66-572: The United States Coast Guard Academy ( USCGA ), located in New London, Connecticut , is the U.S. service academy specifically for the United States Coast Guard . Founded in 1876, the academy provides education to future Coast Guard officers in one of nine major fields of study. Students are officers-in-training, and are referred to as cadets. Upon graduation, cadets receive a Bachelor of Science degree and commission in
132-770: A Revolutionary War–era Army installation in New London, Connecticut. In 1914, the school became the Revenue Cutter Academy, and then the Coast Guard Academy in 1915 with the merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service to form the U.S. Coast Guard. Land was purchased in New London on 31 July 1930 for the construction of the Coast Guard Academy. The 40-acre site
198-496: A charter revision. Distinct town and city government structures formerly existed and technically continue; however, they now govern exactly the same territory and have elections on the same ballot on Election Day in November. Bus service includes regional Southeast Area Transit buses, Estuary Transit District buses, and interstate Greyhound Lines buses. Interstate 95 passes through New London. New London Union Station
264-468: A curriculum that is graded according to their performance in a holistic program of academics, military bearing, physical fitness, character, and leadership. Cadets are required to adhere to the academy's "Honor Concept," " Who lives here reveres honor, honors duty ," which is emblazoned in the walls of the academy's entrance. The academy's motto is Scientiæ Cedit Mare , which is Latin for "the sea yields to knowledge". Its academic programs are accredited by
330-434: A household in the city was $ 56,237, and the median income for a family was $ 65,357. About 21.5% of the population was below the poverty line, including 36.4% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over. New London was one of the world's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts . The wealth that whaling brought into
396-513: A larger land area when it was established. Towns set off since include: Using the Köppen climate classification New London has a warm temperate climate. This zone is defined as having a monthly mean temperature above 26.4 °F (−3 C) but below 64.4 °F (18 C) in the coldest month. The city experiences long, hot and humid summers, and cool to cold winters with snowfall on occasion. The city averages 2,300 hours of sunshine annually (higher than
462-485: A male householder with no partner present. 14.7% of households had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.5% under the age of 18, 19.4% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. The median income for
528-455: A mix of rainfall and snowfall, or mixed precipitation. New London normally sees fewer than 25 days annually with snow cover. In mid-winter, there can be large differences in low temperatures between areas along the coastline and areas well inland, sometimes as much as 15 °F. Tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the New London metropolitan area, although infrequently. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along
594-516: Is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. The Corps is organized as one regiment divided into eight companies , each of which is composed of about 120 cadets of all classes. Although the Corps of Cadets is supervised directly by the Commandant of Cadets (a Coast Guard officer with the rank of captain ), the academy operates on
660-422: Is divided, along shipboard lines, into three departments , each of which is divided into divisions with specific responsibilities. Divisions are the most basic unit at the Coast Guard Academy, and each has a very specific purpose. Each division is led by a firstie and contains several members of each other class. This organizational structure is designed to give every cadet a position of leadership and to emulate
726-649: Is due to the fervent objections of Captain John A. Henriques, the first Superintendent of the Revenue Cutter School of Instruction (later the Revenue Cutter Academy). His objection stemmed from years of poor political appointments in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service's bureaucracy. Each year more than 2,000 students apply and appointments are offered until the number accepting appointments to the incoming class numbers reaches approximately 400;
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#1732772894154792-659: Is home port to both the Coast Guard's cutter Coho and their tall ship Eagle . The city had a population of 27,367 at the 2020 census. The Norwich –New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people. The area was called Nameaug by the Pequot Indians . John Winthrop, Jr. founded the first English settlement here in 1646, making it about the 13th town settled in Connecticut. Inhabitants referred to it informally as Nameaug or as Pequot after
858-768: Is located in Groton . Scheduled commercial flights are available at T. F. Green Airport and Tweed New Haven Regional Airport . Notable mayors include: Biddeford Regional Center of Technology Biddeford Regional Center of Technology (BRCOT) is a vocational school located in Biddeford, Maine , United States. It is a secondary vocational school located on the Biddeford High School campus for students enrolled at Biddeford High School, Kennebunk High School , Old Orchard Beach High School and Thornton Academy . The Biddeford Regional Center of Technology
924-551: Is located on the grounds of the academy. The academy was racially integrated in 1962 at the request of President Kennedy. The academy began admitting women in 1976 at the request of Congress. In 2018, the academy emblem was redesigned by Nick Desjardins of the Biddeford Regional Center of Technology . Unlike the other service academies, admission to the USCGA does not require a congressional nomination. This
990-437: Is one of the smallest cities in Connecticut. Of the whole 10.76 square miles (27.9 km ), nearly half is water; 5.54 square miles (14.3 km ) is land. The town and city of New London are coextensive. Sections of the original town were ceded to form newer towns between 1705 and 1801. The towns of Groton , Ledyard , Montville , and Waterford , and portions of Salem and East Lyme , now occupy what had earlier been
1056-501: Is quite long in New London. Like much of coastal Connecticut and Long Island, NY, it averages close to 200 frost free days. The new 2023 USDA Garden Zone Map has New London in zone 7a. New London falls into the same garden zone as locations like Trenton, New Jersey , Wilmington, Delaware , or Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . By the mid-to-late 21st century, the area is expected to fall within USDA zone 8 according to some models. According to
1122-399: Is served by Amtrak's Northeast Regional rail service, and Shore Line East commuter rail service. The Providence and Worcester Railroad and New England Central Railroad handle freight. Ferries include Cross Sound Ferry to Long Island , Fishers Island , and Block Island . New London is also visited by cruise ships. The Groton-New London Airport , a general aviation facility,
1188-777: Is the Bears, after the USRC Bear , which made a dramatic rescue in Alaska in 1897, shortly after the opening of the academy. Principal non-athletic activities are musical centered on Leamy Hall. Regimental Band, Windjammers Drum & Bugle Corps, various pep bands, and the NiteCaps Jazz Band are instrumental programs. Chapel Choirs, Glee Club, the Fairwinds all-female a cappella group, and The Idlers all-male sea shanty group are vocal programs. The academy's Model UN team
1254-834: The Navy Cross Rear Admiral; Commander of the 5th Coast Guard District Vice Admiral; recipient of the Navy Cross Admiral; 9th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1946–1950) United States Naval Aviator , piloted the NC-4 on the first naval transatlantic flight Vice Admiral; commanding officer of the USS Bayfield (APA-33) during World War II Rear Admiral; commanding officer of the USS Leonard Wood (APA-12) , USS Wakefield (AP-21) and USCGC Duane (WPG-33) during World War II; Commander of
1320-692: The New England Commission of Higher Education . The roots of the academy lie in the School of Instruction of the Revenue Cutter Service , the school of the Revenue Cutter Service . The School of Instruction was established near New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1876 and used USRC James C. Dobbin for its exercises. Captain John Henriques served as superintendent from founding until 1883. The one civilian instructor
1386-684: The United States Coast Guard Academy and Coast Guard Station New London . Most of these military installations have been located at Fort Trumbull . The first Fort Trumbull was an earthwork built 1775–1777 that took part in the Revolutionary War . The second Fort Trumbull was built 1839–1852 and still stands. During the Red Summer of 1919, there were a series of racial riots between white and black Navy men stationed in New London and Groton. By 1910,
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#17327728941541452-704: The War of 1812 began, the Royal Navy established a blockade of the East Coast of the United States , including New London. During the war, American forces unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the British ship of the line HMS Ramillies while it was lying at anchor in New London's harbor with torpedoes launched from small boats. This prompted the captain of Ramillies , Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet , to warn
1518-484: The honor system , Delta Company coordinates drill and ceremonies. Echo Company manages transportation and logistics. Foxtrot Company operates the cadet conduct system, organizes the watch rotations, and updates the cadet regulations. Golf Company is in charge of supplies for cleaning and repairing damaged rooms within Chase Hall. Hotel Company is in charge of morale events. To accomplish their missions, each company
1584-408: The 1st Coast Guard District Vice Admiral; 10th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1950–1954); 4th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (1946–1949) Admiral; 11th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1954–1962) Rear Admiral; Engineer-in-Chief of the Coast Guard (1958–1961) Rear Admiral; Commander of the 8th Coast Guard District Admiral; 12th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1962–1966); 7th Vice Commandant of
1650-466: The 2006–2008 American Community Survey , non-Hispanic whites made up 54.6% of New London's population. Non-Hispanic blacks made up 14.0% of the population. Asians of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.6% of the city's population. Multiracial individuals of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.3% of the population; people of mixed black and white ancestry made up 1.7% of the population. In addition, people of mixed black and Native American ancestry made up 1.0% of
1716-408: The 90's °F. Spring and Fall are mild in New London, with daytime highs in the 55° to 70 °F range and lows in the 40° to 50 °F range. The seaside location of the city creates a long growing season compared to areas inland. The first frost in the New London area is normally not until late October or early November, almost three weeks later than parts of northern Connecticut. Winters are cool with
1782-553: The Americans to cease using this "cruel and unheard-of warfare" or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed". The fact that Hardy had been previously so lenient and considerate to the Americans caused them to abandon such attempts with immediate effect. For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was one of the three busiest whaling ports in the world, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts . The wealth that whaling brought into
1848-424: The British of this so that they could avoid its artillery fire. British and Hessian troops subsequently attacked and captured New London's Fort Trumbull , while other forces moved in to attack Fort Griswold across the river, then held by Lieutenant-Colonel William Ledyard . The British suffered great casualties at Fort Griswold before the Americans were finally forced to surrender—whereupon Arnold's men stormed into
1914-608: The Coast Guard (1924–1932); Superintendent of the United States Coast Guard Academy (1921–1924) Vice Admiral; 7th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1932–1936); Superintendent of the United States Coast Guard Academy (1928–1932); Gold Lifesaving Medal recipient; author of the " Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman " Admiral; 8th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1936–1946); longest serving Commandant Commodore; recipient of
1980-404: The Coast Guard (1962) Rear Admiral; Commander of the 13th and 12th Coast Guard Districts Rear Admiral; Commander of the 11th and 3rd Coast Guard Districts Rear Admiral; Chief of Engineering Admiral; 13th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1966–1970) Admiral; 14th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1970–1974) New London, Connecticut New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on
2046-568: The Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 ( Carol ), 1960 ( Donna ), 1985 ( Gloria ). Tropical Storm Irene (2011) also caused moderate damage along the Connecticut coast, as did Hurricane Sandy (which made landfall in New Jersey) in 2012. The Connecticut shoreline (including New London) lies within the broad transition zone where so-called "subtropical indicator" plants and other broadleaf evergreens can successfully be cultivated. New London averages about 90 days annually with freeze, about
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2112-532: The New England Committee for Non-Violent Action . USS Fulton was decommissioned, after 50 years of service, in 1991 and Submarine Squadron 10 was disbanded at the same time. In the 1990s, State Pier was rebuilt as a container terminal. The neighborhood of Fort Trumbull once consisted of nearly two-dozen homes, but they were seized by the City of New London using eminent domain . This measure
2178-610: The Patriot privateer fleet and supplies of goods and naval stores within the city. It is often noted that this raid on New London and Groton was intended to divert General George Washington and the French Army under Rochambeau from their march on Yorktown, Virginia . The main defensive fort for New London was Fort Griswold , located across the Thames River in Groton . It was well known to Arnold, who had already informed
2244-400: The U.S. Coast Guard as an ensign . In exchange for their debt-free education valued at over $ 250,000, graduates incur a five-year active-duty service obligation, with additional years if the graduate attends flight school or subsequent government-funded graduate school . Out of approximately 300 cadets entering the academy each summer, around 250 graduate. Cadets choose from nine majors, with
2310-705: The USA average). New London lies in the broad transition zone between continental climates to the north in New England and southern Canada, and the humid subtropical climates to the south along the lower East Coast. From May to late September, the southerly flow from the Bermuda High creates hot and humid tropical weather conditions. Daytime heating produces occasional thunderstorms with heavy but brief downpours. Daytime highs in summer are normally near 80 °F, with occasional heat waves bringing high temperatures into
2376-764: The United States Coast Guard, as well as Bachelor of Science degrees . For that reason the academy maintains a core curriculum of science and professional development courses in addition to major-specific courses. Each cadet takes two semesters of classes during the school year and then spends the majority of the summer in military training to produce officers of character with the requisite professional skills. Among these are courses in leadership, ethics, organizational behavior, and nautical science. The majority of cadets report to their first units after graduating, which are either afloat units, shore units, or basic flight training as student naval aviators , with
2442-449: The average entering class size is 300 cadets. Those who have received appointments as cadets report to the USCGA in late June or early July for " Swab Summer ", a basic military training program designed to prepare them for the rigors of their Fourth Class year. After four years of study and training, approximately 250 of those cadets will graduate. About 40 percent of cadets are women. All graduating cadets earn commissions as ensigns in
2508-632: The city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The New Haven and New London Railroad connected New London by rail to New Haven and points beyond by the 1850s. The Springfield and New London Railroad connected New London to Springfield, Massachusetts , by the 1870s. Many distinctive structures built in the 19th century remain, but the First Church built in 1853 collapsed in January 2024. Several military installations have been part of New London's history, including
2574-569: The city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, but had gradually lost most of its industrial heart. The State Pier (south of the Gold Star Memorial Bridge ) is being converted to support some of the offshore wind power in the United States . Nobel laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) lived in New London and wrote several plays in
2640-621: The city. An O'Neill archive is located at Connecticut College , and the family home, Monte Cristo Cottage , is a museum and national historic landmark operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center . Notable artists and ensembles include: In her Scenes in My Native Land, 1845, Lydia Sigourney includes the poem Sunrise at New London with descriptive passages relating to the district. In 2010, New London changed their form of government from council-manager to strong mayor-council after
2706-473: The concept of "the Corps leading the Corps." The Corps of Cadets is largely a self-directed organization that follows a standard military chain of command : The highest-ranking cadet in each company is the company commander, a first-class cadet ("firstie"), equivalent to a senior . Although each company has some leeway in their standards and practices, every company commander reports to the regimental staff which plans and oversees all aspects of cadet life. At
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2772-450: The cornerstone of Hamilton Hall. Construction proceeded relatively on schedule and cadets moved in to the new buildings on 20 September 1932. In 1946, the academy received the barque Horst Wessel as a war reparation from Germany, a 295-foot tall ship which was renamed USCGC Eagle . It remains the main training vessel for cadets at the academy as well as for officer candidates at the Coast Guard's Officer Candidate School , which
2838-678: The first graduating class of the School of Instruction Rear Admiral; 5th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1919–1924) Commodore; last Captain-Commandant of the United States Revenue Cutter Service (1911–1915); 4th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1915–1919); awarded Congressional Gold Medal for participation in the Overland Relief Expedition First Academy graduate to die in the line of duty Rear Admiral; 6th Commandant of
2904-576: The fort and slaughtered most of the American troops who defended it, including Ledyard. All told, more than 52 British and 83 American soldiers were killed, and more than 142 British and 39 Americans were wounded, many mortally. New London suffered over 6 defenders killed and 24 wounded, while Arnold's men suffered an equal amount. Connecticut's independent legislature made New London one of five cities simultaneously brought from de facto to formalized incorporations in its January session of 1784. After
2970-652: The fort's defensive function had been superseded by the new forts of the Endicott Program , primarily located on Fishers Island . The fort was given to the Revenue Cutter Service and became the Revenue Cutter Academy. The Revenue Cutter Service was merged into the United States Coast Guard in 1915, and the Academy relocated to its current site in 1932. During World War II , the Merchant Marine Officers Training School
3036-436: The majors offer tracks of specialization (for example, marine and environmental science majors can choose to focus on biology, chemistry, or geophysics). Cadets sometimes opt to take elective courses with Connecticut College (adjacent the academy's campus) as part of an open exchange agreement. Each summer, cadets participate in training programs according to their class. The summers are organized as follows: Each week during
3102-751: The mission of their divisions and ensuring the well-being of those under their command. Exchange cadets from the other federal service academies are also a part of the corps, and take part in many activities alongside their USCGA counterparts. The USCGA Athletic Department offers 24 intercollegiate sports for cadets. The academy's athletics teams generally compete in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . Cadets devote two hours per academic day to athletic activities, either on varsity teams, club teams, or other sports pursuits. The academy nickname
3168-649: The northeast coast of the United States, located at the outlet of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut , which empties into Long Island Sound . The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region . New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy , Connecticut College , Mitchell College , and The Williams School . The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor
3234-411: The outlying area of New London. New London is bounded on the west and north by the town of Waterford on the east by the Thames River and Groton and on the south by Long Island Sound . Other minor communities and geographic features include Bates Woods Park, Fort Trumbull, Glenwood Park, Green's Harbor Beach, Mitchell's Woods, Pequot Colony, Riverside Park, Old Town Mill. New London originally had
3300-428: The population. People of mixed white and Native American ancestry made up 0.7% of the population; those of mixed white and Asian ancestry made up 0.4% of the populace. Hispanics and Latinos made up 21.9% of the population, of which 13.8% were Puerto Rican . The top five largest European ancestral ethnicities were Italian (10.5%), Irish (9.7%), German (7.4%), English (6.8%), and Polish (5.0%) According to
3366-431: The same as Baltimore, Maryland . As such, many varieties of Southern Magnolia , Needle Palms , Loblolly and Longleaf Pines , Crape Myrtles , Aucuba japonica , Camellia , trunking Yucca , hardy bananas , Monkey Puzzle , copious types of evergreen Hollies , many East Asian (non-holly) broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs, and certain varieties of figs may be grown in private and public gardens. The growing season
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#17327728941543432-476: The school year cadets participate in regimental review, a formal military drill . In addition, cadets perform a variety of military duties at the academy. Like all cadets and midshipmen at the United States service academies, Coast Guard cadets are on active duty in the military and wear uniforms at all times. Cadets receive a monthly stipend to pay for books, uniforms, and other necessities. Cadets receive monthly pay of $ 1,017.00, as of 2015. From this amount, pay
3498-517: The structure of a Coast Guard cutter, in which the division officer and department head positions are filled by junior officers. Third-class cadets directly mentor the fourth-class in their division, just as junior petty officers would be responsible for the most junior enlisted personnel (non-rates). Second-class cadets act as non-commissioned officers , and ensure that the regulations and accountability are upheld. Firsties (like junior officers) are in supervisory roles, and are responsible for carrying out
3564-405: The survey, 74.4% of people over the age of 5 spoke only English at home. Approximately 16.0% of the population spoke Spanish at home. As of the census of 2020, there were 27,374 people and 11,125 households. The population density was 4,868.7 per square mile (1,879.8/km ). There were 12,119 housing units at an average density of 2,156.4 per square mile (832.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city
3630-577: The top of the cadet chain of command is the regimental commander, the highest ranking cadet. Command positions, both in companies and on regimental staff, are highly competitive, and a cadet's overall class rank is often a deciding factor in who is awarded the position. The eight companies are named for the first eight letters of the NATO phonetic alphabet . Each has a special focus in administering day-to-day affairs: Alfa Company manages health and wellness. Bravo Company runs training. Charlie Company administers
3696-484: The training conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Navy . Those that are assigned afloat serve as either deck watch officers or student engineers. Professional maritime studies courses help prepare cadets in piloting, voyage planning, deck seamanship, and all aspects of ship-handling, as well as Coast Guard leadership and administrative duties. Academics at the USCGA stress the sciences and engineering, but different courses of study are available. In addition, several of
3762-501: The tribe. In the 1650s, the colonists wanted to give the town the official name of London after London, England , but the Connecticut General Assembly wanted to name it Faire Harbour. The citizens protested, declaring that they would prefer it to be called Nameaug if it could not be officially named London. The legislature relented, and the town was officially named New London on March 24, 1658. The harbor
3828-522: The war. Famous New Londoners during the American Revolution include Nathan Hale , William Coit, Richard Douglass, Thomas and Nathaniel Shaw , Gen. Samuel Parsons , printer Timothy Green, and Bishop Samuel Seabury . New London was raided and much of it burned to the ground on September 6, 1781, in the Battle of Groton Heights by Norwich native Benedict Arnold in an attempt to destroy
3894-425: Was 56.2% White , 29.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 17.0% African American , 0.3% Native American , 2.3% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 16.7% from other races , and 10.8% from two or more races. There were 11,125 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 34.1% had a female householder with no partner present, and 27.8% had
3960-521: Was Professor Edwin Emery, who taught mathematics, astronomy, English composition, French, physics, theoretical steam engineering, history, international law, and revenue law, among other subjects. The school was a two-year apprenticeship, in essence, supplemented by minimal classroom work. The student body averaged five to ten cadets per class. With changes to new training vessels, the school moved to Curtis Bay, Baltimore in 1900 and to Fort Trumbull in 1910,
4026-484: Was considered to be the best deep water harbor on Long Island Sound , and consequently New London became a base of American naval operations during the American Revolutionary War and privateers where it has been said no port took more prizes than New London with between 400–800 being credited to New London privateers including the 1781 taking of supply ship Hannah, the largest prize taken during
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#17327728941544092-998: Was located at Fort Trumbull. From 1950 to 1990, Fort Trumbull was the location for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory , which developed sonar and related systems for US Navy submarines . In 1990, the Sound Laboratory was merged with the Naval Underwater Systems Center in Newport, Rhode Island , and the New London facility was closed in 1996. The Naval Submarine Base New London is physically located in Groton, but submarines were stationed in New London during World War II and from 1951 to 1991. The submarine tender Fulton and Submarine Squadron 10 were based at State Pier in New London during this time. Squadron Ten
4158-568: Was made up of two parcels from the Allyn and Payne estates and was purchased for $ 100,000. The $ 100,000 was not raised through a bond issue, as originally planned, but with a bank loan based on uncollected back taxes. The contract was awarded to Murch Brothers Construction Company of St. Louis and ground was broken in January 1931 by Jean Hamlet, daughter of Rear Admiral Harry G. Hamlet , Academy Superintendent from 1928 to 1932. On 15 May 1931, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon visited New London to lay
4224-503: Was started in 2004, and has since been successfully competing around North America, and at the World Model UN Conference. The academy has clubs and teams dedicated to increasing campus morale. These include the cheer squad, dance team and Social Committee. Alumni of the Coast Guard Academy are known collectively as the "Long Blue Line". Captain-Commandant; 3rd Commandant of the Coast Guard (1905–1911), member of
4290-555: Was supported in a 5–4 ruling in the 2005 Supreme Court case Kelo v. City of New London , and the homes were ultimately demolished by the city as part of an economic development plan. The site was slated to be redeveloped under this plan, but the chosen developer was not able to get financing and the project failed. The empty landscape of the Fort Trumbull area has been widely characterized as an example of government overreach and inefficiency. In terms of land area, New London
4356-438: Was usually composed of eight to ten submarines and was the first all-nuclear submarine squadron. In the summer of 1960, peace activists from around the country gathered in New London to protest the all-nuclear submarines being based there. Participants held daily vigils and marches, handed out leaflets and talked with workers. Unable to achieve their goals by the end of the summer, some activists stayed in Connecticut and established
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