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112-722: The Natural History Museum (German: Museum für Naturkunde ) is a natural history museum located in Berlin , Germany. It exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history and in such domain it is one of three major museums in Germany alongside Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt and Museum Koenig in Bonn . The museum houses more than 30 million zoological , paleontological , and mineralogical specimens, including more than ten thousand type specimens . It

224-404: A coachwhip ) or, as more recently suggested, tactile function. The tail may have served as a counterbalance for the neck. The middle part of the tail had "double beams" (oddly shaped chevron bones on the underside, which gave Diplodocus its name). They may have provided support for the vertebrae, or perhaps prevented the blood vessels from being crushed if the animal's heavy tail pressed against

336-401: A 29 m (95 ft) long D. hallorum was estimated to weigh 23 metric tons (25 short tons) in body mass. A study in 2024 later found the mass of a 33 m (108 ft) D. hallorum to be only 21 metric tons (23 short tons), though the study suggested this only represents the average adult size and not the above average or maximum body size. The nearly complete D. carnegii skeleton at

448-492: A German researcher, designed by Christian Daniel Rauch . Attached to the atrium is a staircase with a spacious vestibule. The floors on the upper ground floor are decorated with ornamental mosaics. In the northwest part of the university building, a cast iron staircase leads to the upper floors. In four wall niches around the atrium, famous agricultural researchers are honored with marble busts. Post-war work and modernizations Natural history museum The primary role of

560-483: A canyon west of San Ysidro , New Mexico . The find was reported to the New Mexican Museum of Natural History , who dispatched an expedition led by David D. Gillette in 1985, that collected the specimen after several visits from 1985 to 1990. The specimen was preserved in semi-articulation, including 230 gastroliths , with several vertebrae, partial pelvis, and right femur and was prepared and deposited at

672-562: A cast-iron group of lions at the courtyard entrance, and a sitting dog cast from bronze on the outside of the side portal. This is a replica of the Molossian dogs from the second half of the 3rd century BC. BC, who were posted as a couple in front of the former veterinary college; however, the second figure was lost. Except for the dogs, these were historical pieces of equipment from the former iron foundry at this location, manufactured in 1867. Agricultural college The construction area for

784-563: A deterrent to the predators Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus : their remains have been found in the same strata , which suggests that they coexisted with Diplodocus . Diplodocus is among the most easily identifiable dinosaurs, with its typical sauropod shape, long neck and tail, and four sturdy legs. For many years, it was the longest dinosaur known. Among the best-known sauropods, Diplodocus were very large, long-necked, quadrupedal animals, with long, whip-like tails. Their forelimbs were slightly shorter than their hind limbs, resulting in

896-423: A funiculus cord that runs from the external occipital crest of the skull to elongate vertebral neural spines or “withers” in the shoulder region plus sheet-like extensions called laminae run from the cord to the neural spines on some or all of the cervical vertebrae. However, most sauropods do not have withers in the shoulders, so if they possessed a similar ligament, it would differ substantially, perhaps anchoring in

1008-739: A height of 13.27 m. When living, the long-tailed, long-necked herbivore probably weighed 50  t (55  tons ). While the Diplodocus carnegiei mounted next to it (a copy of an original from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh , United States) actually exceeds it in length (27 m, or 90 ft), the Berlin specimen is taller, and far more massive. The "Berlin Specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica (HMN 1880),

1120-524: A horizontal posture, with forelimbs shorter than hind limbs. Diplodocids flourished in the Late Jurassic of North America and possibly Africa. A subfamily, the Diplodocinae , was erected to include Diplodocus and its closest relatives, including Barosaurus . More distantly related is the contemporaneous Apatosaurus , which is still considered a diplodocid, although not a diplodocine, as it

1232-575: A large meteor collection, the largest piece of amber in the world; exhibits of the now-extinct quagga , huia , and tasmanian tiger , and "Bobby" the gorilla, a Berlin Zoo celebrity from the 1920s and 1930s. In November 2018 the German government and the city of Berlin decided to expand and improve the building for more than €600 million. The museum's name has changed several times. German speakers mainly call this museum Museum für Naturkunde since this

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1344-493: A largely horizontal posture. The skeletal structure of these long-necked, long-tailed animals supported by four sturdy legs have been compared with cantilever bridges . In fact, D. carnegii is currently one of the longest dinosaurs known from a complete skeleton, with a total length of 24–26 meters (79–85 ft). Modern mass estimates for D. carnegii have tended to be in the 12–14.8-metric-ton (13.2–16.3-short-ton) range. Diplodocus hallorum , known from partial remains,

1456-526: A limb on the Diplodocus . The skin fossil itself is small in size, reaching less than 70 cm in length. Due to the vast amount of scale diversity seen within such a small area, as well as the scales being smaller in comparison to other diplodocid scale fossils, and the presence of small and potentially “juvenile” material at the Mother’s Day Quarry, it is hypothesized that the skin originated from

1568-499: A mixed bag of state or provincial support as well as university funding, causing differing systems of development and goals. Opportunities for a new public audience coupled with overflowing artifact collections led to a new design for natural history museums. A dual arrangement of museums was pioneered by J. Edward Gray, who worked with the British Museum in the 1860s. This layout separated the science-producing researcher from

1680-688: A natural history museum is to provide the scientific community with current and historical specimens for their research, which is to improve our understanding of the natural world. Some museums have public exhibits to share the beauty and wonder of the natural world with the public; these are referred to as 'public museums'. Some museums feature non-natural history collections in addition to their primary collections, such as ones related to history, art, and science. Renaissance cabinets of curiosities were private collections that typically included exotic specimens of national history, sometimes faked, along with other types of object. The first natural history museum

1792-535: A nearly complete skull of a juvenile Diplodocus , was found at the quarry and is one of few known and highlighted ontogenetic dietary changes in the genus. Diplodocus is both the type genus of, and gives its name to, the Diplodocidae, the family in which it belongs. Members of this family, while still massive, have a markedly more slender build than other sauropods, such as the titanosaurs and brachiosaurs . All are characterized by long necks and tails and

1904-403: A result of the continuously growing natural science collections, a complex new exhibition building was planned on the site of the former Royal Iron Foundry on Invalidenstrasse , in which the three museums mentioned above would be combined. The new building ensemble was given the name Museum für Naturkunde during the planning phase, consisting of the corresponding central collection and the parts of

2016-479: A semi articulated skull of a diplodocine with mandibles (CM 11161) in the Monument. Another skull (CM 3452) was found by Carnegie crews in 1915, bearing 6 articulated cervical vertebrae and mandibles, and another skull with mandibles (CM 1155) was found in 1923. All of the skulls found at Dinosaur National Monument were shipped back to Pittsburgh and described by William Jacob Holland in detail in 1924, who referred

2128-402: A single action. Also, the palinal (backwards) motion of the lower jaws could have contributed two significant roles to feeding behavior: (1) an increased gape, and (2) allowed fine adjustments of the relative positions of the tooth rows, creating a smooth stripping action. Young et al. (2012) used biomechanical modeling to examine the performance of the diplodocine skull. It was concluded that

2240-462: A skull molded based on USNM 2673, a skull assigned to Galeamopus pabsti . The Carnegie Museum mount became very popular, being nicknamed " Dippy " by the populace, eventually being cast and sent to museums in London , Berlin , Paris , Vienna , Bologna , St. Petersburg , Buenos Aires , Madrid , and Mexico City from 1905 to 1928. The London cast specifically became very popular; its casting

2352-486: A small or even “juvenile” Diplodocus . The first record of Diplodocus comes from Marshall P. Felch’s quarry at Garden Park near Cañon City , Colorado , when several fossils were collected by Benjamin Mudge and Samuel Wendell Williston in 1877. The first specimen (YPM VP 1920) was very incomplete, consisting only of two complete caudal vertebrae, a chevron, and several other fragmentary caudal vertebrae. The specimen

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2464-419: A wealth of skeletal remains, Diplodocus is one of the best-studied dinosaurs. Many aspects of its lifestyle have been subjects of various theories over the years. Comparisons between the scleral rings of diplodocines and modern birds and reptiles suggest that they may have been cathemeral , active throughout the day at short intervals. Marsh and then Hatcher assumed that the animal was aquatic, because of

2576-470: Is a member of the sister subfamily Apatosaurinae . The Portuguese Dinheirosaurus and the African Tornieria have also been identified as close relatives of Diplodocus by some authors. Diplodocoidea comprises the diplodocids, as well as the dicraeosaurids , rebbachisaurids , Suuwassea , Amphicoelias possibly Haplocanthosaurus , and/or the nemegtosaurids . The clade

2688-530: Is actually dubious, which is not an ideal situation for the type species of a well-known genus like Diplodocus . A petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was being considered which proposed making D. carnegii the new type species. This proposal was rejected by the ICZN and D. longus has been maintained as the type species, because Hatcher did not demonstrate why

2800-475: Is an extinct genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs known from the Late Jurassic of North America. The first fossils of Diplodocus were discovered in 1877 by S. W. Williston . The generic name, coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, is a Neo-Latin term derived from Greek διπλός ( diplos ) "double" and δοκός ( dokos ) "beam", in reference to the double-beamed chevron bones located in

2912-406: Is debated but it should have been able to browse from low levels to about 4 m (13 ft) when on all fours. However, studies have shown that the center of mass of Diplodocus was very close to the hip socket ; this means that Diplodocus could rear up into a bipedal posture with relatively little effort. It also had the advantage of using its large tail as a 'prop' which would allow for

3024-453: Is displayed in the central exhibit hall. The dinosaur-like body with an attached tooth -filled head, wings , claws, long lizard-like tail, and the clear impression of feathers in the surrounding stone is strong evidence of the link between reptiles and birds. The Archaeopteryx is a transitional fossil ; and the time of its discovery was apt: coming on the heels of Darwin 's 1859 magnum opus, The Origin of Species , made it quite possibly

3136-583: Is famous for two exhibits: the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a Giraffatitan skeleton), and a well-preserved specimen of the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx . The museum's mineral collections date back to the Prussian Academy of Sciences of 1700. Important historic zoological specimens include those recovered by the German deep-sea Valdiva expedition (1898–99), the German Southpolar Expedition (1901–03), and

3248-429: Is named after the museum. Since the museum renovation in 2007, a large hall explains biodiversity and the processes of evolution, while several rooms feature regularly changing special exhibitions. The specimen of Giraffatitan brancai in the central exhibit hall is the largest mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world. It is composed of fossilized bones recovered by the German paleontologist Werner Janensch from

3360-615: Is now Dinosaur National Monument on the border region between Colorado and Utah, with the sandstone dating to the Kimmeridgian of the Morrison Formation . From 1909 to 1922, with the Carnegie Museum excavating the quarry, eventually unearthing over 120 dinosaur individuals and 1,600+ bones, many of the associated skeletons being very complete and are on display in several American museums. In 1912, Douglass found

3472-608: Is the first known from a Diplodocus . Another Diplodocus skeleton was collected at the Carnegie Quarry in Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, by the National Museum of Natural History in 1923. The skeleton (USNM V 10865) is one of the most complete known from Diplodocus , consisting of a semi-articulated partial postcranial skeleton, including a well preserved dorsal column. The skeleton

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3584-415: Is the most likely feeding behavior of Diplodocus , as it explains the unusual wear patterns of the teeth (coming from tooth–food contact). In unilateral branch stripping, one tooth row would have been used to strip foliage from the stem, while the other would act as a guide and stabilizer. With the elongated preorbital (in front of the eyes) region of the skull, longer portions of stems could be stripped in

3696-668: Is the sister group to Macronaria ( camarasaurids , brachiosaurids and titanosaurians). A cladogram of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015) below: Amphicoelias altus Unnamed species Apatosaurus ajax Apatosaurus louisae Brontosaurus excelsus Brontosaurus yahnahpin Brontosaurus parvus Unnamed species Tornieria africana Supersaurus lourinhanensis Supersaurus vivianae Leinkupal laticauda Galeamopus hayi Diplodocus carnegii Diplodocus hallorum Kaatedocus siberi Barosaurus lentus Due to

3808-501: Is the term on the façade. It is also called Naturkundemuseum or even Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin so that it can be distinguished from other museums in Germany also named as Museum für Naturkunde . The museum was founded in 1810 as a part of the Berlin University , which changed its name to Humboldt University of Berlin in 1949. For much of its history, the museum was known as the "Humboldt Museum", but in 2009 it left

3920-424: Is to study the ligaments and their attachments to bones in extant animals to see if they resemble any bony structures in sauropods or other dinosaur species like Parasaurolophus . If diplodocus relied on a mammal-like nuchal ligament, it would have been for passively sustaining the weight of its head and neck. This ligament is found in many hoofed mammals, such as bison and horses. In mammals, it typically consists of

4032-562: The Agricultural University with 11,204 m² is located on the Invalidenstrasse 42 plot. This building was also completed in 1889, and expansion work had to be carried out after a very short time (1876–1880). This also resulted in a multi-wing facility that was planned and realized by Kern & Krencker and E. Gerhardt. A glass-covered atrium forms the center, in which there is a statue of Albrecht Daniel Thaer ,

4144-513: The Bighorn Basin Paleontological Institute in 2017. The quarry was very productive, having mostly isolated Diplodocus bones from juveniles to adults in pristine preservation. The quarry notably had a great disparity between the amount of juveniles and adults in the quarry, as well as the frequent preservation of skin impressions, pathologies , and some articulated specimens from Diplodocus. One specimen,

4256-421: The Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , on which size estimates of D. hallorum are mainly based, also was found to have had its 13th tail vertebra come from another dinosaur, throwing off size estimates for D. hallorum even further. While dinosaurs such as Supersaurus were probably longer, fossil remains of these animals are only fragmentary and D. hallorum still remains among

4368-800: The Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin , now the Humboldt University of Berlin , opened in 1810, the existing scientific and medical collections were combined and made accessible to the public for the first time. Therefore the Geological-Paleontological Museum, the Mineralogical-Petrographic Museum and the Zoological Museum were founded and were open to anyone interested to visit. Around 1880,

4480-411: The Morrison Formation of Sheep Creek , Wyoming , with funding from Scottish-American steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie , they discovered a massive and well preserved skeleton of Diplodocus. The skeleton was collected that year by Jacob L. Wortman and several other crewmen under his direction along with several specimens of Stegosaurus , Brontosaurus parvus , and Camarasaurus preserved alongside

4592-454: The Mother's Day Quarry , exhibits several different types of scale shapes including rectangular, polygonal, pebble, ovoid, dome, and globular. These scales range in size and shape depending upon their location on the integument, the smallest of which reach about 1mm while the largest 10 mm. Some of these scales show orientations that may indicate where they belonged on the body. For instance,

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4704-741: The Prussian Geological State Institute with the Mining Academy (Geological State Institute and Mining Academy) and the Berlin Agricultural University . The university management, together with the Berlin magistrate, announced an architectural competition, which August Tiede won with his multi-wing project proposal. All construction costs including the interior furnishings amounted to around 3.2 million marks . Building descriptions with additions and conversions August Tiede planned

4816-459: The size of these animals. Diplodocus had small, 'peg'-like teeth that pointed forward and were only present in the anterior sections of the jaws. Its braincase was small, and the neck was composed of at least 15 vertebrae . The discovery of partial diplodocid skin impressions in 1990 showed that some species had narrow, pointed, keratinous spines, much like those on an iguana . The spines could be up to 18 centimeters (7.1 in) long, on

4928-695: The "whiplash" portion of their tails, and possibly along the back and neck as well, similarly to hadrosaurids . The spines have been incorporated into many recent reconstructions of Diplodocus , notably Walking with Dinosaurs . The original description of the spines noted that the specimens in the Howe Quarry near Shell, Wyoming were associated with skeletal remains of an undescribed diplodocid "resembling Diplodocus and Barosaurus ." Specimens from this quarry have since been referred to Kaatedocus siberi and Barosaurus sp., rather than Diplodocus . Fossilized skin of Diplodocus sp., discovered at

5040-413: The 1970s, general consensus has the sauropods as firmly terrestrial animals, browsing on trees, ferns, and bushes. Scientists have debated as to how sauropods were able to breathe with their large body sizes and long necks, which would have increased the amount of dead space . They likely had an avian respiratory system , which is more efficient than a mammalian and reptilian system. Reconstructions of

5152-728: The Carnegie Museum that had been collected at Dinosaur National Monument. The specimen (DMNH 1494) was nearly as complete as the Smithsonian specimen. It consists of the vertebral column complete from cervical 8 to caudal 20, right scapula-coracoid, complete pelvis, and both hind limbs without feet. It was mounted in the museum during the late 1930s and remounted in the early 1990s. Although not described in detail, Tschopp and colleagues determined that this skeleton also belonged to D. hallorum . Few Diplodocus finds came for many years until 1979, when three hikers came across several vertebrae stuck in elevated stone next to several petroglyphs in

5264-657: The First World Congress on the Preservation and Conservation of Natural History Collections took place in Madrid, from 10 May 1992 to 15 May 1992. While the museum buildings where collections of artifacts were displayed started to overflow with materials, the prospect of a new building space would take years to build. As wealthy nations began to collect exotic artifacts and organisms from other countries, this problem continued to worsen. Museum funding came from

5376-533: The German Sunda Expedition (1929–31). Expeditions to fossil beds in Tendaguru in former Deutsch Ostafrika (today Tanzania ) unearthed rich paleontological treasures. The collections are so extensive that less than 1 in 5000 specimens is exhibited, and they attract researchers from around the world. Additional exhibits include a mineral collection representing 75% of the minerals in the world,

5488-620: The Hall of Minerals. A large hall explains the principles of evolution. It was opened in 2007 after a major renovation of parts of the building. The Museum für Naturkunde normally exhibits one of the best-preserved Tyrannosaurus skeletons ( "Tristan" ) worldwide. Of approximately 300 bones, 170 have been preserved, which puts it in the third position among others. The glass-walled Wet Collection Wing with 12.6 km of shelf space displays one million specimens preserved in an ethanol solution and held in 276,000 jars. 19th century to 1945 When

5600-563: The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin was granted the status of a foundation under public law on January 1, 2009 and was accepted as a member of the Leibniz Association . Since the 2020s An international architectural competition started on December 23, 2022 to fundamentally repair the historic building stock and to supplement and expand the available space with new buildings. The mission is Museum of Natural History – Future Plan for

5712-545: The New Mexican Museum of Natural History under NMMNH P-3690. The specimen was not described until 1991 in the Journal of Paleontology , where Gillette named it Seismosaurus halli (Jim and Ruth Hall's seismic lizard) , though in 1994, Gillette published an amendment changing the name to S. hallorum. In 2004 and later 2006, Seismosaurus was synonymized with Diplodocus and even suggested to be synonymous with

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5824-632: The Science Campus, i.e. h. A new science campus is to be built. The basis for this competition is the agenda “Future plan – conceptual and structural development perspectives for the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin” developed by the museum management in 2018. The museum should live up to its responsibility as a “place of information, reflection and discussion with society”. The three main functional areas – collections and collection infrastructure, research infrastructure and science communication/visitor infrastructure – are to be strengthened. Overview As

5936-579: The State of Berlin and the German Class Lotterie Berlin Foundation . In total, four halls and a staircase were renovated and completely redesigned with multimedia components at a cost of around 16 million euros. The reopening took place on July 13, 2007 with new exhibitions on the evolution of life and the earth. Within a year of this reopening, over 731,000 visitors visited the museum. Due to its supra-regional importance,

6048-405: The apex forms a blunt, triangular point. The most prominent wear facet is on the apex, though unlike all other wear patterns observed within sauropods, diplodocine wear patterns are on the labial (cheek) side of both the upper and lower teeth. This implies that the feeding mechanism of Diplodocus and other diplodocids was radically different from that of other sauropods. Unilateral branch stripping

6160-431: The base of their necks at the maximum possible vertical extension when in a normal, alert posture, and argued that the same would hold true for sauropods barring any unknown, unique characteristics that set the soft tissue anatomy of their necks apart from other animals. The study found faults with Stevens' assumptions regarding the potential range of motion in sauropod necks, and based on comparing skeletons to living animals

6272-506: The basement of the eastern wing, a drying chamber and degreasing and maceration systems were installed, which were supplied by the Berlin company E. A. Lentz. Even safety measures against water/moisture and fire have been taken into account. State Geological Institute and Mining Academy The construction area at Invalidenstrasse 44 covered 12,028 m². These additional buildings were also opened in 1889. The state geological institute needed additional space after just under 15 years. A north wing

6384-399: The biological perspective in exhibits to teach the public more about the functional relationships between organisms. This required the expertise of zoologist and botanist. As this kind of work was not typical for educated scientists of the time, the new profession of curator developed. Natural history collections are invaluable repositories of genomic information that can be used to examine

6496-585: The buildings uniformly in historicizing classical forms (“in the Hellenistic sense”), based on the Louvre in Paris. The three parts of the building along Invalidenstrasse as the front side are generously grouped around a courtyard-like forecourt. The connecting elements were front gardens, which were laid out between 1883 and 1889 according to plans by the garden architect Richard Köhler, and a fountain in front of

6608-414: The central building. In addition, an area of around 500 m² was left free from the former foundry site, which was intended to widen Invalidenstrasse. And according to the construction plans, once the complex was completed, all three parts were to be connected to each other by side halls. All elements of the building ensemble were heated by a central boiler house, which stood in the third northern courtyard of

6720-533: The collections were expanded with finds from research trips to Cuba , Mongolia and the Soviet Union , for example fossilized plants from the Mongolian steppe or a coral reef from Cuba. Visits by representatives of Western countries, however, remained the exception. In reunified Germany, the museum was initially reorganized into three institutes: mineralogy, paleontology and systematic zoology. The building

6832-467: The constantly growing collections based on donations, purchases and expedition finds took up around two thirds of the space in the main building, Unter den Linden , and “formed an oppressive burden”. The royal state government therefore decided in 1874 to build new buildings for the agricultural college and the collection of the Museum of Natural History on the site of the already closed Royal Iron Foundry on Invalidenstrasse. The architectural competition that

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6944-506: The construction management of the government architect Hein. The opening was celebrated on December 2, 1889. Contrary to initial plans, the Natural History Museum only made part of its holdings accessible to the public as a display collection, while the main collection was reserved for interdisciplinary research work. This practice, which is common today, was considered revolutionary at the time. The first building extension

7056-467: The depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections. The competition to mount the first sauropod skeleton specifically was the most intense, with the American Museum of Natural History , Carnegie Museum of Natural History , and Field Museum of Natural History all sending expeditions to the west to find the most complete sauropod specimen, bring it back to

7168-769: The dubious D. longus and later Tschopp et al. 's phylogenetic analysis in 2015 supported the idea that many specimens referred to D. longus actually belonged to D. hallorum . In 1994, the Museum of the Rockies discovered a very productive fossil site at Mother's Day Quarry in Carbon County, Montana from the Salt Wash member of the Morrison Formation that was later excavated by the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science in 1996, and after that

7280-493: The east wing of the museum building was heavily damaged in a daytime raid by the United States Army Air Forces on February 3, 1945. While large parts of the building collapsed, several people died in the air raid shelter. Large whale skeletons from the collection were buried and the exhibition rooms for insects and mammals were destroyed. About 75 percent of the collection was brought to safety. After

7392-606: The finger and hand bones arranged into a vertical column, horseshoe-shaped in cross section. Diplodocus lacked claws on all but one digit of the front limb, and this claw was unusually large relative to other sauropods, flattened from side to side, and detached from the bones of the hand. The function of this unusually specialized claw is unknown. No skull has ever been found that can be confidently said to belong to Diplodocus , though skulls of other diplodocids closely related to Diplodocus (such as Galeamopus ) are well known. The skulls of diplodocids were very small compared with

7504-426: The fossil-rich Tendaguru beds of Tanzania between 1909 and 1913. The remains are primarily from one gigantic animal, except for a few tail bones (caudal vertebrae ), which belong to another animal of the same size and species. The historical mount (until about 2005) was 12.72 m (41 ft 5 in) tall, and 22.25 m (73 ft) long. In 2007 it was remounted according to new scientific evidence, reaching

7616-407: The ground. These "double beams" are also seen in some related dinosaurs. Chevron bones of this particular form were initially believed to be unique to Diplodocus ; since then they have been discovered in other members of the diplodocid family as well as in non-diplodocid sauropods, such as Mamenchisaurus . Like other sauropods, the manus (front "feet") of Diplodocus were highly modified, with

7728-482: The hip region. Another hypothesized neck-supporting ligament is an avian-like elastic ligament, such as that seen in Struthio camelus . This ligament acts similarly to the mammal-like nuchal ligament but comprises short segments of ligament that connect the bases of the neural spines, and therefore does not need a robust attachment zone like those seen in mammals. A 2009 study found that all tetrapods appear to hold

7840-551: The histories of biodiversity and environmental change. Collaborations between museums and researchers worldwide are enabling scientists to unravel ecological and evolutionary relationships such as the domestication of the horse , using genetic samples from museum collections. New methods and technologies are being developed to support museomics . Diplodocus carnegiei Diplodocus ( / d ɪ ˈ p l ɒ d ə k ə s / , / d aɪ ˈ p l ɒ d ə k ə s / , or / ˌ d ɪ p l oʊ ˈ d oʊ k ə s / )

7952-512: The home institution, and mount it in their fossil halls. The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition, finding a semi-articulated partial postcranial skeleton containing many vertebrae of Diplodocus in at Como Bluff in 1897. The skeleton (AMNH FR 223) was collected by Barnum Brown and Henry Osborn , who shipped the specimen to the AMNH and it was briefly described in 1899 by Osborn, who referred it to D. longus . It

8064-411: The interior with a foyer, followed by an atrium reserved for the large exhibits of the animal collection. The collection and work rooms inside are wide-span halls on iron supports; the vaults between the iron girders are made of porous stones. On the two gable ends of the main building there are large staircases in iron constructions and work rooms for supervisory officers of the individual departments of

8176-520: The longest known dinosaur (excluding those known from exceedingly poor remains, such as Amphicoelias or Maraapunisaurus ). The estimated length was later revised downward to 30.5–35 m (100–115 ft) and later on to 29–33.5 m (95–110 ft) based on findings that show that Gillette had originally misplaced vertebrae 12–19 as vertebrae 20–27. Weight estimates based on the revised length are as high as 38 metric tons (42 short tons) although more recently, and according to Gregory S. Paul,

8288-427: The longest known dinosaurs. Diplodocus had an extremely long tail, composed of about 80 caudal vertebrae , which are almost double the number some of the earlier sauropods had in their tails (such as Shunosaurus with 43), and far more than contemporaneous macronarians had (such as Camarasaurus with 53). Some speculation exists as to whether it may have had a defensive or noisemaking (by cracking it like

8400-563: The longest necks would have required a 1.6-ton heart – a tenth of the animal's body weight. The study proposed that animals like these would have had rudimentary auxiliary "hearts" in their necks, whose only purpose was to pump blood up to the next "heart". Some argue that the near-horizontal posture of the head and neck would have eliminated the problem of supplying blood to the brain, as it would not be elevated. Diplodocines have highly unusual teeth compared to other sauropods. The crowns are long and slender, and elliptical in cross-section, while

8512-438: The morphology of sauropod necks have concluded that the neutral posture of Diplodocus neck was close to horizontal, rather than vertical, and scientists such as Kent Stevens have used this to argue that sauropods including Diplodocus did not raise their heads much above shoulder level. A nuchal ligament may have held the neck in this position. One approach to understanding the possible ligament structure in ancient sauropods

8624-466: The most famous fossil in the world. Recovered from the German Solnhofen limestone beds in 1871, it is one of 12 Archaeopteryx to be discovered and the most complete. The first specimen, a single 150-million-year-old feather found in 1860, is also in the possession of the museum. The MFN's collection comprises roughly 250,000 specimens of minerals, of which roughly 4,500 are on exhibit in

8736-424: The museum. The rear wing structures are finished with cast plaster caps between the iron beams and a supporting corrugated iron covering. For the floors, Tiede used terrazzo and oak rods in asphalt. Within the museum building there were two lecture halls and apartments for the curator. The ground floor and first floor of the western wing formed a complete service building for the museum director and his family. In

8848-421: The natural history building. Individual solutions had to be created for the furnishings (cupboards, drawers, consoles, cross beams, glass panels) and equipment as well as the entire color scheme. Museum of Natural History The building area with a size of 20,071 m² is located on the ploten Invalidstrasse 43. As early as 1915/1916, the three northern wings of the main building received an extension to accommodate

8960-526: The natural history museum was a new space for public interaction with the natural world. Museums began to change the way they exhibited their artifacts, hiring various forms of curators, to refine their displays. Additionally, they adopted new approaches to designing exhibits. These new ways of organizing would support learning of the lay audience. Organised by the League of Nations , the first International Museography Congress happened in Madrid in 1934. Again,

9072-449: The neck and thorax of Diplodocus show great pneumaticity , which could have played a role in respiration as it does in birds. The depiction of Diplodocus posture has changed considerably over the years. For instance, a classic 1910 reconstruction by Oliver P. Hay depicts two Diplodocus with splayed lizard-like limbs on the banks of a river. Hay argued that Diplodocus had a sprawling, lizard-like gait with widely splayed legs, and

9184-422: The ovoid scales are closely clustered together and look similar to scales in modern reptiles that are located dorsally. Another orientation on the fossil consists of arching rows of square scales that interrupts nearby polygonal scale patterning. It is noted that the arching scale rows look similar to the scale orientations seen around crocodilian limbs, suggesting that this area may have also originated from around

9296-416: The paratype. There were political reasons rather than scientific for naming the first dinosaur collected by the Carnegie Museum for their patron, Andrew Carnegie. It was not until 1907, that the Carnegie Museum of Natural History created a composite mount of Diplodocus carnegii that incorporated CM 84 and CM 94 along with several other specimens and even other taxa were used to complete the mount, including

9408-405: The position of its nasal openings at the apex of the cranium. Similar aquatic behavior was commonly depicted for other large sauropods, such as Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus . A 1951 study by Kenneth A. Kermack indicates that sauropods probably could not have breathed through their nostrils when the rest of the body was submerged, as the water pressure on the chest wall would be too great. Since

9520-413: The possibility of diverse audiences, instead adopting the view of an expert as the standard. The mid-eighteenth century saw an increased interest in the scientific world by the middle class bourgeoisie who had greater time for leisure activities, physical mobility and educational opportunities than in previous eras. Other forms of science consumption, such as the zoo, had already grown in popularity. Now,

9632-414: The proposal that its dentition was used for bark-stripping was not supported by the data, which showed that under that scenario, the skull and teeth would undergo extreme stresses. The hypotheses of branch-stripping and/or precision biting were both shown to be biomechanically plausible feeding behaviors. Diplodocine teeth were also continually replaced throughout their lives, usually in less than 35 days, as

9744-461: The science-consuming public audience. By doing so, museums were able to save space in the exhibit areas and display a smaller, more focused amount of material to the public. This also allowed for greater curation of exhibits that eased the lay viewer's learning and allowed them to develop a more holistic understanding of the natural world. Natural history museums became a story of our world, telling different organisms narratives. Use of dual arrangement

9856-484: The skeleton. The skeleton (CM 84) was preserved in semi articulation and was very complete, including 41 well preserved vertebrae from the mid caudals to the anterior cervicals , 18 ribs, 2 sternal ribs, a partial pelvis, right scapulocoracoid , and right femur. In 1900, Carnegie crews returned to Sheep Creek, this expedition led by John Bell Hatcher , William Jacob Holland , and Charles Gilmore , and discovered another well preserved skeleton of Diplodocus adjacent to

9968-453: The specimen collected in 1899. The second skeleton (CM 94) was from a smaller individual and had preserved fewer vertebrae, but preserved more caudal vertebrae and appendicular remains than CM 84. Both of the skeletons were named and described in great detail by John Bell Hatcher in 1901, with Hatcher making CM 84 the type specimen of a new species of Diplodocus , Diplodocus carnegii (" Andrew Carnegie 's double beam"), with CM 94 becoming

10080-404: The specimen he called Diplodocus carnegii was not actually just a more complete specimen of Diplodocus longus . Although the type specimen was very fragmentary, several additional diplodocid fossils were collected at Felch’s quarry from 1877 to 1884 and sent to Marsh, who then referred them to D. longus . One specimen ( USNM V 2672), an articulated complete skull, mandibles, and partial atlas

10192-420: The specimens to D. longus . This assignment was also questioned by Tschopp, who stated that all of the aforementioned skulls could not be referred to any specific diplodocine. Hundreds of assorted postcranial elements were found in the Monument that have been referred to Diplodocus , but few have been properly described. A nearly complete skull of a juvenile Diplodocus was collected by Douglass in 1921, and it

10304-399: The street facade of the building. The top floor is decorated with Corinthian double columns, two statues and three relief portraits of famous scientists: Johannes Müller and Leopold von Buch , as well as Chr. G. Ehrenberg , Alexander von Humboldt and Chr. Sam. White above the second floor windows in laurel-crowned medallions created by sculptor August Ohrmann. A wide staircase leads into

10416-452: The study also argued that soft tissues could have increased flexibility more than the bones alone suggest. For these reasons they argued that Diplodocus would have held its neck at a more elevated angle than previous studies have concluded. As with the related genus Barosaurus , the very long neck of Diplodocus is the source of much controversy among scientists. A 1992 Columbia University study of diplodocid neck structure indicated that

10528-741: The underside of the tail, which were then considered unique. The genus of dinosaurs lived in what is now mid-western North America, at the end of the Jurassic period . It is one of the more common dinosaur fossils found in the middle to upper Morrison Formation , between about 154 and 152 million years ago, during the late Kimmeridgian Age , although it may have made it into the Tithonian. The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs, such as Apatosaurus , Barosaurus , Brachiosaurus , Brontosaurus , and Camarasaurus . Its great size may have been

10640-524: The university to join the Leibniz Association . The current official name is Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung and the "Humboldt" name is no longer related to this museum. Furthermore: there is another Humboldt-Museum in Berlin in Tegel Palace dealing with brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt . The Berlin U-Bahn station Naturkundemuseum

10752-501: The war until 2015 On September 16, 1945, the Natural History Museum, which was now located in the Soviet sector of Berlin , was the first Berlin museum to reopen after the end of the war. The years after the war were characterized by repairing the war damage to the building and securing the collections. From the 1950s onwards, the museum showed new permanent exhibitions. During the GDR era,

10864-644: The zoological collection. It is an almost square main building with a front length of 85 m, to which an approximately 140 m long four-wing cross wing was added at the back, designed as a simple brick building. The wing buildings facing north are around 37 m long and there are three 23 m wide courtyards in between. The facades of the main building are clad with tuff stone and Rackwitz sandstone . Other wall materials used were bricks , Old Warthauer sandstone , Main sandstone, polished Swedish granite , Belgian limestone and artificial marble. A three-axis, slightly sculpturally structured raised central projection characterizes

10976-428: Was announced contained the requirements to enable all collection elements to be arranged as uniformly as possible. The winner of the competition was the architect August Tiede , who initially suggested storing the exhibits separately, but then had to give up. As a result, a multi-wing building was built at Invalidenstrasse 43 between 1875 and 1880 under the senior construction management of Friedrich Kleinwächter and

11088-484: Was briefly described by Charles Gilmore in 1932, who also referred it to D. longus , and it was mounted in the fossil hall at the National Museum of Natural History the same year. In Emmanuel Tschopp et al .'s phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocidae, USNM V 10865 was also found to be an individual of D. hallorum . The Denver Museum of Nature and Science obtained a Diplodocus specimen through exchange from

11200-473: Was built between 1890 and 1892 based on plans by Fritz Laske and a further extension was built in 1913. The mining academy used the ground floor rooms around a large atrium , the state geological institute was located on the floors above. Circumferential column arcades structured the atrium. Worth mentioning here were a bench with the motif of the Prussian eagle, two lying stone lions on the stair stringers,

11312-757: Was built between 1914 and 1917. In the 1910s and 1920s, the facility on Invalidenstrasse was called the Museum of Natural History and Zoological Institute. It was divided into the Geological-Paleontological Institute and Museum, the Mineralogical-Petrographic Institute and Museum, the Zoological Institute and Museum and had several employees such as university lecturers , taxidermists , castellans, stokers, machine masters, servants, caretakers, library servants. During World War II ,

11424-464: Was collected in 1883, and was the first complete diplodocid skull to be reported. Tschopp et al. ’s analysis placed it as an indeterminate diplodocine in 2015 due to the lack of overlap with any diagnostic Diplodocus postcranial material, as was the fate with all skulls assigned to Diplodocus . After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by

11536-468: Was discovered by Michael D'Emic et al. Within each tooth socket, as many as five replacement teeth were developing to replace the next one. Studies of the teeth also reveal that it preferred different vegetation from the other sauropods of the Morrison, such as Camarasaurus . This may have better allowed the various species of sauropods to exist without competition. The flexibility of Diplodocus neck

11648-471: Was even larger, and is estimated to have been the size of four elephants . When first described in 1991, discoverer David Gillette calculated it to be 33 m (110 ft) long based on isometric scaling with D. carnegii . However, he later stated that this was unlikely and estimated it to be 39 – 45 meters (130 – 150 ft) long, suggesting that some individuals may have been up to 52 m (171 ft) long and weighed 80 to 100 metric tons, making it

11760-456: Was later mounted—the first Diplodocus mount made—and was the first well preserved individual skeleton of Diplodocus discovered. In Emmanuel Tschopp et al .'s phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocidae , AMNH FR 223 was found to be not a skeleton of D. longus , but the later named species D. hallorum . The most notable Diplodocus find also came in 1899, when crew members from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History were collecting fossils in

11872-643: Was possibly that of Swiss scholar Conrad Gessner , established in Zürich in the mid-16th century. The National Museum of Natural History , established in Paris in 1635, was the first natural history museum to take the form that would be recognized as a natural history museum today. Early natural history museums offered limited accessibility, as they were generally private collections or holdings of scientific societies. The Ashmolean Museum , opened in England in 1683,

11984-463: Was quickly adopted and advocated by many across the world. A notable proponent of its use was German zoologist Karl Mobias who divided the natural museum in Hamburg in 1866.   The goal of such museums was not only to display organisms, but detail their interactions in the human world as well as within their unique ecosystems. Naturalists such as American Joseph Leidy pushed for greater emphasis on

12096-520: Was renovated and subjected to extensive modernization. In 2006, a further reorganization followed into three departments for research, collections, exhibitions and public education. In 2005, the dinosaur skeletons on display were temporarily dismantled to make room for the upcoming renovation of the roof and the entire large exhibition hall, which was financed with funds from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF),

12208-499: Was requested by King Edward VII and it was the first sauropod mount put on display outside of the United States. The goal of Carnegie in sending these casts overseas was apparently to bring international unity and mutual interest around the discovery of the dinosaur. The Carnegie Museum of Natural History made another landmark discovery in 1909 when Earl Douglass unearthed several caudal vertebrae from Apatosaurus in what

12320-586: Was sent to the Yale Peabody Museum and was named Diplodocus longus ('long double-beam') by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878. Marsh named Diplodocus during the Bone Wars , his competition with Philadelphian paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope to collect and describe as many fossil taxa as possible. Though several more complete specimens have been attributed to D. longus , detailed analysis has discovered that this type specimen

12432-423: Was supported by Gustav Tornier . This hypothesis was contested by William Jacob Holland , who demonstrated that a sprawling Diplodocus would have needed a trench through which to pull its belly. Finds of sauropod footprints in the 1930s eventually put Hay's theory to rest. Later, diplodocids were often portrayed with their necks held high up in the air, allowing them to graze from tall trees. Studies looking at

12544-727: Was the first natural history museum to grant admission to the general public. The natural history museum did not exist as a typical museum prior to the eighteenth century. Civic and university buildings did exist to house collections used for conducting research, however these served more as storage spaces than museums by today's understanding. All kept artifacts were displayed to the public as catalogs of research findings and served mostly as an archive of scientific knowledge. These spaces housed as many artifacts as fit and offered little description or interpretation for visitors. Kept organisms were typically arranged in their taxonomic systems and displayed with similar organisms. Museums did not think of

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