52-620: The Nakai Misl ( Punjabi : ਨਕਈ ਮਿਸਲ ( Gurmukhi ) , نکئی مثل ( Shahmukhi ) ), founded by Sandhu Jats , was one of the twelve Sikh Misls (groupings with their distinct guerilla militia) that later became part of the Sikh Empire . It held territory between the Ravi and Sutlej rivers southwest of Lahore in what became Pakistan . The misl fought against the Sials , the Pathans and
104-720: A Jat Sikh family in 1706 in the Punjab region in what is now Pakistan . He took possession of the lands surrounding his native village, Baherwal Kalan and countryside of Kasur which was located in the Nakka country South of Majha region. He took Amrit Sanchar (Sikh Baptism) in 1731. Nakka in Punjabi means border or some sort of a gateway and the Nakka country was located between the Ravi and Sutlej south of Lahore . He also took Chunian from the Afghans but died in
156-598: A Sandhu Jat, the Chaudhari or headman of Bahrwal, was absent when the Guru passed through his village. Hem Raj was ashamed of his town's inhospitality and went to Jambar and brought him back to his town. The Guru blessed Hem Raj and prophesied that they would one day rule. However, it took more than100 years for the prophecy to materialize. By 1748 when Mughal power in Punjab was on its decline, Sikhs were in ascendance. Sardar Heera Singh Sandhu (1706–1776) took possession of
208-430: A battle against Sujan Chisti for Pakpattan . His companions brought his dead body to Baherwal where it was cremated. Heera Singh Sandhu's son, Dal Singh Sandhu, was a minor, so his nephew, Nar Singh Sandhu son of Heera Singh Sandhu's brother Natha Singh Sandhu, succeeded him as leader of the misl . Natha Singh is the father of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai and grandfather of Maharani Datar Kaur , one of
260-549: A devotee of the Shrine of Baba Farid . His companions brought his corpse to Baherwal where it was cremated. Hira Singh Sandhu's son, Dal Singh Sandhu, was a minor, so his nephew Nar Singh Sandhu, son of Natha Singh Sandhu, succeeded him as leader of the misl . Nine months into his reign in 1768, Nar Singh was killed battling the Kharals at Kot Kumaliah. Nar Singh was issueless, and was succeeded by his brother Ran Singh . Ran Singh
312-589: A liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like dukān , ġazal and more, as well as Turkic words like qēncī , sōġāt , etc. After the fall of the Sikh empire , Urdu was made the official language of Punjab under the British (in Pakistani Punjab , it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well. In the second millennium , Punjabi
364-582: A powerful ally. Wazir Singh was afraid that with Maha Singh, Bhagwan Singh would be able to defeat him, and so tried to break the relationship, but failed. Wazir Singh tried to mislead Karma Kaur, saying that the Nakai Sandhu Jatts were superior to the Sukerchakias, but Sardarni Karmo Kaur refused to break off the match and stated that all Sikhs are equal. Maha tried to bring peace, but Bhagwan and Wazir continued to engage in warfare, and Bhagwan
416-644: A recipient of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal. http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=4554&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=1&viewall=1 http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=4554&page=308&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=7907&page=23&CategoryID=1&Searched=punjab+chiefs Punjabi language Europe North America Oceania Punjabi , sometimes spelled Panjabi ,
468-448: A son Kahan Singh who succeeded him after his death in 1807, and two daughters named Bibi Rattan Kaur and Bibi Daya Kaur. In 1798 Gyan Singh married his sister Raj Kaur to Ranjit Singh at his mothers behest, who became Ranjit's second but most favourite queen, whom he fondly called Mai Nakain . After the marriage, she was renamed Datar Kaur to avoid confusion with Ranjit's mother and aunt who were also both named 'Raj Kaur'. She received
520-621: A son of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai. Even after the Nakai Misl was incorporated into the Sikh empire, the Nakai Sardars continued to wield influence. The last Chief had his territory annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and he stayed in the village of Bahelwal afterward. After the annexation of Punjab by the British, he stayed neutral and loyal. As a result, he was appointed Jagirdar Magistrate in 1860, an office he held until his death. Even during
572-706: A word will be pronounced, and vice versa. Tone is often reduced or rarely deleted when words are said with emphasis or on their own as a form of more exact identification. Sequences with the consonant h have some additional gimmicks: The consonant h on its own is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially. However, certain dialects which exert stronger tone, particularly more northern Punjabi varieties and Dogri , pronounce h as very faint (thus tonal) in all cases. E.g. hatth > àtth . The Jhangvi and Shahpuri dialects of Punjabi (as they transition into Saraiki ) show comparatively less realisation of tone than other Punjabi varieties, and do not induce
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#1732773023486624-482: Is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̯/ between adjacent "a"-vowels as a separator. This usually changes to /ʊ̯/ if either vowel is nasalised. Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone. The three retroflex consonants /ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/ do not occur initially, and the nasals [ŋ, ɲ] most commonly occur as allophones of /n/ in clusters with velars and palatals (there are few exceptions). The well-established phoneme /ʃ/ may be realised allophonically as
676-436: Is always written as نگ . Like Hindustani , the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects. Phonotactically , long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes. Hence, diphthongs like ai and au get monophthongised into /eː/ and /oː/, and āi and āu into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ respectively. The phoneme /j/
728-538: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India . It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to the 2023 Pakistani census , and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to
780-570: Is identical to the Urdu alphabet , however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq characters to represent Punjabi phonology , not already found in the Urdu alphabet . In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic , just like Urdu does. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan ,
832-455: Is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'. The Arabic and Modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent . Since then, many Persian words have been incorporated into Punjabi (such as zamīn , śahir etc.) and are used with
884-452: Is very fluid in Punjabi. /j/ is only truly pronounced word-initially (even then it often becomes /d͡ʒ/), where it is otherwise /ɪ/ or /i/. Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones . Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle). The transcriptions and tone annotations in
936-629: Is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry of Pakistan, which is mainly produced in Lahore . The Standard Punjabi used in India and Pakistan have slight differences. In India, it discludes many of the dialect-specific features of Majhi. In Pakistan, the standard is closer to the Majhi spoken in the urban parts of Lahore. "Eastern Punjabi" refers to the varieties of Punjabi spoken in Pakistani Punjab (specifically Northern Punjabi), most of Indian Punjab ,
988-926: The 2011 census . It is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora , particularly in Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States , Australia , and the Gulf states . In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet , based on the Perso-Arabic script ; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet , based on the Indic scripts . Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and
1040-465: The Hazara region , most of Azad Kashmir and small parts of Indian Punjab such as Fazilka . These include groups of dialects like Saraiki , Pahari-Pothwari , Hindko and the extinct Inku ; common dialects like Jhangvi , Shahpuri , Dhanni and Thali which are usually grouped under the term Jatki Punjabi; and the mixed variety of Punjabi and Sindhi called Khetrani . Depending on context,
1092-532: The Kharals before it was incorporated into the Sikh Empire of the Sukerchakia Misl by Ranjit Singh . According to legend, in 1595 Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1606), the Fifth Sikh Guru, visited the village of Baherwal with some of his followers. The Guru was not received with hospitality, so he continued to the village of Jambar where he lay down on a charpai (cot) under a shady tree. Hem Raj,
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#17327730234861144-758: The Majha region of the Punjab. In India , Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English , one of India's two primary official languages at the Union -level. In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, which in literary standards,
1196-462: The Nath Yogi -era from 9th to 14th century. The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa , though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore. Writing in 1317–1318, Amir Khusrau referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as Lahauri . The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries
1248-413: The h consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with [h] (Gurmukhi: ੍ਹ "perī̃ hāhā" , Shahmukhi: ھ "dō-caśmī hē" ); usually ṛh , mh , nh , rh and lh . The five tonal plosives also become voiceless word-initially. E.g. ghar > kàr "house", ḍhōl > ṭṑl "drum" etc. Tonogenesis in Punjabi forfeits the sound of [h] for tone. Thus, the more [h] is realised, the less "tonal"
1300-503: The voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] in learned clusters with retroflexes. Due to its foreign origin, it is often also realised as [s] , in e.g. shalwār /salᵊ.ʋaːɾᵊ/ . The phonemic status of the consonants /f, z, x, ɣ, q/ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs /f, pʰ/ , /z, d͡ʒ/ , /x, kʰ/ , /ɣ, g/ , and /q, k/ systematically distinguished in educated speech, /q/ being
1352-726: The 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively, speakers of the Western Punjabi 's Saraiki and Hindko varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease. Pothwari speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab , and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar , Ludhiana , Chandigarh , Jalandhar , Ambala , Patiala , Bathinda , Hoshiarpur , Firozpur and Delhi . In
1404-475: The 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage. Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, Western Punjabi and Eastern Punjabi , which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The Majhi dialect , which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in
1456-684: The 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. There were 670,000 native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021, 300,000 in
1508-652: The British rule in Punjab (1849–1947), the descendants of Nakai Sikh Misl were still Sikh Sardars. Former Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan) Sardar Muhammed Arif Nakai was a direct descendant of the Nakai misldars. Lt. Gen. Jagdishwar Singh Nakai, a direct descendant, joined the British Indian Army when the Second World War broke out and served in the Burma Campaign. Lt. Gen. Nakai was
1560-569: The Five Rivers'. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca ( पञ्च ), Greek pénte ( πέντε ), and Lithuanian Penki , all of which meaning 'five'; āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp ( अप् ) and with the Av- of Avon . The historical Punjab region , now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries . One of
1612-433: The Nakai territory, but spared it until Sardar Gyan Singh's death in 1807. Mohkam Chand conquered the fortresses of Chunia, Dipalpur, and Satghara. Sardar Kahan Singh came back from Multan to find his territories out of his control. Consequently, Ranjit Singh ordered the annexation of his holdings and granted Kahan Singh a Jagir at Baherwal, then valued at 15,000 Rupees. A Jagir at Nankot was also granted to Sardar Khazan Singh,
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1664-463: The United Kingdom in 2011, 280,000 in the United States and smaller numbers in other countries. Standard Punjabi (sometimes referred to as Majhi) is the standard form of Punjabi used commonly in education and news broadcasting , and is based on the Majhi dialect . Such as the variety used on Google Translate , Standard Punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ Punjabi. It
1716-570: The United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant. It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants ( gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh ) lost their aspiration. In Punjabi, tone is induced by the loss of [h] in tonal consonants. Tonal consonants are any voiced aspirates /ʱ/ and the voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/ . These include the five voiced aspirated plosives bh , dh , ḍh , jh and gh (which are represented by their own letters in Gurmukhi),
1768-556: The broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone . The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi ) has been derived from the word Panj-āb , Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River . The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name, Panchanada , which means 'Land of
1820-626: The devoicing of the main five tonal consonants ( bh , dh , ḍh , jh , gh ). The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time. Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including Burushaski , Gujari , Hindko , Kalami , Shina , and Torwali , though these (besides Hindko) seem to be independent of Punjabi. Heera Singh Sandhu Sardar Heera Singh Sandhu (1706–1776)
1872-466: The eleventh-most widely spoken in India , and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries. Approximate distribution of native Punjabi speakers (inc. Lahndic dialects ) (assuming a rounded total of 157 million) worldwide. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan , being the native language of 88.9 million people, or approximately 37% of the country's population. Beginning with
1924-488: The examples below are based on those provided in Punjabi University, Patiala 's Punjabi-English Dictionary . Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone. There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.) However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in
1976-418: The far-north of Rajasthan and on the northwestern border of Haryana . It includes the dialects of Majhi , Malwai , Doabi , Puadhi and the extinct Lubanki . Sometimes, Dogri and Kangri are grouped into this category. "Western Punjabi" or "Lahnda" ( لہندا , lit. ' western ' ) is the name given to the diverse group of Punjabi varieties spoken in the majority of Pakistani Punjab ,
2028-616: The five, the Beas River , is a tributary of another, the Sutlej . Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश , 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech') From 600 BC, Sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: प्राकृत , prākṛta ) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit
2080-480: The lands surrounding Baherwal. The countryside of Kasur was located in Nakka country South of Majha Region. His misl took the name of the area they ruled. He took Amrit Sanchar (Sikh Baptism) in 1731. Nakka means border, or gateway, and Nakka country was located between the Ravi and Sutlej south of Lahore . He also took Chunian from the Afghans , but died near Pakpattan in a battle against Sujan Chisti -
2132-574: The latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / ز , ਸ਼ / ش and ਫ਼ / ف began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / ش also used in Sanskrit borrowings . Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Sindhi , Haryanvi , Pashto and Hindustani . Note: In more formal contexts, hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār ) may be used. Modern Punjabi emerged in
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2184-602: The most rarely pronounced. The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap . Some speakers soften the voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ, kʰ/ into fricatives /ɕ, f, x/ respectively. In rare cases, the /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from Sindhi . The /ɲ/ phoneme, which is more common than /ŋ/, is written as نی or نج depending on its phonetic preservation, e.g. نیاݨا /ɲaːɳaː/ (preserved ñ ) as opposed to کنج /kiɲd͡ʒ/ (assimilated into nj ). /ŋ/
2236-465: The name "Datar", meaning 'Giver', due to her gentleness and understanding nature. In 1801 she gave birth to Kharak Singh , the heir apparent of the Sikh Empire . She was granted a jagir by Ranjit Singh at Sheikhupura . She took control of the Sheikhupura Fort when her six-year-old son Kharak Singh conquered it. She gave birth to her second son Rattan Singh in 1805. The Sikh Khalsa Army
2288-539: The terms Eastern and Western Punjabi can simply refer to all the Punjabi varieties spoken in India and Pakistan respectively, whether or not they are linguistically Eastern/Western. While a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels /ɪ ə ʊ/ and peripheral vowels /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ in terms of phonetic significance. The peripheral vowels have nasal analogues . There
2340-544: The west of the Ravi, and Shergarh, Zamburaks , and artillery . He could field 2,000 horsemen. Sardar Ran Singh was killed by one of the kharal tribe men. Ran Singh fought repeatedly against Kamar Singh, the ruler of Syedwala . Sometime before his death, Kamar Singh defeated and captured Syedwala . Sardar Ran Singh Nakai was killed by one of the Kharal tribesmen. Ran Singh was succeeded by his eldest son, Bhagwan Singh Baghwan
2392-514: Was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like almārī ), Greek (words like dām ), Japanese (words like rikśā ), Chinese (words like cāh , līcī , lukāṭh ) and English (words like jajj , apīl , māsṭar ), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. In fact, the sounds / z / (ਜ਼ / ز ژ ذ ض ظ ), / ɣ / (ਗ਼ / غ ), / q / (ਕ਼ / ق ), / ʃ / (ਸ਼ / ش ), / x / (ਖ਼ / خ ) and / f / (ਫ਼ / ف ) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances
2444-426: Was ambitious and had expanded the misl's strength so that it became dominant among its neighbors. The misl reached its high point under Ran Singh. Ran Singh was a fierce warrior and the most powerful of the Nakai chiefs. He extended his rule to the talukas of Bucheke, Changa Manga, 69 km from Lahore, Chhichha, Devsal, Fatehpur, Jethupur, Kasur , Kharal fort of Kot Kamalia, Sharaqpur , Gugera pargana, 5 km to
2496-475: Was killed by Wazir. Dal Singh, the son of Hira Singh, subsequently killed Wazir in revenge but was himself killed later by one of Wazir's servants. Bhagwan had no children and was succeeded by his brother Gyan Singh as the head of the Nakai Misl in 1789. With the family's old enemy Wazir Singh killed by Dal Singh, the son of Heera Singh Sandhu , Gyan Singh had a relatively peaceful reign and consolidated his power. He married Sardarni Rai Kaur and had three children;
2548-402: Was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Apabhraṃśa , a descendant of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to
2600-410: Was the founder of Nakai Misl , one of the twelve Sikh Misls that later became the Sikh Empire under the leadership of Ranjit Singh . Heera Singh was born in a Sandhu Jat Sikh family in present-day Pakistan. He was killed in battle near Pakpattan when he partook in a battle against a Chisti Army of devotees of Baba Farid's shrine in 1776. Heera Singh Sandhu was born into
2652-424: Was unable to hold his territory against Wazir Singh, brother of Kamar Singh, and lost Syedwala to him. His mother Sardarni Karmo Kaur met with Wazir Singh to release some of her villages. Realizing they might lose all their territories Sardarni Karmo Kaur, in consultation with her people, betrothed her infant daughter, Raj Kaur Nakai to the four-year-old Ranjit Singh , son of Sukerchakia Chief Maha Singh , to gain
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#17327730234862704-575: Was under her and her minor son Kharak Singh's command during the Battle of Multan (1818) . In 1807 Gyan Singh died and his son, Kahan Singh succeeded him. Before having his estate seized by Ranjit Singh in 1810, Sardar Kahan Singh conquered Pakpattan . After Ranjit Singh had declared himself the Maharaja of Punjab in 1801, he continued consolidating the majority of the Misls. The ambitious Maharaja eyed
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