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47-504: Nagano City, located in the former Shinano Province , developed in the Nara period (AD 710 to 794) as a temple town ( monzen machi ). The city of Nagano is home to Zenkō-ji , a 7th-century Buddhist temple that is listed as a Japanese National Treasure . Zenkō-ji was established at its current location in 642 AD. The location of Zenkō-ji is approximately two kilometers from the present-day central Nagano Station . Between 1553 and 1564, during

94-421: A mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 39 members. The city and neighboring towns of Shinano , Iizuna , and Ogawa contribute 11 members to the 57-member Nagano Prefectural Assembly . In terms of national politics, parts of Nagano can be found in one of two national districts, Nagano 1st District , which consists of Iiyama , Nagano (except for

141-529: A tributary joins a larger river ( main stem ); or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name (such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, forming the Ohio River ); or where two separated channels of a river (forming a river island ) rejoin at the downstream end. The point of confluence where the channel flows into a larger body of water may be called

188-602: A tripoint . Various examples are found in the list below. A number of major cities, such as Chongqing , St. Louis , and Khartoum , arose at confluences; further examples appear in the list. Within a city, a confluence often forms a visually prominent point, so that confluences are sometimes chosen as the site of prominent public buildings or monuments, as in Koblenz , Lyon , and Winnipeg . Cities also often build parks at confluences, sometimes as projects of municipal improvement, as at Portland and Pittsburgh . In other cases,

235-414: A confluence can be divided into six distinct features which are commonly called confluence flow zones (CFZ). These include The broader field of engineering encompasses a vast assortment of subjects which concern confluences. In hydraulic civil engineering , where two or more underground culverted / artificially buried watercourses intersect, great attention should be paid to the hydrodynamic aspects of

282-630: A confluence is an industrial site, as in Philadelphia or Mannheim . Often a confluence lies in the shared floodplain of the two rivers and nothing is built on it, for example at Manaus , described below. One other way that confluences may be exploited by humans is as sacred places in religions . Rogers suggests that for the ancient peoples of the Iron Age in northwest Europe, watery locations were often sacred, especially sources and confluences. Pre-Christian Slavic peoples chose confluences as

329-482: A corresponding shift in habitat characteristics." Another science relevant to the study of confluences is chemistry , because sometimes the mixing of the waters of two streams triggers a chemical reaction, particularly in a polluted stream. The United States Geological Survey gives an example: "chemical changes occur when a stream contaminated with acid mine drainage combines with a stream with near-neutral pH water; these reactions happen very rapidly and influence

376-883: A daily bus to Narita Airport . Gururin-go is a central district bus that runs in a circular loop from Nagano Station to Zennoji, passing Zenkō-ji , the Nagano Prefectural Office, and the Nagano Bus Terminal. Regardless of where you board or disembark, the fare is 150 yen. Nagano is surrounded by mountains which boast hiking, camping, and cycling. In addition, the city includes 46 national-designated cultural assets, 55 prefectural-designated cultural assets, 298 municipal-designated cultural assets, and finally 59 national-registered structures and 7 monuments in Nagano city. Hanazawa, Nahomi (1999). The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun (ed.). Official Report of

423-739: Is Nagano Station . The coming of the 1998 Winter Olympics saw important changes to the transportation systems. Nagano Station and the smaller Shinonoi Station were expanded, and with the construction of the Athletes village for the Games in the Kawanakajima area, Imai Station was opened. Finally, the Hokuriku Shinkansen , initially named the Nagano Shinkansen , connecting Nagano to Takasaki, Gunma where it merges with

470-401: Is less gloomy during these cold months than the coast from Hagi to Wakkanai . The population of Nagano City has declined by 10,000 since the mid-1990s. As of April 1, 2019, the city had a total population of 376,080 people, made up of 193,982 women and 182,098 men in 160,625 households. The growth and decline of the population within the various districts of Nagano City has been uneven over

517-774: Is used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water, such as two canals or a canal and a lake. A one-mile (1.6 km) portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal ; therefore those three waterways are confluent there. The term confluence can also apply to the process of merging or flowing together of other substance. For example, it may refer to

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564-648: The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo (the first Winter Games ever held in Asia). As of 2019, Nagano was the southernmost host of the Winter Olympic Games. The Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon is held annually to commemorate the occasion. One important legacy of the Games was an improved transportation network. In order to facilitate access to Nagano in advance of

611-737: The Hokkoku Kaidō highway connecting Edo with the Sea of Japan coast. Following the Meiji restoration and the creation of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the modern town of Nagano was established. Nagano was elevated to city status on April 1, 1897. During World War II , construction of the Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters as the last redoubt for the Japanese government following

658-562: The Hōjō clan each aspired to seize the vast area in Shinano Province , Ueno region , and Kai Province , which ruled by the remnants of the many small clans formerly serving the Takeda clan. Following of disorder post death of Nobunaga, at the same time with Ieyasu departure an army of 8,000 soldiers to those disputed region. This caused the triangle conflict between those three factions in

705-591: The Jōetsu Shinkansen and continues to Ōmiya Station and Tokyo Station , opened in 1997 to accommodate the expected increase in travelers to Nagano. This reduced by half the travel time between Tokyo and Nagano, to 79 minutes for 221 kilometers. As the main railway hub of the region, Nagano Station connects JR East , Shinano Railway , and Nagano Electric Railway in the city center. The JR trains carry 36,612 passengers per day with private rail carrying another 15,082 (and buses carry 20,229 passengers). Buses for

752-556: The Jōshin-etsu Expressway were built in the Nagano region, and another 114.9 kilometers of roads within Nagano Prefecture were improved. In addition to a transport legacy, several world-class venues of the 1998 Winter Olympics were built, including M-Wave , Japan's first International Skating Union (ISU) standard indoor 400m double-track, which happens to be one of the largest hanging wooden-roof structures in

799-658: The Kawanakajima Bus and the Nagano Dentetsu Bus Co. service the city and surrounding areas, departing both Nagano Station and the Nagano Bus Terminal just west of the station. Local bus provider, Alpico Kōtsū , departs from a dedicated office across the street from the Zenkō-ji Exit of Nagano Station . Long-distance highway bus services depart from the East Exit of Nagano Station . There is also

846-459: The Nara period as a temple town at the gate of the famous Zenkō-ji , a 7th-century Buddhist temple which was relocated to this location in 642 AD. In the southern section of Nagano City are a series of over 500 burial mounds at Ōmuro Kofun - a National historic site - dating from the 5th-8th centuries. During the Sengoku period (c. 1467 – c. 1600), the area was hotly contested between

893-618: The Sengoku Period , the Age of Warring States, Nagano was the site of a series of conflicts known as the Battles of Kawanakajima. During the Edo period (1603 and 1868), as the city developed, Nagano became an important post station (shukuba) on the Hokkoku Kaidō highway which connected Edo (present day Tokyo) with coast of the Sea of Japan . Following the Meiji restoration , Nagano became

940-726: The lower house of the National Diet . The gross value of goods and services of the economy in the city of Nagano in 2016 was estimated to be 4,438,580,046,000 yen, approximately US$ 40.5 billion. The largest percentage of this, 41.8%, was related to wholesale and retail, followed by healthcare and welfare, 25.9%, manufacturing, was 13.7%. In 2016, Nagano City had 183,710 people in employment, with 21.1% of workers in wholesale or retail, 14.%% in healthcare and welfare, and 11.6% are in manufacturing. Other major employers include hotels and restaurants, 9% of employees, and construction industry, 7.9%; farming and forestry workers comprised 1.1% of

987-491: The river mouth . Confluences are studied in a variety of sciences. Hydrology studies the characteristic flow patterns of confluences and how they give rise to patterns of erosion, bars, and scour pools. The water flows and their consequences are often studied with mathematical models . Confluences are relevant to the distribution of living organisms (i.e., ecology ) as well; "the general pattern [downstream of confluences] of increasing stream flow and decreasing slopes drives

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1034-478: The 1998 Winter Olympic Games, Vol. 2: Sixteen Days of Glory (PDF). Translated by Norman Kong. Nagano (Japan): NAOC. p. 319. ISBN   4784098267 . Shinano Province Shinano Province ( 信濃国 , Shinano no kuni ) or Shinshū ( 信州 ) is an old province of Japan that is now Nagano Prefecture . Shinano bordered Echigo , Etchū , Hida , Kai , Kōzuke , Mikawa , Mino , Musashi , Suruga , and Tōtōmi Provinces. The ancient capital

1081-508: The Games, the city was linked to the high-speed shinkansen train network. The Nagano Shinkansen (now the Hokuriku Shinkansen ) was inaugurated five months before the start of the Games and carried 655,000 passengers during the Winter Olympics. In addition, both Nagano Station and Shinonoi Station were expanded, and Imai Station , in the Kawanakajima area, was built to give access the Athletes village. The Nagano Expressway and

1128-760: The M-Wave. Asahi Danchi now includes private sector housing as well as housing for government employees. Nagano is located in north-central Nagano Prefecture, in the Nagano Basin ( Zenkoji Daira ), surrounding by mountains, near the confluence of the Chikuma River and the Sai River. The Sai River in Nagano should not be confused with the Sai River (Gifu) even though both rivers have the same kanji and reading, 犀川 (Saigawa). Other important rivers include

1175-990: The Oda clan such as Oda Nobukatsu , Oda Nobutaka , and Toyotomi mediated the negotiation until the truce officially concluded. Suwa taisha was designated as the chief Shinto shrine ( ichinomiya ) for the province. In 1871, during the Meiji period , with the abolition of the han system and the establishment of prefectures ( Haihan Chiken ) after the Meiji Restoration , Shinano Province's ex-domains/1871 prefectures and ex-shogunate territories/1868 prefectures (mainly Ina [merger of several shogunate demesne administrations with parts of Matsumoto ], Okutono , Iwamurada , Komoro , Ueda , Matsushiro , Suzaka , Iiyama , Suwa/Takashima , Takatō , Iida , Matsumoto ) and Takayama/Hida which covered Hida Province were administratively merged into Nagano (initially Nakano Prefecture in 1870) and Chikuma prefectures . The seat of

1222-961: The Susobana River, which originates in the Togakushi highland area, and the Torii River, which also originates in the Togakushi highlands. The Chikuma River is 367.0 km long, 29.5 km of which are within the Nagano city limits. The Sai River is 157.7 km long, with 44.2 km in Nagano. All 40.1 km of the Susobana River are in Nagano City, and 10.4 km of the 34.8 km-long Torii River are in Nagano Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park , Jōshin'etsu-kōgen National Park and Chūbu-Sangaku National Park are each partially located within Nagano City. The present-day core city of Nagano includes

1269-575: The districts and former towns of Nagano, Shinonoi, Matsushiro, Wakaho, Kawanakajima, Kohoku, Naniai, Shinkomachi, Toyono, Togakushi, Kinasa, Ooka, Shinshushincho, Nakajo. Nagano has a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) that borders on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ). Its location in a sheltered inland valley means it receives less precipitation than any part of Japan except Hokkaidō . The city receives heavy winter snow totaling 2.57 metres (101 in) from December to March, but it

1316-535: The event which dubbed by historians as Tenshō-Jingo War broke out. As the war turned in favor of Tokugawa clan, combined with the defection of Sanada Masayuki to the Tokugawa faction, the Hōjō clan now negotiate truce with Ieyasu and The Go-Hōjō clan then sent Hōjō Ujinobu as representative, while the Tokugawa sent Ii Naomasa as representative for the preliminary meetings. Furthermore, In October, representatives from

1363-495: The first established modern town in Nagano prefecture, on April 1, 1897. The city of Nagano and several surrounding communities hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Paralympics . Nagano City is an important historical location and an industrial center, as well as a travel destination and a hub for accessing surrounding sightseeing spots, including Japan's onsen -bathing, the snow monkeys in Yamanouchi , and

1410-404: The flooding of Chikuma River, 71 people died or were missing and 20,000 homes were flooded. On October 16, 1966, the city again expanded by annexing the neighbouring towns of Kawanakajima, Matsushiro and Wakaho, and villages of Shinonoi, Kohoku, Shinko, and Naniai. During the 1985 Matsushiro earthquake, 27 people died and 60 homes were destroyed or badly damaged due to landslides. In 1999, Nagano

1457-729: The forces of the Uesugi clan based in Echigo Province and the Takeda clan based in Kai Province . The several Battles of Kawanakajima between Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen were fought near here. During the Edo period (1603 and 1868), much of the area came under the control of the Sanada clan based at Matsushiro Domain . The area suffered from flooding in 1742, and from a destructive earthquake in 1847. Post station on

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1504-587: The form of structural bracing. The velocities and hydraulic efficiencies should be meticulously calculated and can be altered by integrating different combinations of geometries, components such a gradients, cascades and an adequate junction angle which is sympathetic to the direction of the watercourse’s flow to minimise turbulent flow, maximise evacuation velocity and to ultimately maximise hydraulic efficiency. Since rivers often serve as political boundaries, confluences sometimes demarcate three abutting political entities, such as nations, states, or provinces, forming

1551-532: The national government and four private middle schools. The city has 12 public high schools operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education, of which three are vocational, one public high school operated by the city government, and five private high schools. In addition, the city has four special education schools. The nearest airport is Matsumoto Airport , connected via a 70-minute express bus from Nagano City. The city's main railway hub

1598-501: The past 70 years The following table shows the population of foreigners and non-Japanese residents since 2014 When we first went to Lake Nojiri, the International Village was like an island of affluence in a sea of poverty. But, as the Japanese economy recovered from the war, the scales tipped until we became an island of poverty in a sea of affluence . Nagano is located in former Shinano Province and developed from

1645-530: The prefectural government of Nakano was Nakano town from Takai District (became Nakano City in 1954), Nagano's prefectural capital was Nagano town in Minochi District (→ Nagano City in 1897), and Chikuma's capital was Matsumoto town, Chikuma district ( Matsumoto City from 1907). In the second wave of prefectural mergers in 1875/76, Chikuma was split again: the Western part covering Hida Province

1692-766: The projected American invasion of Japan was started in 1944, but was aborted in 1945 due to the end of war. It was the first city founded in Nagano Prefecture and the 43rd city in Japan. Nagano hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics , 1998 Winter Paralympics , and the 2005 Special Olympics World Winter Games . The city borders expanded on July 1, 1923, with the annexation of the neighbouring town of Yoshida and villages of Sarita, Miwa and Komaki. The city again expanded on April 1, 1954, by annexing neighbouring villages of Asahi, Furusato, Yanagihara, Wakatsuki, Asakawa, Naganuma, Amori, Odagiri, Imoi and Mamejima. In 1959, due to

1739-652: The recently annexed areas in District 2), Nakano , and Suzaka , as well as the Kamitakai , Shimominochi , and Shimotakai , and Nagano 2nd District , which consists of Matsumoto and Ōmachi , as well as the Higashichikuma , Kamiminochi , Kitaazumi , Minamiazumi , and several areas annexed into Nagano city, specifically the Sarashina as well as the former towns of Kinasa , Togakushi , and Toyono , in

1786-453: The sites for fortified triangular temples, where they practiced human sacrifice and other sacred rites. In Hinduism , the confluence of two sacred rivers often is a pilgrimage site for ritual bathing. In Pittsburgh, a number of adherents to Mayanism consider their city's confluence to be sacred. Mississippi basin Atlantic watersheds Pacific watersheds Occasionally, "confluence"

1833-613: The subsequent transport of metals downstream of the mixing zone." A natural phenomenon at confluences that is obvious even to casual observers is a difference in color between the two streams; see images in this article for several examples. According to Lynch, "the color of each river is determined by many things: type and amount of vegetation in the watershed, geological properties, dissolved chemicals, sediments and biologic content – usually algae ." Lynch also notes that color differences can persist for miles downstream before they finally blend completely. Hydrodynamic behaviour of flow in

1880-401: The system to ensure the longevity and efficiency of the structure. Engineers have to design these systems whilst considering a list of factors that ensure the discharge point is structurally stable as the entrance of the lateral culvert into the main structure may compromise the stability of the structure due to the lack of support at the discharge, this often constitutes additional supports in

1927-416: The working population. Nagano is home to several private and public universities. Four of the ten universities recognized as major universities in the prefecture have campuses in the city, including the newest prefectural university, The University of Nagano . Nagano has 55 public elementary schools and 24 public middle schools operated by the city government, along with one public middle school operated by

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1974-466: The world-class ski resorts of Hakuba , Shiga Kogen and Nozawaonsen . Nagano, along with the neighboring communities of Hakuba village, Nozawaonsen , Yamanouchi , Iizuna , and Karuizawa hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics from February 7 to February 22 and the Paralympics from March 5 to March 14. This was the third Olympic Games and second Winter Olympic Games to be held in Japan, after

2021-547: The world. The Athletes Village, beside the newly constructed Imai Station , was built in advance of the Games by the city of Nagano as future public residential housing, and loaned to the Nagano Olympic Organizing Committee during the Games. A Media Village, composed of a four-block 10-12 storey apartment complex named Asahi Danchi, was built in the Asahi district of Nagano, across the street from

2068-456: Was designated as a core city ( 中核市 , Chūkakushi ) , a category of Japanese city . Nagano continued to expand on January 1, 2005, by absorbing the municipalities of Toyono , and the village of Togakushi , and Kinasa (from Kamiminochi District ), and the village of Ōoka (from Sarashina District ). On January 1, 2010, Nagano absorbed the town of Shinshūshinmachi and the village of Nakajō from Kamiminochi District . Nagano has

2115-475: Was located near modern-day Matsumoto , which became an important city of the province. The World War II -era Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano was named after this old province. In 713, the road that traverses Mino and Shinano provinces was widened to accommodate increasing numbers of travelers through the Kiso District of modern Nagano Prefecture. In the Sengoku period , Shinano Province

2162-515: Was merged into Gifu, and the Eastern part in Shinano became part of Nagano. Since that time, Nagano is essentially contiguous to Shinano. Shinano Province consisted of sixteen districts: Confluence In geography , a confluence (also: conflux ) occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel . A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where

2209-606: Was often split among fiefs and castle towns developed, including Komoro , Ina , and Ueda . Shinano was one of the major centers of Takeda Shingen 's power during his wars with Uesugi Kenshin and others. During the Azuchi–Momoyama period , after Nobunaga's assassination at Honnō-ji Incident , the province was contested between Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Go-Hōjō clan based in Odawara castle . The Tokugawa clan , The Uesugi clan and

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