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53-570: New Zealand English ( NZE ) is the variant of the English language spoken and written by most English-speaking New Zealanders . Its language code in ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ . It is the first language of the majority of the population. The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. It is one of "the newest native-speaker variet[ies] of

106-583: A New Zealand resident advisor for the New Zealand content, the first being Harry Orsman. and the most recent being Victoria University of Wellington lexicographer Laurie Bauer . From the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European and American goods with the indigenous Māori. The first European settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, some of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled. When in 1788

159-628: A broad national or regional dialect, various more localised sub-dialects can be identified, and so on. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America , and those of Australasia . Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within

212-539: A credited New Zealand advisor for the New Zealand content, namely Professor Ian Gordon from 1979 until 2002 and Professor Elizabeth Gordon from the University of Canterbury since 2003. Australia's Macquarie Dictionary was first published in 1981, and has since become the authority on Australian English. It has always included an abundance of New Zealand words and phrases additional to the mutually shared words and phrases of both countries. Every edition has retained

265-484: A given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English : the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects. Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers . British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in

318-524: A makeshift shelter, from aboriginal mia-mia ), paddock ( field , or meadow ), pom or pommy (an Englishman), skite (verb: to boast), station (for a very large farm), wowser (non-drinker of alcohol, or killjoy), and ute ( pickup truck ). Advancing from its British and Australian English origins, New Zealand English has evolved to include many terms of American origin, or which are otherwise used in American English, in preference over

371-578: A significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English. South African English , New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth, sixth, and seventh in the number of native speakers. English language in Europe English language in England : American English : Canadian English : Indian English : These dialects are used in everyday conversation almost all over

424-468: A similar study with American and New Zealand English-speaking children found the opposite, with the speaking and articulation rates of the New Zealand children being slower. The same study proposed that differences in the relative number of tense and lax vowels between the two speaker groups may have influenced the speaking and articulation rates. Since the advent of word processors with spell-checkers, in modern assignment writing in New Zealand universities

477-526: A spoken language is particularly important wherever community consultation occurs. Recognisable regional variations are slight, except for Southland and the southern part of neighbouring Otago , with its "Southland burr", where the postvocalic R is pronounced rather than clipped. This southern area traditionally received heavy immigration from Scotland (see Dunedin ). Several words and phrases common in Scots or Scottish English persist there; examples include

530-429: A wide range of encyclopedic information. A second, revised edition of The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary was published in 2006, this time using standard lexicographical regional markers to identify the New Zealand content, which were absent from the first edition. The NZ Dictionary Centre ceased active operations after the retirement of its second Director, Dr Dianne Bardsley, in 2012. Another authoritative work

583-655: Is [səks] in New Zealand English but [sɪks] in Australian English. General New Zealand English is non-rhotic , however Southland is semi-rhotic due to the accent's Scottish influence. New Zealand English has a number of dialectal words and phrases. These are mostly informal terms that are more common in casual speech. Numerous loanwords have been taken from the Māori language or from Australian English. New Zealand adopted decimal currency in 1967 and

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636-440: Is becoming less pronounced. Some Māori have an accent distinct from the general New Zealand accent; and also tend to include Māori words more frequently. Comedian Billy T. James and the bro'Town TV programme were notable for featuring exaggerated versions of this. Linguists recognise this as "Māori English", and describe it as strongly influenced by syllable-timed Māori speech patterns. Linguists count "Pākehā English" as

689-438: Is ever present and has a significant conceptual influence in the legislature, government, and community agencies (e.g. health and education), where legislation requires that proceedings and documents be translated into Māori (under certain circumstances, and when requested). Political discussion and analysis of issues of sovereignty, environmental management, health, and social well-being thus rely on Māori at least in part. Māori as

742-467: Is in the South Island". This is true only for the two main islands; for smaller islands, the usual preposition "on" is used – for example, "on Stewart Island ", or "on Waiheke Island ". As in some other varieties of English, "us" is sometimes used in place of "me". A common example is "give us a go", meaning "give me a go". Many local everyday words are loanwords that have been assimilated from

795-548: Is increasing quickly, especially among Pasifika and Māori in Auckland and the upper North Island . The first dictionary with entries documenting New Zealand English was probably the Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary published in 1979. Edited by Harry Orsman (1928–2002), it is a 1,337-page book with information relating to the usage and pronunciation of terms that were widely accepted throughout

848-482: Is not restricted to Southland, but is found also in the central North Island where there may be a Pasifika influence, but also a possible influence from modern New Zealand hip‐hop music, which has been shown to have high levels of non‐prevocalic /r/ after the NURSE vowel. Taranaki has been said to have a minor regional accent, possibly due to the high number of immigrants from the south-west of England. However, this

901-482: Is the Collins English Dictionary , first published in 1979 by HarperCollins , which contains an abundance of well-cited New Zealand words and phrases, drawing from the 650-million-word Bank of English , a British research facility set up at the University of Birmingham in 1980 and funded by Collins publishers. Although this is a British dictionary of International English there has always been

954-563: Is the Māori language of the indigenous people of New Zealand, whose contribution distinguishes New Zealand English from other varieties. Non-rhotic New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, but has key differences. A prominent difference is the realisation of /ɪ/ ( the KIT vowel ): in New Zealand English this is pronounced as a schwa . New Zealand English has several increasingly distinct varieties, and while most New Zealanders speak non-rhotic English, rhoticity

1007-606: Is the way in which New Zealanders refer to the country's two main islands. They are always (except on maps) referred to as "the North Island " and "the South Island ". And because of their size, New Zealanders tend to think of these two islands as being 'places', rather than 'pieces of land', so the preposition "in" (rather than "on") is usually used – for example, "my mother lives in the North Island", "Christchurch

1060-506: The Māori language , including words for local flora, fauna, place names and the natural environment. The dominant influence of Māori on New Zealand English is lexical. A 1999 estimate based on the Wellington corpora of written and spoken New Zealand English put the proportion of words of Māori origin at approximately 0.6%, mostly place and personal names. Some Māori words occur in New Zealand English, such as kia ora (hello). Māori

1113-569: The colony of New South Wales was formed , most of New Zealand was nominally included, but no real legal authority or control was exercised. As a non-sovereign nation , New Zealand remained ungoverned and most European settlers intermarried with and lived among the Maori tribes in harmony. Settlers were greatly outnumbered by Maori and relied on them for security and safety. The first official missionaries arrived in New Zealand in 1814, bringing formal education and farming skills as well as Christianity to

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1166-504: The metric system in 1974. Despite this, several imperial measures are still widely encountered and usually understood, such as feet and inches for a person's height, pounds and ounces for an infant's birth weight, and in colloquial terms such as referring to drinks in pints. In the food manufacturing industry in New Zealand both metric and non-metric systems of weight are used and usually understood, owing to raw food products being imported from both metric and non-metric countries. However, per

1219-412: The 1970s. While the Māori language and New Zealand Sign Language are statutory official languages of New Zealand, English is a de facto official language, which may be used in any public or official context. In 2018, MP Clayton Mitchell of New Zealand First put forward a bill for English to be recognised as an official language in legislation. Not all New Zealanders have the same accent, as

1272-474: The American gotten has been increasingly commonly used as the past participle of "get" instead of the standard British English got . Some English words are used almost exclusively in New Zealand. Many of these relate to words used to refer to common items, often based on which major brands become eponyms . Some New Zealanders often reply to a question with a statement spoken with a rising intonation at

1325-883: The British Crown and on 6 February 1840 Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. New Zealand broke its connection with New South Wales and became the Colony of New Zealand on 1 July 1841. From this point there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, and to a lesser extent the United States, South Africa, and various parts of continental Europe. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. After

1378-737: The December 1976 Weights and Measures Amendment Act, all foodstuffs must be retailed using the metric system. In general, the knowledge of non-metric units is lessening. Both the words amongst and among are used, as in British English. The same is true for two other pairs, whilst and while and amidst and amid . New Zealand English terms of Australian origin include bushed (lost or bewildered), chunder (to vomit), drongo (a foolish or stupid person), fossick (to search), larrikin (mischievous person), Maccas (slang for McDonald's food), maimai (a duckshooter's hide; originally

1431-604: The English language has been recognised since at least 1912, when Frank Arthur Swinnerton described it as a "carefully modulated murmur". From the beginning of the haphazard Australian and European settlements and latter official British migrations, a new dialect began to form by adopting Māori words to describe the different flora and fauna of New Zealand, for which English did not have words. The New Zealand accent first appeared in towns with mixed populations of immigrants from Australia, England, Ireland, and Scotland. These included

1484-510: The English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years". The varieties of English that had the biggest influence on the development of New Zealand English were Australian English and Southern England English , with lesser influences from American English , Hiberno-English , Scottish English and the British prestige accent Received Pronunciation (RP). An important source of vocabulary

1537-522: The English-speaking world, and those peculiar to New Zealand. It includes a one-page list of the approximate date of entry into common parlance of the many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as " haka " (1827), "boohai" (1920), and " bach " (1905). A second edition was published in 1989 with the cover subtitle "The first dictionary of New Zealand English and New Zealand pronunciation". A third edition, edited by Nelson Wattie,

1590-633: The Harry Orsman-edited The Dictionary of New Zealand English: A Dictionary of New Zealandisms on Historical Principles , a 981-page book, which it claimed was based on over 40 years of research. This research started with Orsman's 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary. To assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997 by Victoria University of Wellington and Oxford University Press. This

1643-649: The Māori and Māori-allied separatist movements , eventually resulting in the defeat of the rebel forces. Despite the wars, gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865) caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the New Zealand population from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. Between 1864 and 1865, under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, 13 ships carrying citizens of England, Scotland, Ireland and South Africa arrived in New Zealand under

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1696-546: The Treaty of Waitangi, the next few years saw tensions grow over disputed land purchases by settlers as well as some communities refusing to accept British rule. Conflicts escalated into what became the New Zealand Wars from 1845 to 1872. The colonial government summoned thousands of British troops from Britain and Australia, as well as locally recruited pro-British militia forces, to mount major campaigns to overpower

1749-420: The United States tend to follow American English conventions. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and Philippine English . Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English , which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers . For

1802-627: The Waikato Immigration Scheme. According to census data from 1871, around half the early settlers were English, a quarter Scots, a quarter Irish and 5% Australian. The European population of New Zealand grew explosively from fewer than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881. By 1911 the population of New Zealand had reached a million, of which 49,844 were Māori. 702,779 were New Zealand-born. The largest foreign-born demographics were those born in England and Scotland, followed by Australia and Ireland. A distinct New Zealand variant of

1855-589: The boonies , bucks (dollars), butt (bum or arse), ding (dent), dude , duplex , faggot or fag (interchangeable with the British poof and poofter ), figure (to think or conclude; consider), hightail it , homeboy , hooker , lagoon , lube (oil change), man (in place of mate or bro in direct address), major (to study or qualify in a subject), to be over [some situation] (be fed up), rig (large truck), sheltered workshop (workplace for disabled persons), spat (a small argument), and subdivision , and tavern . Regarding grammar, since about 2000

1908-629: The communities, many of which by this time had become bi-lingual . When the New Zealand Company announced in 1839 its plans to establish formal colonies in New Zealand, this and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British to take stronger action to establish British sovereignty over New Zealand. Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to

1961-412: The dictionary, with Patrick Hanks as editor and Laurence Urdang as editorial director, was the first British English dictionary to be typeset from the output from a computer database in a specified format. This meant that every aspect of an entry was handled by a different editor using different forms or templates. Once all the entries for an entry had been assembled, they were passed on to be keyed into

2014-558: The end. This often has the effect of making their statement sound like another question. There is enough awareness of this that it is seen in exaggerated form in comedy parody of New Zealanders, such as in the 1970s comedy character Lyn Of Tawa . This rising intonation can also be heard at the end of statements that are not in response to a question but to which the speaker wishes to add emphasis. High rising terminals are also heard in Australia. In informal speech, some New Zealanders use

2067-753: The equivalent contemporary British terms. In a number of instances, terms of British and American origin can be used interchangeably. Many American borrowings are not unique to New Zealand English, and may be found in other dialects of English, including British English. Some examples of such words in New Zealand English are the preferred usage of the American bobby pin over the British hair pin , muffler for silencer , truck for lorry , station wagon for estate car , stove for cooker , creek over brook or stream , eggplant for aubergine , median strip for central reservation , pushup for press-up , and potato chip for potato crisp . Other examples of vocabulary directly borrowed from American English include

2120-528: The level of cultivation (i.e. the closeness to Received Pronunciation ) of every speaker's accent differs. An identifiable feature of New Zealand English is its chain shift where the TRAP vowel has moved up to the place of the traditional DRESS vowel, which in turn has moved up towards the traditional KIT vowel, which in turn is centralised. This makes "bat" sound like "bet", "bet" sound like "bit", and "bit" sound like "but" to foreign ears. For example "six"

2173-466: The militia towns of the North Island and the gold-mining towns of the South Island. In more homogeneous towns such as those in Otago and Southland, settled mainly by people from Scotland, the New Zealand accent took longer to appear, while the accent was quick to develop in schools starting from the 1890s. Since the latter 20th century New Zealand society has gradually divested itself of its fundamentally British roots and has adopted influences from all over

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2226-402: The most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects. Australian English, likewise, shares many American and British English usages, alongside plentiful features unique to Australia and retains

2279-422: The other main accent, and note that it is beginning to adopt similar rhythms, distinguishing it from other stress-timed English accents. It is commonly held that New Zealand English is spoken very quickly. This idea is given support by a study comparing adult New Zealand English and American English speakers which observed faster speaking and articulation rates among the New Zealand English group overall. However,

2332-503: The rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia , Canada , Ireland , and New Zealand . In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively, British English forms are closely followed, alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English-speaking world . Conversely, a number of countries with historical ties to

2385-564: The rule is to use either 100% British spelling or 100% American spelling, the emphasis being consistency. List of dialects of English Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible ." English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of different accents (systems of pronunciation) as well as various localized words and grammatical constructions. Many different dialects can be identified based on these factors. Dialects can be classified at broader or narrower levels: within

2438-485: The slowly assembled dictionary database which was completed for the typesetting of the first edition. In a later edition, they increasingly used the Bank of English established by John McHardy Sinclair at COBUILD to provide typical citations rather than examples composed by the lexicographer . The unabridged Collins English Dictionary was published on the web on 31 December 2011 on CollinsDictionary.com, along with

2491-451: The third person feminine she in place of the third person neuter it as the subject of a sentence, especially when the subject is the first word of the sentence. The most common use of this is in the phrase "She'll be right" meaning either "It will be okay" or "It is close enough to what is required". Similar to Australian English are uses such as "she was great car" or "she's a real beauty, this [object]". Another specific New Zealand usage

2544-620: The unabridged dictionaries of French, German, Spanish and Italian. The site also includes example sentences showing word usage from the Collins Bank of English Corpus, word frequencies and trends from the Google Ngrams project, and word images from Flickr . In August 2012, CollinsDictionary.com introduced crowd-sourcing for neologisms , whilst still maintaining overall editorial control to remain distinct from Wiktionary and Urban Dictionary . This followed an earlier launch of

2597-579: The use of wee for "small", and phrases such as to do the messages meaning "to go shopping". Other Southland features which may also relate to early Scottish settlement are the use of the TRAP (short A) vowel in a set of words which usually use the PALM vowel (long A), such as dance or castle , which is also common in Australian English. Another feature is the maintaining of the /ʍ/ ~ /w/ distinction (e.g. where which and witch are not homophones). Recent research (2012) suggests that postvocalic /r/

2650-573: The world, and are used as lingua francas and to determine grammar rules and guidelines. Collins English Dictionary The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English. It is published by HarperCollins in Glasgow . It was first published in 1979. The dictionary uses language research based on the Collins Corpus, which is continually updated and has over 20 billion words. The 1979 edition of

2703-465: The world, especially in the early 21st century when New Zealand experienced an increase of non-British immigration, which has brought about a more prominently multi-ethnic society. The Internet, television, movies and popular music have all brought international influences into New Zealand society and the New Zealand lexicon. Americanisation of New Zealand society and language has subtly and gradually been taking place since World War II and especially since

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2756-501: Was followed by The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary in 1998, edited by New Zealand lexicographer Tony Deverson. It is based on The Oxford Paperback Dictionary, fourth edition , and The Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary, second edition . Further lexicographical work culminated in the 1,374-page The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary published in 2004, by Tony Deverson and Graeme Kennedy. The dictionary contains over 100,000 definitions, including over 12,000 New Zealand entries and

2809-399: Was published as The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand English by Reed Publishing in 2001. The first dictionary fully dedicated to the New Zealand variety of English was The New Zealand Dictionary published by New House Publishers in 1994 and edited by Elizabeth and Harry Orsman. A second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman. In 1997, Oxford University Press produced

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