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45-454: NSWC Crane "is the world's third-largest naval installation by geographic area and includes all of the roughly 320-hectare Lake Greenwood." NAVSEA currently operates eight Surface Warfare Centers: NAVSEA also operates two Undersea Warfare Centers : 38°35′04″N 77°11′05″W  /  38.58454°N 77.18462°W  / 38.58454; -77.18462 Naval Undersea Warfare Center The Naval Undersea Warfare Center ( NUWC )

90-585: A formulation of nitrocellulose colloided with ether and alcohol which was used as smokeless powder for naval artillery through the two World Wars. The Army adopted the Navy formulation in 1908 and began manufacture at Picatinny Arsenal . A factory was built in 1907 to manufacture steam torpedoes for the Navy. The torpedo factory became a major employer in the Newport area, as Rhode Island congressmen protected it from competition. The Torpedo Station designed

135-687: A fortification at the port of New London to protect the Connecticut government's seat. The fort was built on a rocky point of land near the mouth of the Thames River on Long Island Sound ; it was completed in 1777 and named for Governor Trumbull, who served from 1769 to 1784. It was attacked in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War and was captured by British forces under the command of Benedict Arnold . Benedict Arnold had betrayed his country by this time, and he

180-675: A part of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center. In 1992 Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station (NUWES) at Keyport, Washington, became Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division Keyport. The station originated with realization that the only torpedo facility was on the Atlantic coast as the Navy increasingly began operating in the Pacific following the Spanish–American War . The Pacific Coast Torpedo Station

225-403: A signal, drove their bayonets up to the muzzles of their pieces into the breasts of all that were taken, except one or two who made their escape. After massacring the living they insulted the dead, by actions too horrid to mention --- the bodies were arranged alongside of each other for the purpose, and, to shew contempt to Col. Ledyard, they singled out a Negroe to place next to him. Never

270-703: A vegetable garden to help feed the soldiers at Fort Trumbull. Smith was born in New Hampshire in 1803 and enlisted in the Army on January 27, 1827, at age 23. He was wounded in action at the Battle of Chapultepec during the Mexican War . He was allowed to serve on active duty in the Army until he died in 1879 at age 76. He was the oldest enlisted man to serve on active duty in the United States Army in

315-678: Is a massive granite fort near the mouth of the Thames River in New London, Connecticut , managed as Fort Trumbull State Park by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection . The original fort was built in 1777 and named for Governor Jonathan Trumbull . The present fortification was built between 1839 and 1852. It lies adjacent to the Coast Guard Station New London . In 1775, Governor Jonathan Trumbull recommended building

360-420: Is now Division Newport. Those laboratories were themselves made up of consolidated older laboratories and facilities dating from World War I. In 1869, the U.S. Naval Torpedo Station was founded in Newport, Rhode Island on Goat Island , the site of Fort Wolcott which was built in 1702 and served as an Army fort from 1794 to 1835. During the 1890s, Charles Munroe and John Bernadou worked at Newport, patenting

405-752: Is the United States Navy's full-spectrum research, development, test and evaluation, engineering and fleet support center for submarines, autonomous underwater systems, and offensive and defensive weapons systems associated with undersea warfare. It is one of the corporate laboratories of the Naval Sea Systems Command . NUWC is headquartered in Newport, Rhode Island and has two major subordinate activities: Division Newport and Division Keyport in Keyport, Washington . NUWC also controls

450-499: Is transmit and receive. The principle studies are in acoustic propagation, reverberations and ambient noise. Much of the work involved sonar suites for both submarines and surface vessels; however, other work ranged from improved periscopes, computing, combat control systems, and communications. Illustrating the wide variety of work are some examples: On 2 January 1992 a major consolidation of Navy laboratories resulted in NUSC becoming

495-443: The Battle of Groton Heights . The British were finally able to enter the fort, and militia commander Lieutenant-Colonel William Ledyard offered his sword to Loyalist officer Major Bromfield as a token of surrender. According to contemporaneous accounts, Bromfield took the sword from Ledyard and drove it through him, and Arnold's men proceeded to show no quarter to the remaining American troops. Eighty-five militiamen were killed, and

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540-476: The Fox Island facility and Gould Island . It employs more than 4,400 civilian and military personnel, with budgets over $ 1 billion. The current entity is composed of many elements of Navy undersea research, particularly acoustics and acoustic systems with weapons research and development history dating to the 19th century. Two major laboratories, in Newport and New London composed the largest elements of what

585-796: The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) directed reorganization of the Underwater Sound Laboratory at New London for peacetime operation consolidating the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory, which had focused on physics of underwater sound, surface ship sonar and weapons systems, in Cambridge, Massachusetts with the New London laboratory. After recruiting scientists from both efforts the new Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory

630-820: The Pacific War . In July 1945 the Harvard facility's equipment and many of its personnel were moved to the new Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory, New London. NRL oversaw NUSL until turning over direction to the Bureau of Ships. Navy laboratories were reorganized in 1966 under Director of Naval Laboratories, Naval Material Command , to consolidate expertise and decrease competition among laboratories. The Bermuda Research Detachment , Tudor Hill Laboratory after formation of Naval Underwater Systems Center in 1970, and its Argus Island offshore tower and support/research vessel Erline were field detachments of NUSL. The laboratory

675-597: The 19th century. Sergeant Smith is buried in the Colonel Ledyard Cemetery in Groton. In the late 1800s, Fort Trumbull was modified to accommodate 15-inch and 10-inch Rodman smoothbore guns and 8-inch converted rifles. Two 8-inch converted rifles are still in a restored firing position at Fort Trumbull. After the Civil War, Fort Trumbull was improved by having more modern artillery pieces installed. In

720-597: The Central Test and Evaluation Activity (CTEA), Fort Lauderdale, Florida. NUSC was the lead laboratory in partnership with eight North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations to for the instrumented Azores Fixed Acoustic Range (AFAR) in the Azores based on Santa Maria Island . The range features three bottom fixed towers 124 ft (37.8 m) high by 43 ft (13.1 m) across set approximately in an equalateral triangle. Two towers are receive only and one

765-628: The Chief, Bureau of Ships , now Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), April 10, 1941 request to the National Defense Research Committee to establish both an East and West coast antisubmarine warfare research laboratory. On July 1, 1941 the New London laboratory's establishment got approval with management by Columbia University for a wide range of antisubmarine warfare work including, passive sonar, ocean acoustics and recording of underwater sounds for that work. In 1944

810-926: The Coast Guard) in 1910 for use as the Revenue Cutter Academy, which was renamed the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1915. The academy moved to its current location about two miles up the Thames River in 1932. Fort Trumbull served as the Merchant Marine Officers Training School from 1939 to 1946 and trained over 15,000 of the Merchant Marine officers who served during the Second World War. One of

855-673: The Mark VI magnetic influence fuze for torpedoes during the 1920s. The Naval Torpedo Station researched and tested underwater weaponry through World Wars I and II, creating additional facilities on Rose Island , Fox Island , and Gould Island . In 1951, the station on Goat Island was reorganized: For the next 15 years, it was the Underwater Ordnance Station, and then the Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station until 1970. That year,

900-611: The Merchant Marine officers trained there was actor Jack Lord , who is best known for playing Steve McGarrett on the popular TV series Hawaii Five-O in the 1960s and 70s. The Fort was the site of a satellite campus of the University of Connecticut from 1946 to 1950, educating war veterans attending college under the GI Bill . During World War II, Fort Trumbull hosted an office of Columbia University 's Division of War Research, which developed passive sonar systems. By 1946, this

945-604: The Naval Experimental Station at Fort Trumbull where physicists and engineers, including scientists from nearby universities, worked under the direction of the Special Board on Antisubmarine Devices. Though that laboratory had closed with the end of that war the same criteria and some of the same people advising made New London the logical place to site the East Coast laboratory in response to

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990-788: The Naval Material Command independent laboratories, Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory at New London and the Naval Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station (NUWS) at Newport, were administratively combined to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC) with headquarters in Newport. The Bermuda Research Detachment, formed by NUSL in 1961, became the NUSC Tudor Hill Laboratory, a major field detachment on formation of NUSC in 1970. In July

1035-654: The Submarine Signal Company, manufacturer of submarine signals as navigation aids and active in underwater acoustics since establishment in 1901, the Western Electric Company and the General Electric Company . The companies, under naval supervision had established an acoustical research station at East Point, Nahant, Massachusetts . The Navy, under one of its officers involved in the corporate effort, established

1080-421: The Underwater Sound Laboratory from New London, Conn. was combined with the Newport facility to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center or NUSC. In 1992, the command was reorganized as the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport. New London, Connecticut had been the site of World War I sound research since the establishment of the Naval Experimental Station there as a result of meetings between Navy and

1125-443: The assailants, (Major Montgomery being killed) enquired who commanded the garrison? Colonel Ledyard informed him that he had had that honour, but was unfortunate in being obliged to surrender it, at the same time delivered up to him his sword, and asked for quarter for himself and people; to which the infamous villain replied, "ye rascals, I give you quarters," and then plunged the sword into his body. The inhuman banditti, taking this as

1170-618: The early 1900s, several more modern Endicott era fortifications were built to defend Long Island Sound as the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound , including Fort Mansfield in Watch Hill, Rhode Island , Fort H.G. Wright on Fishers Island , and Fort Michie on Great Gull Island . Fort Trumbull served as the headquarters of these forts until it was turned over to the Revenue Cutter Service (later renamed

1215-436: The facility at Fort Trumbull was finally closed in 1996, marking the end of almost a century and a half of Fort Trumbull's service as a federal military facility. After a redevelopment period lasting several years, Fort Trumbull was opened as a state park in the year 2000. Exhibits include informative markers, cannon and artillery crew displays, and gun emplacements. The interior features restored 19th-century living quarters and

1260-450: The fort as "an irregular enclosed work of masonry and sod, mounting 18 heavy guns [with] a brick barracks for one company". The present fortification replaced the older fort, and was built between 1839 and 1852 as a five-sided, four-bastion coastal defense fort. It could accommodate 42 guns on the seacoast fronts, 10 additional guns in two flanking batteries outside the fort, and flank howitzers in bastions for close-in defense. The new fort

1305-485: The harbour, the alarm guns fired on the present occasion were considered by the country around us the salutes of prizes or other vessels belonging to the port. He however arrived the 6th inst. about five o, and at seven o' landed about 2500 men, half on each side of the river. At 8 o' the militia mustered in parties of 8 or 10, and annoyed the enemy until about 100 of them came up and disputed their way to Fort Trumbull; their great superiority obliged our people to yield to them

1350-692: The next year the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) located in the Tongue of the ocean with the main facility on Andros Island , Bahamas, with a logistics component located at the Palm Beach International Airport became a detachment of NUSC. Among the smaller facilities and detachments were the underwater ranges at Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island Sound , field activities at Seneca Lake Facility, New York, Dodge Pond at Niantic, Connecticut ,

1395-440: The others were severely wounded, taken prisoner, or managed to escape. After capturing both forts, Arnold's troops burned New London and returned to their ships. An account of the battle published in a Philadelphia newspaper follows: - Extract of a letter from New London, dated Sept. 12. Arnold had long promised to visit New London and the neighbouring towns on the sea shore, and the enemy having frequently appeared in sight of

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1440-489: The possession of the fort. Col. Ledyard, with about 76 other brave fellows, retreated to the fort on Groton side, which they determined resolutely to defend. The next assault was upon this fort, where they were repulsed several times by a bravery unequalled, for about three hours. A flag was then sent, demanding a surrender of the fort, accompanies by a threat of giving no quarters in case of refusal. The commandant consulted with his brave garrison, who refused to submit. The action

1485-425: The stream. The prize brig Hope, laden with provisions, happily escaped the general conflagration, altho' the fire from the shore several times caught the awning which covered her quarter deck, and went out --- several vessels in full blaze passed within two and three feet of her; ten lay within forty yards, and consumed to the wateredge, but Providence directed she should escape, and a very fortunate one it was, as there

1530-406: Was briefly commanded by John F. Reynolds , who rose to the rank of major general and was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. From 1863 to 1879, Ordnance Sergeant Mark Wentworth Smith was assigned to Fort Trumbull and served as the caretaker of Fort Griswold, which was an un-garrisoned sub-post of Fort Trumbull across the Thames River in the town of Groton. Among other duties, he maintained

1575-657: Was built on the archeological site of Fort Gatlin on the shore of Lake Gem Mary because the sinkhole-formed lake is very deep. The Orlando lab closed in 1997 due to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) with all its functions moving to Newport. The Leesburg, Florida deep-water facility at Bugg Spring , established in 1965, remained open. The Orlando building was turned over to civil administration thereafter. 41°31′59″N 71°18′32″W  /  41.533067°N 71.308751°W  / 41.533067; -71.308751 Fort Trumbull Fort Trumbull

1620-565: Was built under the supervision of Army engineer George Washington Cullum , who later served as superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York. During the American Civil War , Fort Trumbull served as an organizational center for Union troops and headquarters for the 14th US Infantry Regiment . Here, troops were recruited and trained before being sent to war. Fort Trumbull

1665-838: Was consolidated with Harvard University 's Underwater Sound Laboratory at Fort Trumbull. A result of this work was that Fort Trumbull was the location for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory from 1946 to 1970, which developed sonar and related systems for US Navy submarines. In 1970, the Sound Laboratory was merged with the Naval Underwater Weapons Systems Center (NUWS) to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC) in Newport, Rhode Island . Work continued at both locations until

1710-509: Was established on Puget Sound in 1914. In 1930 the name was changed to Naval Torpedo Station Keyport and in 1978 to Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station. Keyport focused on torpedoes and other undersea weapons and in later decades undersea vehicles. Aside from the ranges at Keyport the station operated ranges in California and Hawthorne, Nevada and Hawaii. In the early 1940s a need for calibration and testing of sonar transducers

1755-490: Was established on March 1, 1945. Significant accomplishments during World War II included the development of greatly improved surface ship and submarine sonar systems, acoustic homing torpedoes , sonobuoys , and acoustic mines. This work contributed greatly to the success against U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic and the near-total destruction of the Imperial Japanese Navy and merchant fleets in

1800-909: Was met by establishing the Underwater Sound Reference Laboratory (USRL). It was headquartered in New York with two field stations. One was at Orlando, Florida and the other was at Mountain Lakes, New Jersey . All activities were transferred to Orlando after the war under the Office of Naval Research . In 1966 the organization was renamed the Underwater Sound Reference Detachment (USRD) until its closure in 1997. The functions were transferred to Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Underwater Sound Reference Division. The Orlando lab

1845-419: Was no other supply of provisions in town. – The Pennsylvania Gazette , September 26, 1781 The fort was repaired around 1808, then redesigned and rebuilt in 1812 to meet changing military needs under the second system of US fortifications . First, a redoubt was built at the site to defend against a possible British attack. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn 's report on fortifications for December 1811 describes

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1890-472: Was serving as a brigadier general in the British Army when he led a raid on Groton and New London, Connecticut, on September 6, 1781. Two bodies of troops were landed on either side of the mouth of the Thames River and marched towards Fort Trumbull in New London and Fort Griswold in Groton. Fort Trumbull fell after slight resistance, but about 150 Connecticut militiamen made a stand at Fort Griswold in

1935-401: Was then renewed, when the flag staff was unfortunately shot away; notwithstanding which the defence was gallantly continued until about five or six hundred of the enemy having forced the pickets had entered through the breach. At this time there were but four of the garrison killed, and it was thought prudent to submit, to preserve the lives of the remainder. The officer who at this time commanded

1980-454: Was there more distress in any place than there is here at present; there are 50 widows within 8 miles of Groton fort . Before their departure, which was in the evening of the same day they landed, they burnt all the shipping that could not get up Norwich river, among which were several rich prizes lately arrived, with their cargoes, some of which were stored and the rest on board the vessels – about 40 sail, all on fire, were floating up and down

2025-612: Was unique in that it was the only one in the Atlantic to be located adjacent to and have access to an operational Naval Facility of the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS). Research intensified during the Cold War , which was as much a technology race with the Soviets as it was an arms race. The Sound Lab's efforts were key to the further development of both submarine and anti-submarine warfare . On July 1, 1970

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