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45-490: Nālandā University ( NU; ISO : Nālandā Vishwavidyalaya ) is a premier research university located in the ancient city of Rajgir in the state of Bihar , India . Designated as an Institute of National Importance (INI) and excellence, it is the flagship project of the Ministry of External Affairs (India) and the direct successor of the famed Nalanda monastery of medieval Magadha . The university, like its predecessor,

90-585: A judiciary and legislative branches . Like other states in India , the head of state of Bihar is the Governor , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government . The head of state is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Patna is the capital of Bihar hence, it serves as the headquarter for almost all

135-474: A United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization

180-589: A bill for the creation of a new university. The Nalanda University Bill, 2010 was passed on 21 August 2010 in Rajya Sabha and 26 August 2010 in Lok Sabha . The bill received Presidential assent on 21 September 2010 thereby becoming an Act. The university came into existence on 25 November 2010, when the Act was implemented. The university's visitor is the President of India . The chancellor and chairperson of

225-467: A minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties. Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people. Structurally Bihar is divided into divisions (Pramandal), districts (Zila), sub-divisions (Anumandal) & circles (Aanchal).The state

270-465: A second alliance between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD, National People's Party), Hindustani Awam Morcha , Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have

315-497: Is Vidhan Sabha serves as the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the Indian state of Bihar . Lower house is elected with 5 years term, while in upper house 1/3 of the total members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year term. The Vidhan Sabha is also known as Legislative Assembly. The Bihar Legislative Assembly first came into being in 1937 and not a permanent body and subject to dissolution. The tenure of

360-430: Is divided between union government and state governments. State government's legislature is bicameral in 6 states and unicameral in the rest. Bihar is one of the six states where bicameral legislature exists. Other states are Uttar Pradesh , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . The Bihar Legislative Council is Vidhan Parishad serves as the upper house and Bihar Legislative Assembly

405-659: Is described in the table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There

450-688: Is exclusively a graduate school , currently offering master's courses, and doctor of philosophy programmes. Nalanda University has five functional Schools at present: The following schools are planned to start later, in a phased manner: Three centres — Centre for Bay of Bengal, Centre for Conflict Resolution and Peace Building, and Common Archival Resource Centre— will be operational soon. The School of Languages and Literature/Humanities commenced its operations with one year Post-Graduate Diploma Programmes in Pali, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Korean and English in 2018. Master's and doctoral programmes commenced in 2021. It

495-435: Is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested.. The secretariat headed by

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540-536: Is named after the Sanskrit words Na-Allam-Da , meaning "the giver of knowledge." It is solely a postgraduate institute, offering only Master's and PhD degrees. Regarded as a symbol of India's academic and historical legacy, Nālandā University is considered to be one of the most eminent and celebrated universities in the nation, and a focal point in the revival of the Sanātana Dharma in India. The university

585-417: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Government of Bihar Bihar Government is the state government of the Indian state of Bihar and its nine divisions which consist of districts . It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Bihar ,

630-609: Is often used to pacify factions within the party or coalition. It is similar to the rarely used Deputy-Prime minister post in Central government of India. During the absence of the Chief minister, the deputy-CM may chair cabinet meetings and lead the Assembly majority. Various deputy chief ministers have also taken the oath of secrecy in line with the one that chief minister takes. This oath has also sparked controversies. The government

675-564: Is planned to gradually expand to include other programmes in Indian and foreign languages. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and

720-580: Is the elected head of government of the each state out of 28 states and sometimes a union territory (currently, only the UTs of Delhi and Puducherry have serving Chief Ministers). Following elections to the Bihar Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to

765-439: Is the principal court of the state of Bihar . However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated Specially in a state or federal law It was established on February 3, 1916, and later affiliated under

810-680: The Government of India Act 1915 ( 5 & 6 Geo. 5 . c. 61). The court is headquartered in Patna, the administrative capital of the state . A proclamation was made by the Governor-General of India on 22 March 1912. The foundation-stone of the High Court Building was laid on 1 December 1913 by the late Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Sir Charles Hardinge of Penshurst. The Patna High Court building on its completion

855-618: The Legislative Assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. Members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people. There are three sessions (Budget session, Monsoon session, Winter session) every year. The Sessions of Legislative Assembly are presided by Speaker. The Speaker certifies that whether a bill is ordinary bill or money bill. Generally he does not participate in voting but he casts his vote in

900-656: The Rajya Sabha , which represents the states , are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation , except for 12 members who are nominated by the president. In Bihar Vidhan Parishad , 1/3 of the total members in the house gets elected every 2 years with 6-year term. As of 2023, there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, Indian People's Party), Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) (LJP (RV)) and Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party (RLJP); and

945-492: The district courts of the State governments in India for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account of the number of cases, population distribution in the district. They administer justice in India at a district level. Bihar has 37 district courts in total. The Civil Court/District Court is judged by District and Sessions Judge. It is the principal court of original civil jurisdiction besides

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990-585: The High Court of the State and which derives its jurisdiction in civil matters primarily from the code of civil procedure. The district court is also a court of sessions when it exercises its jurisdiction on criminal matters under the Code of Criminal Procedure . The district court is presided over by a district judge appointed by the state governor with on the advice of chief justice of that high court. In addition to

1035-611: The School of Historical Studies and the School of Ecology and Environmental studies. A hotel operated by Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation in Rajgir provided initial hostel accommodation. Initially set up with temporary facilities in Rajgir , a modern campus spanning over 160 hectares (400 acres) is under construction with over 80 percent having been completed by 2021. The university started functioning from its 455-acres new campus from January 2020. At least 200 villages surrounding

1080-981: The School of Management Studies (SMS). It also offers degrees in the study of the Sanātana Dharma, as well as diplomas in languages such as Sanskrit , Pāli , Tibetan , Japanese and Korean . The new campus in Rajgir was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on June 19, 2024 in the presence of officials, ambassadors and dignitaries from all 10 ASEAN members. Nālandā university has subsequently established MoUs and collaborations with Peking University , University of Ostrava , Dongguk University , Deakin University , Otani University , Kanazawa University , The City University of New York , Chulalongkorn University , ICWA , IIPHG , ASI , ICCR , ISEAS , IIAS and CSIR . Nalanda University

1125-550: The University had admitted 1038 students, out of which a total of 187 are international students (including Masters, Global PhD & Short Programmes as per January cycle). On 28 March 2006 the eleventh President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam proposed the idea while addressing the Joint Session of the Bihar Vidhan Mandal for the revival of Nalanda University. In 2007 the Bihar Legislative Assembly passed

1170-491: The assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . In 1946 First Cabinet of Bihar formed; consisting of two members, Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha as first Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha as Bihar's first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister (also in charge of Labour, Health, Agriculture and Irrigation). Other ministers were inducted later. The cabinet served as

1215-415: The campus is among the largest in India and the first in the country to implement a 'Net Zero' eco-recycling strategy. The university offers degree programmes in the School of Historical Studies (SHS), the School of Ecology and Environment Studies (SEES), the School of Buddhist Studies (SBS), the School of Philosophy and Comparative Religions (SPCR), the School of Languages and Literature/Humanities (SLLH), and

1260-577: The case of tie. The current strength of the House is 243. The Vidhan Parishad is also known as Legislative Council. Bihar Legislative Council is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution. But as nearly as possible, one-third of the members thereof retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year. Members are now elected or nominated for six years and one-third of them retire every second year. The presiding officers of Vidhan Parishad are now known as chairman and Deputy Chairman. Members of

1305-509: The departments. The Patna High Court , located in Patna, has jurisdiction over the whole state. The present legislative structure of Bihar is bicameral . The Legislative houses are the Bihar Vidhan Sabha ( Bihar Legislative Assembly ) and Bihar Vidhan Parishad ( Bihar Legislative Council ). Their normal term is five years, unless dissolved earlier. The Governors of the states of India have similar powers and functions at

1350-490: The district judge there are a number of additional district and sessions judges and assistant district judges. The additional district judge and the court presided over by the additional district judge have equivalent rank, status and jurisdiction as the district judge and presiding court. Assistant sessions judge is subordinate to the district judge and additional(s). India has a quasi-federal form of government, called "union" or "central" government, with elected officials at

1395-543: The first Bihar Government after independence in 1947. From 1946, 23 people have been Chief Minister of Bihar. The inaugural holder was Sri Krishna Sinha of the Indian National Congress , he also has the longest incumbency. The current incumbent is Nitish Kumar who is having incumbency since 22 February 2015. Despite being not mentioned in the constitution or law, the Deputy-Chief minister office

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1440-501: The governing board is Prof. Arvind Panagariya. The interim vice-chancellor is Prof. Abhay Kumar Singh. The governing board comprises the chancellor, vice-chancellor, representative from member countries, a secretary, two representatives from the Government of Bihar , a representative from the Ministry of Human Resource Development , and three persons in the category of "Renowned Academician or Educationist", Arvind Sharma , Lokesh Chandra and Arvind Panagariya . The first chancellor of

1485-399: The secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers. The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary, who is the head of the administrative services. State governments in India are the governments ruling states of India and the chief minister heads the state government. Power

1530-524: The state level as those of the President of India at Union level. Governors exist in the states while lieutenant governors or administrator exist in union territories . According to the Constitution of India , the Governor is a state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief ministers of

1575-751: The states and his/her councils of ministers. The Governor of a State is appointed by the President of India. The factors based on which the President evaluates the candidates is not mentioned in the Constitution. In his ex-officio capacity, the Governor of Bihar is Chancellor of the universities of Bihar (at present 12) as per the Acts of the Universities. In the Republic of India , a chief minister

1620-424: The union, state and local levels. At the national level, the head of government , the prime minister , is appointed by the president of India from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha . The members of the Lok Sabha (Center) and Bihar Vidhan Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of

1665-503: The university for its new campus. Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar also met External Affairs Minister SM Krishna to receive reassurance that the Central Government would allocate sufficient funds to the project. The architectural design was chosen on the basis of a global competition. The jury consisting of architects including Liu Thai Ker chose Pritzker Prize laureate BV Doshi 's firm, Vastu Shilpa Consultants as

1710-463: The university was Amartya Sen , followed by former Singapore Minister for Foreign Affairs George Yeo . They left citing concerns about autonomy and political interference in academic matters. Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar has been appointed the new chancellor on 25 January 2017 by President Pranab Mukherjee , in his capacity as Visitor to Nalanda University. In 2017, Interim Vice-Chancellor Pankaj Mohan handed over charge to Professor Sunaina Singh. Nalanda

1755-400: The university will be attached to the university, reminiscent of the old Nalanda . Nalanda University becomes the first plastic free campus of Bihar . Water in the university is now being available in glass bottles instead of plastic bottles. Along with this, biogas will also be produced. For the academic year 2022-23, the University had 822 students in total. For the academic year 2023-24,

1800-605: The upper house, the Legislative Council are indirectly elected through an electoral college. There are 27 Committees which are, at present, functional in the council. Besides, there are three Financial Committees consisting of the members of the two Houses of the State Legislature. The Patna High Court ( Hindi : पटना उच्च न्यायालय ) is the High Court of the state of Bihar. The Patna High Court

1845-523: The winner of the design competition. The firm dbHMS provides the triple net zero energy, water and waste strategic plan. Original concepts associated with the project included "advancing the concept of an Asian community...and rediscovering old relationships." and "acting as a bridge for students in different parts of Southeast Asia". The university has been envisioned as an international institution of national importance and excellence. It began its first academic session on 1 September 2014 with 15 students in

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1890-834: Was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which

1935-704: Was established by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 2010, with the President of India serving as the Visitor . It is an international university supported by 18 member countries of the East Asia Summit , with the initial proposal being placed by the former President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam . The first Chancellor of the university was Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen , followed by Singapore's Foreign Affairs Minister George Yeo . Built at an initial cost of $ 210 million and spread over 485 acres,

1980-494: Was established to emulate the ancient Buddhist university of Nalanda ( Nalanda mahavihara ), which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. The idea to resurrect Nalanda University was endorsed in 2007 at the 2nd East Asia Summit by the sixteen member countries. In 2009, during the 4th East Asia summit, ASEAN member states including Australia, China, Korea, Singapore and Japan promised further support. The Government of Bihar handed over land acquired from local people, to

2025-571: Was formally opened by the same Viceroy on 3 February 1916. Hon. Sir Justice Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier was the first Chief Justice of Patna High Court. This High Court has given two Chief Justices of India : Hon'ble Mr. Justice Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha , the 6th C.J.I. , and Hon. Mr. Justice Lalit Mohan Sharma , the 24th C.J.I.. Hon. Mr Justice K. Vinod Chandran is the current Chief Justice of Patna High Court. Patna High Court has strength of 53 Judges which includes 40 permanent and 13 additional judges. The District Courts of India are

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