID technology developed by Sony called FeliCa . While previous bilateral agreements between companies existed previously, such as

4725-420: The service to begin in March of the following year. Following launch, as of March 31, 2013, Suica – the most popular of the ten cards – became usable at 4,365 train stations and on approximately 21,000 buses nationwide. As electronic money, Suica became accepted at nearly 210,000 retail locations and at the time was reported to be the payment method of 3.4 million transactions each day. Per estimates provided by

4800-482: The smart chip technology to protect itself from future credit card identity theft. Before 2014, the consensus in America was that there were enough security measures to avoid credit card theft and that the smart chip was not necessary. The cost of the smart chip technology was significant, which was why most of the corporations did not want to pay for it in the United States. The debate finally ended when Target sent out

4875-594: The storage of the CSC by the merchant or any stakeholder in the payment chain. Although designed to be a security feature, the static CSC is susceptible to fraud as it can easily be memorized by a shop attendant, who could then use it for fraudulent online transactions or sale on the dark web. This vulnerability has led the industry to develop a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) that can be changed at certain time intervals, or after each contact or contactless EMV transaction. This Dynamic CSC brings significantly better security than

4950-530: The time the world's top two smart-card manufacturers, merged and became Gemalto . In 2008, Dexa Systems spun off from Schlumberger and acquired Enterprise Security Services business, which included the smart-card solutions division responsible for deploying the first large-scale smart-card management systems based on public key infrastructure (PKI). The first mass use of the cards was as a telephone card for payment in French payphones , starting in 1983. After

5025-437: The typical use case, fingerprint sensors are integrated into a payment card to bring a higher level of user authentication than a PIN. To implement user authentication using a fingerprint enabled smart card, the user has to authenticate himself/herself to the card by means of the fingerprint before starting a payment transaction. Several companies offer cards with fingerprint sensors, including: Complex Cards can incorporate

5100-442: The usual card connector and/or induction . Sound, generated by a buzzer, was the preferred means of communication for the first projects involving Complex Cards. Later, with the progress of displays, visual communication is now present in almost all Complex Cards. Complex Cards support all communication protocols present on regular smart cards: contact, thanks to a contact pad as defined ISO/IEC 7816 standard, contactless following

5175-467: Was conducted in Gothenburg under the monthly subscription model. The service was well received; however, it was discontinued due to lack of support at the government level for third party on-selling of public transport tickets. In June 2012, Agrion, an energy storage company, sponsored a 1/2-day conference in San Francisco, CA titled "E-Mobility as a Service" at which the concept of Mobility as

5250-434: Was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, who were working at AudioSmartCard at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice, who were working at Gemplus . It was ISO 7810-compliant and included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and delivered audio functions, all within a 0.84mm thickness card. The Complex Card pilot, developed by AudioSmartCard, was launched in 2002 by Crédit Lyonnais ,

5325-469: Was intended to provide individual copy-protected keys for releasing the tapping process at unmanned gas stations. In September 1968, Gröttrup, together with Jürgen Dethloff as an investor, filed further patents for this identification switch, first in Austria and in 1969 as subsequent applications in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and other countries. Independently, Kunitaka Arimura of

5400-488: Was launched in February 2016, and it had over 7,000 users by June 2017. Pittsburgh ran the "Move PGH" two year pilot program from July 2021 to July 2023. In 2022 Tampa launched a six-month pilot in collaboration with Moovit to have 200 participants provide feedback. The app included mapping, planning, mobile ticketing, real-time arrival information, and parking options. The pilot was funded by with $ 150,000 each from

5475-508: Was sold to lastminute.com in 2019. In 2019 seven MaaS projects were being organized around the country. UbiGo started as a pilot in Gothenburg and then launched in Stockholm . Transport for West Midlands launched a trial in 2018 that was promoted as the first MaaS app in the UK but it ultimately didn't the usage they expected but a new trial is expected to launch in 2024. Go Denver

5550-474: Was that this would become so ubiquitous and seamless that mobility could be "backgrounded" in the urban fabric similar to other essential utilities or services. It would come to be seen as common place as turning on the tap to get water or the light switch to get illumination; hence mobility-as-a-service. The idea then gained widespread publicity through the efforts of Sampo Hietanen, CEO of ITS Finland (later founder and CEO of Maas Global), and Sonja Heikkila, then

5625-401: Was the first company that was allowed to use the technology in the United States. The United States has felt pushed to use the technology because of the increase in identity theft . The credit card information stolen from Target in late 2013 was one of the largest indicators that American credit card information is not safe. Target made the decision on 30 April 2014 that it would try to implement

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