Misplaced Pages

#281718

37-495: Much of Cordillera Nahuelbuta is covered by pine and eucalyptus monoculture plantations . Some areas of plantations were ones that were being subject to severe soil erosion before the plantations while others were native forest that was cleared with fire to establish plantations. The bulk of the plantations were established in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. At Villa las Araucarias in Cordillera Nahuelbuta there

74-468: A mountain , mountain range , or peak in Chile is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pine See List of Pinus species for complete taxonomy to species level. See list of pines by region for list of species by geographic distribution . A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus ( / ˈ p aɪ n ə s / ) of the family Pinaceae . Pinus

111-665: A wildfire . However, warmer temperatures will likely increase the duration of fire season, and thus the frequency of fire in Pinus longeava systems at low and mid elevations could increase where stands are typically denser and surface fuel is greatest. While rare, wild fires such as The Carpenter 1 fire in southern Nevada (July 2013) and the Phillips Fire in Great Basin National Park , (September 2000) that started in lower elevation fuel types and moved through

148-408: A bristle-like spine 2 to 5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 16 to 3 ⁄ 16  in) long. The cones open to 4 to 6 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) broad when mature, releasing the seeds immediately after opening. The seeds are 5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16  in) long, with a 12 to 22 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 7 ⁄ 8  in) wing; they are mostly dispersed by

185-511: A food resource, storing many for later use in the ground, and some of these stored seeds are not used and are able to grow into new plants; these trees often exhibit a "multi-trunk" growth form from several seeds germinating at the same time. The prevalence of multi-trunk P. longaeva individuals in areas in which Clark's Nutcrackers are present has been used as evidence that the birds disperse P. longaeva seeds. An introduced fungal disease known as white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola )

222-564: A means to evaluate soil fertility and vigour of the trees. The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from buds at the tip of the year's new shoot , but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year. Pines have four types of leaf : Pines are monoecious , having

259-727: A number of areas owned by the United States federal government, such as the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest in the White Mountains of California and the Great Basin National Park in Nevada. These areas prohibit the cutting or gathering of wood. Clark's nutcrackers may play a role in seed distribution for P. longaeva , though direct observations of the birds foraging on these seeds have not been reported. The nutcrackers use conifer seeds as

296-534: Is a small remnant of some of the southernmost Araucaria araucana trees in the Chilean Coast Range. By 1950 there were 1000 ha of Araucaria araucana forest around this site, but by 2016 only 40 ha remained. Historically Cordillera de Nahuelbuta and its surrounding valleys were the foci of the Arauco War . The Spanish designs for this region was to exploit the placer deposits of gold around

333-492: Is believed to affect some individuals. The species was placed on the IUCN Red List and listed as "Vulnerable", or threatened , in 1998. In 2011, however, a population survey found the population of Pinus longaeva to be stable, with no known subpopulations decreasing in size. White pine blister rust was found to have a negligible effect on the population. As a result, the species was moved to "Least Concern". The tree

370-445: Is extremely susceptible to fire, and is damaged by even low-intensity burns. The resinous bark is capable of igniting quickly, and a crown fire will almost certainly kill the tree. However, populations of Pinus longaeva are known to be extremely resilient, and as a primary succession species, it is believed that populations of the tree would reestablish itself quickly after a fire. That said, large-scale fires are extremely uncommon where

407-449: Is kept secret. In 1987, the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada's state trees . It is a medium-size tree, reaching 5 to 15 m (16 to 49 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2.5 to 3.6 m (8 to 12 ft). The bark is bright orange-yellow, thin and scaly at the base of the trunk. The needles are in fascicles of five, stout, 2.5 to 4 cm (1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, deep green to blue-green on

SECTION 10

#1732776311282

444-449: Is now restricted to fir ( Abies ) and Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga ). Pines are gymnosperms . The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of fibrovascular bundles in the needle. The subgenera can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters: Phylogenetic evidence indicates that both subgenera have a very ancient divergence from one another. Each subgenus is further divided into sections and subsections. Many of

481-652: Is the largest genus of the Pinaceae , the pine family, which first appeared in the Jurassic period. Based on recent Transcriptome analysis, Pinus is most closely related to the genus Cathaya , which in turn is closely related to spruces . These genera, with firs and larches , form the pinoid clade of the Pinaceae. Pines first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, with the oldest verified fossil of

518-707: Is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae . World Flora Online accepts 187 species names of pines as current, with additional synonyms, making it the largest family among the conifers. The American Conifer Society (ACS) and the Royal Horticultural Society accept 121 species. The highest species diversity of pines is found in Mexico. Pines are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere ; they occupy large areas of boreal forest , but are found in many habitats, including

555-471: The Great Basin bristlecone pine , intermountain bristlecone pine , or western bristlecone pine ) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California , Nevada , and Utah . Methuselah is a bristlecone pine that is 4,856 years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non- clonal organism on Earth. To protect it, the exact location of this tree

592-643: The Mediterranean Basin . The timber from pine trees is called "pine"; it is one of the most extensively used types of timber. There are currently 818 named cultivars (or trinomials ) recognized by the ACS. It is a well-known type of Christmas tree . Pine trees are evergreen , coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs ) growing 3–80 metres (10–260 feet) tall, with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m (50–150 ft) tall. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon , and

629-500: The Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine in that the needles of the former always have two uninterrupted resin canals, so it lacks the characteristic small white resin flecks appearing on the needles of the latter. The Great Basin bristlecone pine differs from the foxtail pine because the cone bristles of the former are over 2 mm (0.079 in) long, and the cones have a more rounded (not conic) base. The green pine needles give

666-636: The White Mountains of California. An older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as " Prometheus " after the Greek immortal . The spiral growth of branches, needles, and cones scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer foresters

703-450: The ponderosa pine , the white fir and, notably, the limber pine , a similarly long-lived high-elevation species. The tree is a "vigorous" primary succession species, growing quickly on new open ground. It is a "poor competitor" in good soils, however, and the species does best in harsh terrain. Pinus longaeva is often the dominant species in high-elevation dolomite soils, where few plants can grow. Bristlecone pines are protected in

740-665: The Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’ (source of English pituitary ). Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs (from Old Norse fura , by way of Middle English firre ). In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines — in Danish fyr , in Norwegian fura/fure/furu , Swedish fura/furu , Dutch vuren , and German Föhre — but in modern English, fir

777-524: The White Mountain specimens, the oldest trees are found on north-facing slopes, with an average of 2,000 years, as compared to the 1,000 year average on the southern slopes. The climate and the durability of their wood can preserve them long after death, with dead trees as old as 7,000 years persisting next to live ones. This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Pinus longaeva" under

SECTION 20

#1732776311282

814-488: The crowns of trees with the aid of extreme fire weather, could become more likely. A specimen located in the White Mountains of California was measured by Tom Harlan, a researcher with the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research , to be 5,062 years old as of 2010. This would make it the oldest known non-clonal tree in the world. The identity of the specimen was kept secret by Harlan. Harlan passed away in 2013, and neither

851-430: The distribution of Great Basin bristlecone pine using topographic and spectral variables calculated from a geographic information system (GIS). The tree grows in large open stands, unlike the related foxtail pine , which sometimes form dense forests. Pinus longaeva trees generally do not form closed canopies, usually covering only 15-50%. Pinus longaeva shares habitats with a number of other pine species, including

888-562: The genus being Pinus yorkshirensis from the Hauterivian - Barremian boundary (~130-125 million years ago) from the Speeton Clay , England. The evolutionary history of the genus Pinus has been complicated by hybridization . Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak reproductive isolation make breeding across species more likely. As

925-693: The higher ranges of the Basin and Range from the Spring Mountains near Las Vegas north to the Ruby Mountains , and in Utah, northeast to South Tent in the Wasatch Range . Due to the inaccessibility of many of the sites that this species occupies, information on their location and abundance is incomplete, and thus is needed.  Environmental niche modelling has been used to better map

962-507: The male and female cones on the same tree. The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their pollen . The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination , with actual fertilization delayed one year. At maturity the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale;

999-475: The outer face, with stomata confined to a bright white band on the inner surfaces. The leaves show the longest persistence of any plant, with some remaining green for 45 years (Ewers & Schmid 1981). The cones are ovoid-cylindrical, 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long and 3 to 4 cm (1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) broad when closed, green or purple at first, ripening orange-buff when 16 months old, with numerous thin, fragile scales, each scale with

1036-818: The pines have diversified, gene transfer between different species has created a complex history of genetic relatedness. P. nelsonii P. aristata P. balfouriana P. longaeva P. pinceana P. maximartinezii P. rzedowskii P. quadrifolia P. monophylla P. culminicola P. discolor P. remota P. edulis P. cembroides P. bungeana P. squamata P. gerardiana P. krempfii P. peuce P. lambertiana P. strobus P. chiapensis P. monticola P. flexilis P. strobiformis P. ayacahuite P. albicaulis P. koraiensis P. sibirica P. cembra P. parviflora P. wallichiana Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva (commonly referred to as

1073-478: The range using unfree Mapuche labour from the densely populated valleys. For this purpose the Spanish established a series of settlements and fortified houses around Cordillera de Nahuelbuta. This La Araucanía Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Biobío Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

1110-453: The scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are anemophilous (wind-dispersed), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird -dispersed. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example whitebark pine ,

1147-469: The seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. This is called serotiny . The most common form of serotiny is pyriscence, in which a resin binds the cones shut until melted by a forest fire, for example in P. rigida . The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin pinus , which some have traced to

Cordillera de Nahuelbuta - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-422: The smaller groups of Pinus are composed of closely related species with recent divergence and history of hybridization. This results in low morphological and genetic differences. This, coupled with low sampling and underdeveloped genetic techniques, has made taxonomy difficult to determine. Recent research using large genetic datasets has clarified these relationships into the groupings we recognize today. Pinus

1221-505: The species grows, and are not a major factor in the species' long-term viability. Historically, Pinus longaeva stands experienced low to high severity fires, and fuels structures changed considerably across elevational gradients. In low elevation, mixed species stands, fuels are often heavy and in close proximity to anthropogenic ignition sources. Yet at high elevations near treeline , Pinus longaeva typically grow on limestone outcroppings that provide little or no surface fuels to propagate

1258-494: The tallest is an 83.45 m (273.8 ft) tall sugar pine located in Yosemite National Park . Pines are long lived and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine ( P. longaeva ). One individual of this species, dubbed " Methuselah ", is one of the world's oldest living organisms at around 4,800 years old. This tree can be found in

1295-422: The tree nor the core Harlan studied have been found, making the age or existence of this tree unable to be confirmed. The confirmed oldest tree of this species, " Methuselah ", is also located in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest of the White Mountains . Methuselah is 4,856 years old, as measured by annual ring count on a small core taken with an increment borer . Its exact location is kept secret. Among

1332-625: The twisted branches a bottle-brush appearance. The name 'bristlecone pine' refers to the dark purple female cones that bear incurved prickles on their surface. The species occurs in Utah , Nevada and eastern California . In California, it is restricted to the White Mountains , the Inyo Mountains , and the Panamint Range , in Mono and Inyo counties. In Nevada, it is found in most of

1369-446: The wind, but some are also dispersed by Clark's nutcrackers . These ancient trees have a gnarled and stunted appearance, especially those found at high altitudes, and have reddish-brown bark with deep fissures. As the tree ages, much of its vascular cambium layer may die. In very old specimens, often only a narrow strip of living tissue connects the roots to a handful of live branches. The Great Basin bristlecone pine differs from

#281718