Misplaced Pages

#863136

119-662: The Nandipur Power Project is a 425 MW (with potential of 525 MW) combined cycle thermal power plant situated at Nandipur near Gujranwala in the Punjab province of Pakistan . Being constructed by the China Dongfang Electric Corporation , the project was completed in March 2015. The initial cost of the project was Rs. 27 billion, but this escalated during the revised project cycle-1 and totalled Rs. 58.42 bn at completion. The power plant faced

238-513: A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a live steam temperature between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers . This temperature can be as low as 15 °C. Plant size is important in the cost of the plant. The larger plant sizes benefit from economies of scale (lower initial cost per kilowatt) and improved efficiency. For large-scale power generation,

357-430: A 50.00 MJ/kg (21,500 BTU/lb) LHV: a 11% increase. Efficiency of the turbine is increased when combustion can run hotter, so the working fluid expands more. Therefore, efficiency is limited by whether the first stage of turbine blades can survive higher temperatures. Cooling and materials research are continuing. A common technique, adopted from aircraft, is to pressurise hot-stage turbine blades with coolant. This

476-496: A 525 MW test run on regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) with 30 million cubic feet (850 thousand cubic metres ) per day of gas supply from Sui Northern Gas Pipelines limited (SNGPL). However, even after the conversion, the plant was unable to sustain a financial balance between generation cost and recovery from its production. For example, in April 2018, Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) disconnected gas supply to

595-787: A Muslim bloc. Nawaz included environmentalism in his government platform, and established the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency in 1997. Following the imposition and passing of Resolution 660 , 661 , and 665 , Nawaz sided with the United Nations on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . Nawaz's government criticised Iraq for invading the fellow Muslim country, which strained Pakistan's relationships with Iraq. This continued as Pakistan sought to strengthen its relations with Iran . This policy continued under Benazir Bhutto and Pervez Musharraf until

714-634: A backup or supplementary power. It is named after American professor D. Y. Cheng who patented the design in 1976. The efficiency of a heat engine, the fraction of input heat energy that can be converted to useful work, is limited by the temperature difference between the heat entering the engine and the exhaust heat leaving the engine. In a thermal power station , water is the working medium. High pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. High temperatures require expensive alloys made from nickel or cobalt , rather than inexpensive steel . These alloys limit practical steam temperatures to 655 °C while

833-415: A business add plant capacity as it is needed. Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines with exhaust gas temperatures near 600 °C. Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines that have exhaust gas temperatures of 540 °C or less. Selection of the steam cycle for a specific application

952-449: A combined heat and power (CHP) plant. In general, combined cycle efficiencies in service are over 50% on a lower heating value and Gross Output basis. Most combined cycle units, especially the larger units, have peak, steady-state efficiencies on the LHV basis of 55 to 59%. A limitation of combined cycles is that efficiency is reduced when not running at continuous output. During start up,

1071-429: A conservative platform and vowed to reduce government corruption. Nawaz introduced an economy based on privatisation and economic liberalisation to reverse the nationalisation by Zulfikar Bhutto, notably for banks and industries. He legalised foreign money exchange to be transacted through private money exchangers. His privatisation policies were continued by both Benazir Bhutto in the mid-1990s and Shaukat Aziz in

1190-513: A continuation of the US Atoms for Peace programme. In 1993, Nawaz established the Institute of Nuclear Engineering (INE) to promote his policy for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Nawaz suffered a major loss of political support from the co-operatives societies scandal. These societies accept deposits from members and can legally make loans only to members for purposes to the benefit of

1309-615: A decade, he returned to politics in 2011 and led his party to victory for the third time in 2013 . In 2017, Nawaz was removed from office by the Supreme Court of Pakistan regarding revelations from the Panama Papers case . In 2018, the Pakistani Supreme Court disqualified Nawaz from holding public office, and he was also sentenced to ten years in prison by an accountability court . Since 2019, Nawaz

SECTION 10

#1732780242864

1428-567: A former Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was seeking new urban leaders; he quickly promoted Nawaz, making him finance minister . In 1981, Nawaz joined the Punjab Advisory Council under Khan. During the 1980s, Nawaz gained influence as a supporter of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 's military government . Zia-ul-Haq agreed to return the steel industry to Nawaz, who convinced

1547-563: A gas-fired plant in Punjab, which suffered gas shortages in 2008, was a bad idea in the first place, and running it with regular losses was adding further insult to injury. He suggested that with adequate LNG available, it should be converted to gas. In late 2016, the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) finally approved a loan of Rs 30.6 bn to convert Nandipur to gas operation. On 23 April 2017, Nandipur started

1666-590: A halt. During this time, Benazir Bhutto and the centre-left PPP remained neutral, but her brother Murtaza Bhutto exerted pressure which suspended the operation. The period of 1992–1994 is considered the bloodiest in the history of the city, with many people missing. Nawaz had campaigned on a conservative platform and after assuming office announced his economic policy under the National Economic Reconstruction Programme (NERP). This programme introduced an extreme level of

1785-520: A marine CCGT safer by permitting a ship to operate with equipment failures. A flexible stationary plant can make more money. Duct burning raises the flue temperature, which increases the quantity or temperature of the steam (e.g. to 84 bar, 525 degree Celsius). This improves the efficiency of the steam cycle. Supplementary firing lets the plant respond to fluctuations of electrical load, because duct burners can have very good efficiency with partial loads. It can enable higher steam production to compensate for

1904-552: A means of load control or load shifting since ice can be made during periods of low power demand and, potentially in the future the anticipated high availability of other resources such as renewables during certain periods. Combustion technology is a proprietary but very active area of research, because fuels, gasification and carburation all affect fuel efficiency. A typical focus is to combine aerodynamic and chemical computer simulations to find combustor designs that assure complete fuel burn up, yet minimize both pollution and dilution of

2023-422: A more efficient steam cycle. However, a multi-shaft system is about 5% higher in initial cost. The overall plant size and the associated number of gas turbines required can also determine which type of plant is more economical. A collection of single shaft combined cycle power plants can be more costly to operate and maintain, because there are more pieces of equipment. However, it can save interest costs by letting

2142-407: A percentage of the lower heating value of the fuel consumed, can be over 60% when operating new, i.e. unaged, and at continuous output which are ideal conditions. As with single cycle thermal units, combined cycle units may also deliver low temperature heat energy for industrial processes, district heating and other uses. This is called cogeneration and such power plants are often referred to as

2261-463: A series of hiccups during and after launching its commercial operations. Prior and after construction, the project continued to attract a number of court cases, inquiries, investigations, audits, and political and commercial disputes. The plant collapsed after 5 days of operation, launching a series of inquiries ordered by then prime minister Nawaz Sharif. The plant produced electricity at Rs. 12 per unit, with less than 43% utilisation . In order to make

2380-438: A single cycle steam power plant is limited to efficiencies from 35 to 42%. Many new power plants utilize CCGTs. Stationary CCGTs burn natural gas or synthesis gas from coal . Ships burn fuel oil . Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles can also be used, but CCGT plants have advantages for both electricity generation and marine power. The gas turbine cycle can often start very quickly, which gives immediate power. This avoids

2499-434: A single electrical generator on a single shaft. This arrangement is simpler to operate, smaller, with a lower startup cost. Single-shaft arrangements can have less flexibility and reliability than multi-shaft systems. With some expense, there are ways to add operational flexibility: Most often, the operator desires to operate the gas turbine as a peaking plant. In these plants, the steam turbine's shaft can be disconnected with

SECTION 20

#1732780242864

2618-454: A stable conservative government and improve overall conditions. Nawaz was sworn as prime minister on 17 February. Nawaz had formed an alliance with Altaf Hussain of the MQM which fell apart following the assassination of Hakim Said . Nawaz then removed the MQM from parliament and assumed control of Karachi while MQM was forced underground. This led Nawaz to claim an exclusive mandate, and for

2737-602: A synchro-self-shifting (SSS) clutch, for start up or for simple cycle operation of the gas turbine. Another less common set of options enable more heat or standalone operation of the steam turbine to increase reliability: Duct burning, perhaps with a fresh air blower in the duct and a clutch on the gas turbine side of the shaft. A multi-shaft system usually has only one steam system for up to three gas turbines. Having only one large steam turbine and heat sink has economies of scale and can have lower cost operations and maintenance. A larger steam turbine can also use higher pressures, for

2856-564: A thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing temperature and the waste heat temperature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This large range means that the Carnot efficiency of the cycle is high. The actual efficiency, while lower than the Carnot efficiency, is still higher than that of either plant on its own. The electric efficiency of a combined cycle power station, if calculated as electric energy produced as

2975-421: A total of Rs. 23 billion to be recovered from consumers. The Ministry of Water and Power pleaded that the plant would go bankrupt with annual losses and production costs being much higher than the tariffs. NEPRA heard the appeal on 29 January 2016 and rejected it, declining to pass any further financial burdens to the consumer. After NEPRA refused to increase tariffs in a second review, the government decided to take

3094-626: A typical set would be a 270 MW primary gas turbine coupled to a 130 MW secondary steam turbine, giving a total output of 400 MW. A typical power station might consist of between 1 and 6 such sets. Gas turbines for large-scale power generation are manufactured by at least four separate groups – General Electric, Siemens, Mitsubishi-Hitachi, and Ansaldo Energia. These groups are also developing, testing and/or marketing gas turbine sizes in excess of 300 MW (for 60 Hz applications) and 400 MW (for 50 Hz applications). Combined cycle units are made up of one or more such gas turbines, each with

3213-478: A waste heat steam generator arranged to supply steam to a single or multiple steam turbines, thus forming a combined cycle block or unit. Combined cycle block sizes offered by three major manufacturers (Alstom, General Electric and Siemens) can range anywhere from 50 MW to well over 1300 MW with costs approaching $ 670/kW. The heat recovery boiler is item 5 in the COGAS figure shown above. Hot gas turbine exhaust enters

3332-430: A water washing procedure. A simpler and less expensive purification system will do the same job for light crude and light distillates. A magnesium additive system may also be needed to reduce the corrosive effects if vanadium is present. Fuels requiring such treatment must have a separate fuel-treatment plant and a system of accurate fuel monitoring to assure reliable, low-maintenance operation of gas turbines. Xcel Energy

3451-508: A wider range of temperatures or heat to electric power. Systems burning low quality fuels such as brown coal or peat might use relatively expensive closed-cycle helium turbines as the topping cycle to avoid even more expensive fuel processing and gasification that would be needed by a conventional gas turbine. A typical single-shaft system has one gas turbine, one steam turbine, one generator and one heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The gas turbine and steam turbine are both coupled in tandem to

3570-406: Is a simplified form of combined cycle where the steam turbine is eliminated by injecting steam directly into the combustion turbine. This has been used since the mid 1970s and allows recovery of waste heat with less total complexity, but at the loss of the additional power and redundancy of a true combined cycle system. It has no additional steam turbine or generator, and therefore it cannot be used as

3689-471: Is also bled-off in proprietary ways to improve the aerodynamic efficiencies of the turbine blades. Different vendors have experimented with different coolants. Air is common but steam is increasingly used. Some vendors might now utilize single-crystal turbine blades in the hot section, a technique already common in military aircraft engines. The efficiency of CCGT and GT can also be boosted by pre-cooling combustion air. This increases its density, also increasing

Nandipur Power Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

3808-419: Is also some development of modified Rankine cycles. Two promising areas are ammonia/water mixtures, and turbines that utilize supercritical carbon dioxide. Modern CCGT plants also need software that is precisely tuned to every choice of fuel, equipment, temperature, humidity and pressure. When a plant is improved, the software becomes a moving target. CCGT software is also expensive to test, because actual time

3927-547: Is called " combined heat and power " (CHP). In stationary and marine power plants, a widely used combined cycle has a large gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle ). The turbine's hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle ). This is a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant. These achieve a best-of-class real (see below) thermal efficiency of around 64% in base-load operation. In contrast,

4046-418: Is determined by an economic evaluation that considers a plant's installed cost, fuel cost and quality, duty cycle, and the costs of interest, business risks, and operations and maintenance. By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they are powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has

4165-941: Is going to build two natural gas power plants in the Midwestern United States that can mix 30% hydrogen with the natural gas. Intermountain Power Plant is being retrofitted to a natural gas/hydrogen power plant that can run on 30% hydrogen as well, and is scheduled to run on pure hydrogen by 2045. However others think low-carbon hydrogen should be used for things which are harder to decarbonize , such as making fertilizer , so there may not be enough for electricity generation. Combined-cycle systems can have single-shaft or multi-shaft configurations. Also, there are several configurations of steam systems. The most fuel-efficient power generation cycles use an unfired heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with modular pre-engineered components. These unfired steam cycles are also

4284-450: Is limited on the multimillion-dollar prototypes of new CCGT plants. Testing usually simulates unusual fuels and conditions, but validates the simulations with selected data points measured on actual equipment. Nawaz Sharif Political views Parties Elections [REDACTED] Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu : میاں محمد نواز شریف ; born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani businessman and politician who served as

4403-479: Is often readily available in rural areas. Gas turbines burn mainly natural gas and light oil. Crude oil, residual, and some distillates contain corrosive components and as such require fuel treatment equipment. In addition, ash deposits from these fuels result in gas turbine deratings of up to 15%. They may still be economically attractive fuels however, particularly in combined-cycle plants. Sodium and potassium are removed from residual, crude and heavy distillates by

4522-482: Is supplied to the low-temperature turbine. A super heater can be provided in the low-pressure circuit. Some part of the feed water from the low-pressure zone is transferred to the high-pressure economizer by a booster pump . This economizer heats up the water to its saturation temperature . This saturated water goes through the high-temperature zone of the boiler and is supplied to the high-pressure turbine . The HRSG can be designed to burn supplementary fuel after

4641-410: Is the gas turbine power plant cycle is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place in the high temperature region. The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam cycle takes place at a lower temperature and is known as the bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high temperature exhaust gas to water and steam takes place in a waste heat recovery boiler in

4760-825: The Army Special Service Group and the Naval Special Service Group were deployed to Saudi Arabia to provide security for the Saudi royal family . Nawaz faced difficulty working with the PPP and the Mutahidda Qaumi Movement (MQM), a potent force in Karachi. The MQM and the PPP opposed Nawaz due to his focus on beautifying Punjab and Kashmir while neglecting Sindh, and the MQM also opposed Nawaz's conservatism. Although

4879-540: The Election Commission of Pakistan , Nawaz is one of the wealthiest men in Pakistan, with an estimated net worth of at least Rs.  1.75 billion (equivalent to Rs.  8.9 billion or US$ 31 million in 2021). Most of his wealth originates from his businesses in steel construction. Before entering politics in the mid-1980s, Nawaz studied business at Government College and law at

Nandipur Power Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

4998-636: The Jinnah Antarctic Station and Polar Research Cell. In 1992, Pakistan became an associate member of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research . On 28 July 1997, Nawaz declared 1997 a year of science in Pakistan and personally allotted funds for the 22nd INSC College on Theoretical Physics. In 1999, Nawaz signed the executive decree, declaring 28 May as the National Science Day in Pakistan. Nawaz made

5117-726: The National Assembly , Nawaz served as the leader of the opposition to the government of Benazir Bhutto from 1993 to 1996. He returned to the premiership after the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) was elected in 1997 , and served until his removal in 1999 by military takeover and was tried in a plane hijacking case which was argued by Barrister Ijaz Husain Batalvi, assisted by Khawaja Sultan senior Advocate, Sher Afghan Asdi and Akhtar Aly Kureshy Advocate. After being imprisoned and later exiled for more than

5236-633: The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty if India did as well. The embargo blocked plans for a French-built nuclear power plant, so Nawaz's advisors intensively lobbied the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which allowed China to establish CHASNUPP-I nuclear power plant and upgrade KANUPP-I . Nawaz's nuclear policy was considered less aggressive towards India with its focus on public usage through nuclear power and medicine , viewed as

5355-632: The Prime Minister of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms. He is the longest-serving prime minister of Pakistan, having served a total of more than 9 years across three tenures. Each term has ended in his ousting. Born into the upper-middle-class Sharif family in Lahore , Nawaz is the son of Muhammad Sharif , the founder of Ittefaq and Sharif groups. He is the elder brother of Shehbaz Sharif , who also served as prime minister of Pakistan from 2022 to 2023 and from 2024 to present. According to

5474-663: The Shariat Ordinance and Bait-ul-Maal (to help poor orphans, widows, etc.) to drive the country on the model of an Islamic welfare state . Moreover, he gave tasks to the Ministry of Religion to prepare reports and recommendations for steps taken toward Islamization. He ensured the establishment of three committees: Nawaz extended membership of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) to all Central Asian countries to unite them into

5593-609: The University of Punjab . In 1981, Nawaz was appointed by President Zia as the minister of finance for the province of Punjab . Backed by a loose coalition of conservatives, Nawaz was elected as the Chief Minister of Punjab in 1985 and re-elected after the end of martial law in 1988. In 1990 , Nawaz led the conservative Islamic Democratic Alliance and became the 12th prime minister of Pakistan. After being ousted in 1993, when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved

5712-520: The nationalisation by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the PPP in the 1970s. By 1993, around 115 nationalised industries were opened to private ownership, including the National Development Finance Corporation , Pakistan National Shipping Corporation , National Electric Power Regulatory Authority , Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation , and Pakistan State Oil . This boosted

5831-408: The super heater , then passes through the evaporator and finally through the economiser section as it flows out from the boiler . Feed water comes in through the economizer and then exits after having attained saturation temperature in the water or steam circuit. Finally it flows through the evaporator and super heater. If the temperature of the gases entering the heat recovery boiler is higher, then

5950-461: The 2000s. He also improved the nation's infrastructure and spurred the growth of digital telecommunication. Nawaz continued the simultaneous Islamization and conservatism of Pakistan society, a policy begun by Zia. Reforms were made to introduce fiscal conservatism , supply-side economics , bioconservatism and religious conservatism in Pakistan. Nawaz intensified Zia's controversial Islamization policies, and introduced Islamic laws such as

6069-662: The Armed Forces' secretive industrial conglomerate and bribing generals. While privatising industry, Nawaz took steps for intense government control of science in Pakistan , and placed projects under his authorisation. In 1991, Nawaz founded and authorised the Pakistan Antarctic Programme under the scientific directions of National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), with the Pakistan Navy 's Weapons Engineering Division, and first established

SECTION 50

#1732780242864

6188-749: The Avenfield and Al-Azizia Steel Mills cases. The outcome of these proceedings resulted in the acquittal of PML-N leader Nawaz Sharif on 29 November 2023 from charges related to the Avenfield Apartments references by the IHC. Nawaz was born in Lahore, Punjab , on 25 December 1949. The Sharif family are Punjabi-speaking Kashmiris . His father, Muhammad Sharif , was an upper-middle-class businessman and industrialist whose family had emigrated from Anantnag in Kashmir for business. They settled in

6307-548: The ISI, with a substantial role played by Nawaz's ally Gul. ) The alliance was led by Nawaz and Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi and opposed Benazir Bhutto 's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in the elections. The IJI gained a majority in Punjab, and Nawaz was re-elected as the chief minister. In December 1989, Nawaz decided to remain in the provincial Punjab Assembly rather than hold a seat in the National Assembly. In early 1989,

6426-672: The Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Shamim Allam and the Chief of Army Staff General Abdul Vahied Kakar forced Khan to resign from the presidency and ended the political standoff. Under the close scrutiny of the Pakistan Armed Forces, an interim and transitional government was formed and new parliamentary election was held after three months. Following 1993 elections , the PPP returned to power under Benazir Bhutto. Nawaz offered his full co-operation as Leader of

6545-405: The MQM had formed the government with Nawaz, the political tensions between liberalism and conservatism erupted into conflict by renegade factions in 1992. To end the fighting between PML-N and MQM, Nawaz's party passed a resolution to launch a paramilitary operation under command of Chief of Army Staff General Asif Nawaz Janjua . Violence erupted in Karachi in 1992 and brought the economy to

6664-568: The NAB filed a reference of corruption and alleged misappropriations within Nandipur along with the illegal construction of a road to the Sharif family residence. The NAB also extended the scope of the inquiry by accusing PPP's former Water and Power minister Raja Pervez Ashraf, ex-law minister Dr. Baber Awan, former law secretary Pir Masood Chishti, and other bureaucrats of causing losses due to delays in

6783-502: The Nandipur Power Project and paid a 10% down payment. A conflict between the Ministry of Water and Power and the Ministry of Law and Justice delayed the project execution for two years from March 2010 to March 2012. The Ministry of Law and Justice raised an objection over a violation of Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) rules and the granting of the contract to China Dongfang Electric Corporation , which

6902-561: The Opposition but soon the PPP and PML-N held parliament locked in dispute. Bhutto found it difficult to act effectively in the face of opposition from Nawaz, and also faced problems in her political stronghold of Sindh Province from her younger brother Murtaza Bhutto . Nawaz and Murtaza Bhutto formed the Nawaz-Bhutto axis and worked to undermine Benazir Bhutto's government, tapping an anti-corruption wave in Pakistan. They accused

7021-591: The PPP government attempted to unseat Nawaz through a no-confidence motion in the Punjab Assembly, which they lost by a vote of 152 to 106. The conservatives first came to power in a democratic Pakistan under Nawaz's leadership. Nawaz Sharif became the 12th prime minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990, succeeding Benazir Bhutto. He also became head of IJI. Sharif had a majority in the assembly and ruled with considerable confidence, having disputes with three successive army chiefs . Nawaz had campaigned on

7140-636: The PPP regime raised question around ex-minister for Water and Power Raja Pervaiz Ashraf , ex-law minister Dr. Babar Awan , and former law secretary Pir Masood Chishti. They allegedly played a role in the delay of the project by impeding approval of the project and causing losses to taxpayers. In September 2016, most critical record of fuel payments and other multi-million rupee embezzlements were torched despite tight security arrangements. Additionally, important computerised import records were deleted from computer systems and backup disks. This happened while opposition politicians were already raising concerns around

7259-673: The Punjab". Nawaz built ties with the senior army generals who sponsored his government. He maintained an alliance with General Rahimuddin Khan , Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee . Nawaz also had close ties with Lieutenant-General (retired) Hamid Gul , the Director-General of ISI. As chief minister, Nawaz stressed welfare and development activities and the maintenance of law and order. Khan beautified Lahore, extended military infrastructure, and silenced political opposition, while Nawaz expanded economic infrastructure to benefit

SECTION 60

#1732780242864

7378-647: The Western-styled capitalist economics . Unemployment had limited Pakistan's economic growth and Nawaz believed that only privatisation could solve this problem. Nawaz introduced an economy based on privatisation and economic liberalisation , notably for banks and industries. According to the US Department of State, this followed a vision of "turning Pakistan into a [South] Korea by encouraging greater private saving and investment to accelerate economic growth." The privatisation programme reversed

7497-515: The Zia dictatorship. On 18 April, ahead of the 1993 Parliamentary election , Khan used his reserve powers (58-2b) to dissolve the National Assembly, and with the support of the army appointed Mir Balakh Sher as interim prime minister . Nawaz refused to accept this act and raised a challenge at the Supreme Court of Pakistan . On 26 May, the Supreme Court ruled 10–1 that the presidential order

7616-811: The Zia-loyalist Fida Group against the Prime Minister's Junejo's Pakistan Muslim League (J) . The Fida Group later took on the mantle of the PML while the Junejo Group became known as the JIP. The two parties along with seven other right-wing conservative and religious parties united with encouragement and funding from the ISI to form the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI). (The IJI received ₨ 15 million from Zia loyalists in

7735-617: The appearance of an AGP report in October 2015. Senator Aitzaz Ahsan demanded the National Accountability Bureau of Pakistan commence a probe of the multi-billion scandal and regular losses caused to the national exchequer by the project. The NAB launched an inquiry amid complaints raised after the AGP reported accounting escalations in cost, allegations of corruption and irregularities, and violations of procedures within

7854-527: The army, his own business interests, and the people of Punjab. In 1988, General Zia dismissed the government of Junejo and called for new elections. However, Zia retained Nawaz as the Chief Minister of Punjab, and until his death , continued to support Nawaz. After General Zia's death in August 1988, his political party – Pakistan Muslim League (Pagara Group) – split into two factions. Nawaz led

7973-664: The base of his support, with lesser efforts in Khyber and Balochistan provinces , and no benefits from industrialization in Sindh Province . After intense criticism from the PPP and MQM, Nawaz completed the Orangi Cottage Industrial Zone but this did not repair his reputation in Sindh. Opponents accused Nawaz of using political influence to build factories for himself and his business, for expanding

8092-514: The bottoming cycle. During the constant pressure process 4-1 the exhaust gases from the gas turbine reject heat. The feed water, wet and super heated steam absorb some of this heat in the process a-b, b-c and c-d. The steam power plant takes its input heat from the high temperature exhaust gases from a gas turbine power plant. The steam thus generated can be used to drive a steam turbine . The Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB) has 3 sections: Economiser, evaporator and superheater. The Cheng cycle

8211-434: The burning of records in high-profile cases in Punjab. Two guards were arrested on the basis of complaints by chief security officer (CSO) Rana Mahtab Alam. He himself was later found guilty of similar offences and dismissed from his post. In the same month, a Pakistan Electric Power Company team dug into the damage done to the records, and found that most of the alleged proof of corruption was destroyed. The guards arrested in

8330-507: The capital costs of combined cycle power is relatively low, at around $ 1000/kW, making it one of the cheapest types of generation to install. The thermodynamic cycle of the basic combined cycle consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or Brayton cycle which is a gas turbine cycle and the other is the Rankine cycle which is a steam turbine cycle. The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which

8449-473: The case admitted that they had burned and shredded records on the orders of the CSO. CSO Rana Mahtab Alam was granted pre-arrest bail and several extensions afterwards; nevertheless, he was unable to explain his actions. In November 2016, Alam fled the court after his bail was cancelled, crippling further progress in the case. Nandipur lodged complaints against several corruption and misappropriation allegations after

8568-540: The case to court in September 2016. NEPRA referred to the already presented report citing inefficiency of the plant and once again refused to pass any additional fuel costs and inefficiencies to the consumer. The annual losses and high production costs resulted in the closure of the plant in June 2016. NEPRA raised question marks over the loss of billions of rupees against closure of the plant after June 2016 . To understand

8687-553: The contract with Dongfang Electric Corporation to resume work on the Nandipur Power Project. After successful negotiations, the firm agreed to resume work on the power station. On 8 July 2013, engineers of Dongfang Electric Corporation arrived in Karachi to inspect the machinery lying at the Karachi Port and to secure its release. Later, work on the project was restarted, with an escalated cost of Rs. 57.4 bn. After several delays,

8806-509: The economy but a lack of competition in bidding allowed the rise of business oligarchs and further widened the wealth gap , contributing to political instability. Former science advisor Dr. Mubashir Hassan called Nawaz's privatisation "unconstitutional". The PPP held that nationalisation policy was given constitutional status by parliament , and that privatisation policies were illegal and had taken place without parliamentary approval. Nawaz initiated several large-scale projects to stimulate

8925-492: The economy, such as the Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project . However, unemployment remained a challenge. In an attempt to counter this, Nawaz imported thousands of privatised Yellow-cab taxis for young Pakistanis, but few of the loans were repaid and Nawaz was forced to pay for them through his steel industry. Nawaz's projects were not evenly distributed, focusing on Punjab and Kashmir Provinces ,

9044-600: The energy harvested from solar radiation with another fuel to cut fuel costs and environmental impact (See: ISCC section ). Many next generation nuclear power plants can use the higher temperature range of a Brayton top cycle, as well as the increase in thermal efficiency offered by a Rankine bottoming cycle. Where the extension of a gas pipeline is impractical or cannot be economically justified, electricity needs in remote areas can be met with small-scale combined cycle plants using renewable fuels. Instead of natural gas, these gasify and burn agricultural and forestry waste, which

9163-400: The expansion ratio of the turbine. This is practised in hot climates and also has the effect of increasing power output. This is achieved by evaporative cooling of water using a moist matrix placed in the turbine's inlet, or by using Ice storage air conditioning . The latter has the advantage of greater improvements due to the lower temperatures available. Furthermore, ice storage can be used as

9282-407: The failure of another unit. Also, coal can be burned in the steam generator as an economical supplementary fuel. Supplementary firing can raise exhaust temperatures from 600 °C (GT exhaust) to 800 or even 1000 °C. Supplemental firing does not raise the efficiency of most combined cycles. For single boilers it can raise the efficiency if fired to 700–750 °C; for multiple boilers however,

9401-532: The first time Nawaz and the PML-N had the control of Sindh, Balochistan, Northwest Frontier, Kashmir and Punjab. With a supermajority , Nawaz's new government amended the constitution to restrict the powers of the president to dismiss governments. With the passing of the 14th amendment , Nawaz emerged as the most powerful elected prime minister in the country. Nawaz's popularity peaked in May 1998 after conducting

9520-470: The flexibility of the plant should be the major attraction. "Maximum supplementary firing" is the condition when the maximum fuel is fired with the oxygen available in the gas turbine exhaust. Combined cycle plants are usually powered by natural gas , although fuel oil , synthesis gas or other fuels can be used. The supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil, or coal. Biofuels can also be used. Integrated solar combined cycle power stations combine

9639-407: The gas turbine. Supplementary burners are also called duct burners . Duct burning is possible because the turbine exhaust gas (flue gas) still contains some oxygen . Temperature limits at the gas turbine inlet force the turbine to use excess air, above the optimal stoichiometric ratio to burn the fuel. Often in gas turbine designs part of the compressed air flow bypasses the burner in order to cool

9758-407: The general to denationalise and deregulate industries to improve the economy. Within Punjab, Nawaz privatised government-owned industries and presented development-oriented budgets to the military government. These policies raised financial capital and helped increase the standard of living and purchasing power in the province, which in turn improved law and order and extended Khan's rule. Punjab

9877-420: The government of corruption with major state corporations and slowing economic progress. In 1994 and 1995 they made a "train march" from Karachi to Peshawar, making critical speeches to huge crowds. Nawaz organised strikes throughout Pakistan in September and October 1994. The death of Murtaza Bhutto in 1996, which allegedly involved Benazir's spouse, led to demonstrations in Sindh and the government lost control of

9996-578: The heat in the exhaust. Usually the heat passes through a heat exchanger so that the two engines can use different working fluids. By generating power from multiple streams of work, the overall efficiency can be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of the system of say 34% for a simple cycle, to as much as 64% net for the turbine alone in specified conditions for a combined cycle. Historically successful combined cycles have used mercury vapour turbines , magnetohydrodynamic generators and molten carbonate fuel cells , with steam plants for

10115-465: The highlight of media criticism and opposition parties have raised questions around it, causing political damage to the government. After the revelation of an audit report and inquiry outcomes in October 2015, Nawaz Sharif took immediate action and changed the administration of the project. The control of the project was handed over from the government of Punjab the Ministry of Water and Power , and controversial managing director Cap. (R) Muhammad Mehmood

10234-607: The hot exhaust gases. Some combustors inject other materials, such air or steam, to reduce pollution by reducing the formation of nitrates and ozone. Another active area of research is the steam generator for the Rankine cycle. Typical plants already use a two-stage steam turbine, reheating the steam between the two stages. When the heat-exchangers' thermal conductivity can be improved, efficiency improves. As in nuclear reactors, tubes might be made thinner (e.g. from stronger or more corrosion-resistant steel). Another approach might use silicon carbide sandwiches, which do not corrode. There

10353-426: The input temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high (900 to 1,400 °C). The output temperature of the flue gas is also high (450 to 650 °C). This is therefore high enough to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the working fluid (a Rankine cycle ). In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through

10472-580: The late Abbas Sharif , both politicians by profession. Nawaz went to Saint Anthony High School . He graduated from the Government College University (GCU) with an art and business degree and then received a law degree from the Law College of Punjab University in Lahore . Nawaz was a cricketer in his early years, playing as an opening batsman . Peter Oborne noted that he had success at club level and that "he

10591-399: The low temperature "bottoming" cycle. Very low temperature bottoming cycles have been too costly due to the very large sizes of equipment needed to handle the large mass flows and small temperature differences. However, in cold climates it is common to sell hot power plant water for hot water and space heating. Vacuum-insulated piping can let this utility reach as far as 90 km. The approach

10710-431: The lower temperature of a steam plant is fixed by the temperature of the cooling water. With these limits, a steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of 35–42%. An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor , a combustor and a turbine . For gas turbines the amount of metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pressures is small, and lower quantities of expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle,

10829-427: The lowest in initial cost, and they are often part of a single shaft system that is installed as a unit. Supplementary-fired and multishaft combined-cycle systems are usually selected for specific fuels, applications or situations. For example, cogeneration combined-cycle systems sometimes need more heat, or higher temperatures, and electricity is a lower priority. Multishaft systems with supplementary firing can provide

10948-577: The membership. However, mismanagement led to a collapse affecting millions of Pakistanis in 1992. In Punjab and Kashmir, around 700,000 people lost their savings, and it was discovered that billions of rupees had been granted to the Ittefaq Group of Industries  – Nawaz's steel mill. Although the loans were hurriedly repaid, Nawaz's reputation was severely damaged. Nawaz had developed serious issues of authority with conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who had raised Nawaz to prominence during

11067-581: The need for separate expensive peaker plants , or lets a ship maneuver. Over time the secondary steam cycle will warm up, improving fuel efficiency and providing further power. In November 2013, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE assessed the levelised cost of energy for newly built power plants in the German electricity sector . They gave costs of between 78 and €100 /MWh for CCGT plants powered by natural gas. In addition

11186-638: The nuclear weapons and energy programme one of his top priorities. He expanded the nuclear energy program, and continued an atomic programme while following a policy of deliberate nuclear ambiguity . This resulted in a nuclear crisis with the United States which tightened its embargo on Pakistan in December 1990 and reportedly offered substantial economic aid to halt the country's uranium enrichment programme. Responding to US embargo, Nawaz announced that Pakistan had no atomic bomb, and would sign

11305-561: The plant for defaulting on dues of approximately Rs. 900 million. Along with conversion to RLNG, an operation and maintenance (O&M) contract was signed for 10 years between Northern Power Generation Company Limited (NPGCL) and the Hydro Electric Power System Engineering Company (HEPSEC) of China. However, commencement of operations and maintenance were delayed due to several bureaucratic issues . Despite its production costs and other scandals,

11424-522: The plant produced 460 MW - 480 MW with its four turbines operating on gas and another one on steam before its one-month scheduled closure on 6 March 2018. Initial inquires were launched against plant failure after just five days of operation. The inquires were ordered by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif amid political embarrassment caused by the failure. The investigations mostly revolved around the following questions : Questions were also posed to Shehbaz Sharif , including: The escalation of costs during

11543-414: The prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ordered two separate audits: one by an auditing firm of international repute and the other by the auditor general of Pakistan. The handpicked auditing firm A. F. Ferguson & Co. refused to become part of the controversy, restricting itself to a financial audit only. It was revealed after the audit that: Since the inauguration of the project, the plant became

11662-476: The project viable and to reduce annual losses, it was finally decided to convert the plant to RLNG. After a tug-of-war with NEPRA and other controversies, the plant was finally converted to RLNG in 2017 . In January 2008, under a provision of the 18th amendment, the Government of Punjab, Pakistan signed a Rs. 23 billion ($ 329 million) contract with China Dongfang Electric Corporation of China to construct

11781-610: The project was finally inaugurated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif on 31 May 2014. However, the plant remained operational for only five days after the inauguration and had to be shut down due to mismanagement, conflicts with the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) over high production costs, and the use of inappropriate fuel. Since then, the plant has faced several controversies and operational failures, yielding inquiries and probes into misappropriations within

11900-615: The project. The Nandipur Power Project is owned by the Government of Punjab and operated by the Nandipur Thermal Power Generation Company Limited, which was incorporated on 2 January 2014, with its head office located in Lahore . Combined cycle The principle is that after completing its cycle in the first engine, the working fluid (the exhaust) is still hot enough that a second subsequent heat engine can extract energy from

12019-399: The project. The energy produced by Nandipur was extremely expensive, at Rs. 42 per unit, and the project was shut down after five days of operation. Besides ineffective cost, the plant ran at less than 42% efficiency, even less than decades-old power plants in the country such as Hub Power Company plants set up in the 1990s, which produce energy at Rs. 7.65 per unit(kwh). After this failure,

12138-417: The project. However, the inquiry faced serious hurdles after critical records were destroyed by the security apparatus inside the plant on unknown directives. The inquiry stalled for two years before the public accounts committee (PAC) directed the NAB in October 2017 to complete the pending probe of the Nandipur project and to expedite its investigation over the multi-million corruption scam. In December 2017,

12257-454: The province. Benazir Bhutto became widely unpopular across the country and was ousted in October 1996. By 1996, continuous large-scale corruption by the government of Benazir Bhutto had deteriorated the country's economy, which was nearing failure. In the 1997 parliamentary elections , Nawaz and the PML-N won an overwhelming victory, with an exclusive mandate from across Pakistan. It was hoped that Nawaz would deliver on promises to provide

12376-491: The regular captain, because Nawaz opened the innings with minimal protection against one of the most feared fast bowling attack. Nawaz Sharif's wife Kulsoom had two sisters and a brother. From her maternal side, she was the maternal granddaughter of the wrestler The Great Gama (Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt). She married Nawaz Sharif in April 1970. The couple have four children: Maryam , Asma, Hassan and Hussain. Nawaz suffered financial losses when his family's steel business

12495-573: The removal of Saddam Hussein in 2003. Nawaz raised the issue of Kashmir in international forums and worked toward a peaceful transfer of power in Afghanistan to curb the rampant trading of illicit drugs and weapons across the border. Nawaz challenged former Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg over the 1991 Gulf War . Under the direction of Beg, Pakistan Armed Forces participated in Operation Desert Storm and

12614-680: The scale of problem, the National Transmission & Dispatch Company (NTDC) reported that Nandipur was incurring losses beyond recovery including interests on loans taken for commissioning, and interests on loans taken each month due to operational cost overruns. For example, in June 2016, the plant incurred Rs. 4.46 billion in losses to national the exchequer, generating costly electricity and not recovering its generation cost. Another conflict surfaced in February 2017, when Hydro Electric Power System Engineering Company (HEPSEC) of China

12733-517: The second cycle can take time to start up. Thus efficiency is initially much lower until the second cycle is running, which can take an hour or more. Heat engine efficiency can be based on the fuel Higher Heating Value (HHV), including latent heat of vaporisation that would be recuperated in condensing boilers , or the Lower Heating Value (LHV), excluding it. The HHV of methane is 55.50 MJ/kg (23,860 BTU/lb), compared to

12852-428: The temperature of the exiting gases is also high. In order to remove the maximum amount of heat from the gasses exiting the high temperature cycle, a dual pressure boiler is often employed. It has two water / steam drums. The low-pressure drum is connected to the low-pressure economizer or evaporator. The low-pressure steam is generated in the low temperature zone of the turbine exhaust gasses. The low-pressure steam

12971-413: The turbine blades. The turbine exhaust is already hot, so a regenerative air preheater is not required as in a conventional steam plant. However, a fresh air fan blowing directly into the duct permits a duct-burning steam plant to operate even when the gas turbine cannot. Without supplementary firing, the thermal efficiency of a combined cycle power plant is higher. But more flexible plant operations make

13090-626: The village of Jati Umra in Amritsar district , Punjab, at the beginning of the twentieth century. His mother's family came from Pulwama . After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Nawaz's parents migrated from Amritsar to Lahore. His father followed the teachings of the Ahl-i Hadith . His family owns Ittefaq Group , a multimillion-dollar steel conglomerate, and Sharif Group , a conglomerate with holdings in agriculture, transport and sugar mills. He has two younger brothers: Shehbaz Sharif and

13209-403: Was appropriated under the nationalisation policies of former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Nawaz entered politics as a result, initially focused on regaining control of the steel plants. In 1976, Nawaz joined the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), a conservative front rooted in the Punjab province. In May 1980, Ghulam Jilani Khan , the recently appointed military governor of Punjab and

13328-521: Was awarded an O&M contract on 85 paisa per unit, 80% higher than the permitted rate of 48 paisa per unit by NEPRA. The permitted rate on planned gas conversion at the plant was even less, at 34 paisa per unit. Even after becoming operational, the Nandipur Power Project produced unsustainable levels of per-unit power, with average capacity of around 40% utilisation. Federal Secretary of the Ministry of Water and Power Mohammad Younus Dagha admitted that

13447-569: Was blacklisted; the ministry further refused to vet the permissions before issuing an explanation of procedures. As a result, machinery worth $ 85 million remained stuck at the Karachi Port for over two years. In September 2012, the president of Dongfang Electric Corporation, Zhang Guorong , terminated the contract for the construction of the Nandipur Power Project, saying his company had suffered losses worth $ 85 million. In June 2013, Pakistan's Ministry of Water and Power started renegotiating

13566-625: Was in London for medical treatment on bail. He was also declared an absconder by a Pakistani court, however, the Islamabad High Court (IHC) granted him protective bail till October 24 in the Avenfield and Al-Aziza cases. In 2023, after four years of exile, he returned to Pakistan. In a legal proceeding, a division bench, consisting of Islamabad High Court (IHC) Chief Justice Aamir Farooq and Justice Miangul Hasan Aurangzeb, adjudicated Nawaz Sharif's appeals challenging his sentences in

13685-488: Was lost [...] even after [Bhutto's] terrible end , Nawaz publicly refused to forgive the soul of Bhutto or the Pakistan Peoples Party ." In 1985, Khan nominated Nawaz as Chief Minister of Punjab, against the wishes of Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo . With the backing of the army, Nawaz secured a landslide victory in the 1985 elections . Because of his popularity, he received the nickname "Lion of

13804-528: Was proud of his first-class record", having been part of the highly rated Pakistan Railways team in 1973–1974. Years later, when he was a well-known politician, he'd play in warm-up matches, for Lahore Gymkhana against England and as temporary captain of the national team against the West Indies , both just before the 1987 World Cup . Due to the West Indies match he'd surprise Imran Khan , then

13923-466: Was replaced by Tariq Bhatti. Shahzad Akbar was appointed project director. Minister of water and power Khawaja Asif publicly admitted the failure of the project due to administrative lapses and mismanagement. The energy produced by the plant was extremely expensive, at Rs. 42 per unit, with less than 40% efficiency; however, NEPRA fixed the cost in April 2015 to Rs 11.63 per unit. The government appealed to increase this cost to Rs. 15.63 per unit, demanding

14042-515: Was the richest province and received more federal funding than the other provinces of Pakistan , contributing to economical inequality . Nawaz invested his wealth in Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich Arab countries to rebuild his steel empire. According to personal accounts and his time spent with Nawaz, American historian Stephen P. Cohen states in his 2004 book Idea of Pakistan : "Nawaz Sharif never forgave Bhutto after his steel empire

14161-474: Was unconstitutional, that the president could dissolve the assembly only if a constitutional breakdown had occurred and that the government's incompetence or corruption was irrelevant. ( Justice Sajjad Ali Shah was the only dissenting judge; he later became 13th Chief Justice of Pakistan . ) Issues of authority continued. In July 1993, under pressure from the armed forces, Nawaz resigned under an agreement that also removed President Khan from power. Chairman of

#863136