21-882: Native Land Act may refer to: Fiji [ edit ] Native Lands Act 1905 New Zealand [ edit ] Native Lands Act 1862 (26 Victoriae 1862 No 42) Native Lands Act 1865 (29 Victoriae 1865 No 71) Native Lands Act 1866 (30 Victoriae 1866 No 28) Native Lands Act 1867 (31 Victoriae 1867 No 43) Native Land Act 1869 (32 and 33 Victoriae 1869 No 26) Native Land Act 1873 (37 Victoriae 1873 No 56) Native Land Act 1888 (52 VICT 1888 No 36) South Africa [ edit ] Natives Land Act, 1913 Tuvalu [ edit ] Native Lands Act 1956 (Cap. 46.20) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_Land_Act&oldid=1208573580 " Category : Lists of legislation by short title Native Lands Act 1865 The Native Lands Act 1865
42-465: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
63-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
84-748: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
105-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
126-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
147-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
168-906: Is based and which stands as a barrier in the way of all attempts to amalgamate the Māori race into our social and political system." A change to the Native Land Act in 1873 removed the ability for a hapū or iwi to be named as an owner of land. Other related legislation and amendments were: Native Townships Act 1895, Māori Lands Administration Act 1900, Māori Land Settlement Act 1905, Native Land Settlement Act 1907, Native Land Act 1909, Native Land Amendment and Native Land Claims Adjustment Act 1927, Native Land Amendment, Public Works Act 1928 and Native Land Claims Adjustment Act 1929. Native Land Courts were renamed Māori Land Court in 1947. The Crown (the New Zealand Government and state) in
189-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
210-496: The original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use
231-982: The act is: "An Act to Amend and Consolidate the: Laws relating to Lands in the Colony in which· the Maori Proprietary Customs still exist and to provide for the ascertainment of the Titles to such Lands and for Regulating the Descent, thereof and for other purposes." It replaced the Native Lands Act 1862 and created the Native Land Courts . The 1862 legislation three years earlier was to "identify ownership interests in Māori land and to create individual titles in place of customary communal ownership." The 1865 act further individualised Māori land title with no more than ten owners, meaning
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#1732772680604252-565: The bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
273-419: The early 2000s assessed Treaty of Waitangi settlements and established that the Native Lands Act 1865 was far reaching in creating unjust decisions and unjust land purchases by the Native Land Courts experienced by almost every iwi or hapū . Between 1870 and 1892, two million hectares of Māori land was transferred to Pākehā ownership. Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are
294-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
315-719: The largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to
336-433: The many others in the hapū or whānau that had ownership and usage rights to the land essentially had those right extinguished. The Native Land Court was also known as Te Kooti Tango Whenua, The Land Taking Court. In 1865 the justice minister at the time Henry Sewell said the aim of the act was "the detribalisation of the Māori – to destroy, if it were possible, the principle of communism upon which their social system
357-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
378-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
399-591: The tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to
420-471: The word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019
441-461: Was an Act of Parliament in New Zealand that was designed to remove land from Māori ownership for purchase by settlers as part of settler colonisation . The act established the Native Land Courts , individualised ownership interests in Māori land replacing customary communal ownership and allowed up to 5% of Māori land to be taken for public works without compensation. The full title of
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