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38-534: Nariño ( Spanish pronunciation: [naˈɾiɲo] ) is a department of Colombia named after independence leader Antonio Nariño . Its capital is Pasto . It is in the west of the country, bordering Ecuador and the Pacific Ocean . Nariño has a diverse geography and varied climate according to altitude: hot in the plains of the Pacific and cold in the mountains, where most of the population resides,

76-593: A maritime boundary treaty in 1999, which implicitly accepts Colombian sovereignty over the islands. In 2001, Nicaragua filed claims with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary and claimed 50,000 km (19,305 sq mi) in the Caribbean, including the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelagoes. Colombia responded that the court has no jurisdiction over

114-619: A municipal council ( concejo municipal ), both of which are elected by popular vote for four-year periods. Some departments have subdivisions above the level of municipalities, commonly known as provinces . The indigenous territories are at the third level of administrative division in Colombia, as are the municipalities. Indigenous territories are created by agreement between the government and indigenous communities. In cases where indigenous territories cover more than one department or municipality, local governments jointly administer them with

152-519: A census population of 59,573. The latest official estimate for 2007 is 72,923. Before 1960, the population of the islands was almost entirely Raizals , who are an Afro-Caribbean group, Protestant in religion, speaking San Andrés–Providencia Creole . There is a minority of white English-speaking Protestants of British descent. Colombia has promoted the migration of Spanish-speaking mainlanders, with Catholic missions participating since 1947. This policy seems to be an answer to growing discontent within

190-430: A governor ( gobernador ) and an Assembly ( Asamblea Departamental ), elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The governor cannot be re-elected in consecutive periods. Departments are country subdivisions and are granted a certain degree of autonomy. Departments are formed by a grouping of municipalities ( municipios , sing. municipio ). Municipal government is headed by mayor ( alcalde ) and administered by

228-409: A political ally of the new governor, was elected with 1,013 votes against Liberal Mark Taylor (515 votes), SNUP Arturo Robinson (514 votes) and Conservative Peter Bent. Besides the San Andrés and Providencia island groups, there are eight atolls that belong to the department, including submerged Alice Shoal . This is the main island of the San Andrés group, and the largest of the department. It

266-583: A situation that is repeated in a north-south direction. Other important cities include Tumaco and Ipiales . The territory was occupied during the Pre-Columbian era by numerous Indian tribes, including Quillacingas, Awá , Pasto, and Tumas. The first European conquistador who entered the territory was Andagoya Pascual in 1522, who traveled from the Colombian Pacific coast and then used information obtained by Francisco Pizarro to organize

304-427: Is 14 km (8.7 mi) long and 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. There are a few sand cays in the southeast. The largest ones are Cayo del Este, Cayo Bolivar, West Cay, and Cayo Arena, none of which are higher than 2 metres (7 ft). All cays are overgrown with palm trees and bushes, and surrounded by mangroves . There is a Colombian Navy lighthouse on Cayo Bolivar. The cays are regularly visited by fishermen from

342-409: Is located at 12°33′N 81°43′W  /  12.550°N 81.717°W  / 12.550; -81.717  ( San Andrés Island ) . It measures 12 km (7.5 mi) in length with a width of 3 km (1.9 mi) and covers an area of 26 km (10 sq mi). There is a tiny lagoon in the centre of the island called Big Pond. The principal town is San Andrés in the north of

380-503: Is no record of anyone inhabiting the islands from then for another century. In 1775, Lieutenant Tomás O'Neil, a Spaniard of Irish descent, was given military command of the islands and, in 1790, was named governor. He requested the transfer of the islands to the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Granada , which was granted in 1803. That year, Spain assigned the islands, together with the province of Veraguas (western Panama and

418-410: Is sometimes abbreviated to "Archip. de San Andres". The official website abbreviates it as San Andrés ("Gobernación de San Andrés"). ISO 3166-2:CO lists it as "San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina". Statoids lists it as "San Andrés y Providencia". Spain formally claimed the archipelago of San Andres and Providencia in 1510, a few years after the voyages of Christopher Columbus . In 1544,

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456-416: Is the westernmost point of Colombia. The reef is about 7 km (4.5 mi) across. In the southern part are Cayo del Norte and Cayo del Sur. Cayo del Norte, the larger of the two, is up to 2 m (7 ft) high and overgrown with palm trees and bushes. Cayo del Sur, a few hundred metres further South, reaches a height of a little more than 1 m (3 ft) and is vegetated with a few bushes, and in

494-866: The Democratic Colombia Party ) 8,160 votes (38.8%), and Jack Housni Jaller ( Social National Unity Party ) 4,063 votes (19.3%). Only 21,991 out of 41,197 potential electors voted in the gubernatorial election. At the departmental assembly, elected the same day, the 9 seats were distributed among 6 parties: three Liberals (Arlington Howard, Qwincy Bowie Gordon, and Leroy Carol Bent Archbold), two MIR (Jorge Méndez and Freddy Herazo) two Democratic Colombia Party (former MP María Teresa Uribe Bent and former Interior Secretary Rafael Gómez Redondo), two SNUP (Fernando Cañon Florez and María Said Darwich), one Radical Change (Heber Esquivel Benitez), and one Conservative (Julio César Gallardo Martínez). The new mayor of Providence, Janeth Archbold ( Team Colombia party),

532-669: The Providence Island colony did not succeed in the same way as the Massachusetts Bay Colony . They established slave -worked plantations and engaged in privateering , which led to the Spanish and Portuguese conquering the colony in May, 1641. In 1670, English buccaneers , led by Henry Morgan , took over the islands, which he used as a base to attack Panama . The buccaneers abandoned the islands by 1672. There

570-458: The administrative divisions of Colombia . As of 2024 , the unitary republic is made up of thirty-two departments. Each department has a governor and an assembly , elected by popular vote for a four-year period. Colombia is a unitary republic made up of thirty-two administrative divisions referred to as departments ( Spanish : departamentos , sing. departamento ) and one Capital District ( Distrito Capital ). Each department has

608-1375: The states of Colombia into departments, with the state presidents renamed as governors. The states formed the following original departments: [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Archipelago of San Andr%C3%A9s, Providencia and Santa Catalina The name

646-501: The Colombian mainland and San Andrés. There are two concrete buildings on Cayo Bolivar, and a few wooden huts on the other cays. Colombia claims sovereignty over six additional outlying banks and shoals: Alice Shoal , Bajo Nuevo Bank , Serranilla Bank , Quita Sueño Bank , Serrana Bank , and Roncador Bank . The Departamento de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina covers a land area of 44 km (17 sq mi) and had

684-798: The Protestant native population. A member of the departmental assembly for 15 years, Pedro Gallardo Forbes, of the Regional Integration Movement (MIR), won the 28 October 2007 gubernatorial election , with support from the Colombian Conservative Party and the Radical Change party. He succeeded a governor from the Colombian Liberal Party . He got 8,187 votes (38.93%), Aury Guerrero Bowie (Liberal Party, with support from

722-592: The Raizal community that could strengthen separatist movements; a Raizal majority would in this case win a pro-independence referendum but this could be neutralized by outnumbering them with mainland Colombians. By 2005, Raizals were only 30% of the 60,000 or more inhabitants of the islands, with the rest being mainland Colombians and English-speaking whites of British descent. Most Raizals are multilingual and can speak Spanish , Creole , and English . Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport ( IATA : ADZ ) serves

760-667: The South with mangroves. There is a lighthouse on Cayo del Norte, at 12°10′N 81°50′W  /  12.167°N 81.833°W  / 12.167; -81.833  ( Cayo del Norte ) , operating since 1980. It is maintained by the Colombian Navy. This atoll is 22 km (14 mi) east-south-east of San Andrés Island and 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Cayos de Alburquerque, at 12°24′N 81°28′W  /  12.400°N 81.467°W  / 12.400; -81.467  ( Cayos del Este Sudeste ) . It

798-568: The US to separate from Colombia in the wake of Panama 's secession from Colombia . However, the island's native population soon changed its mind when the policies of successive Colombian governments tried consistently to modify the majority Raizal and British ethnic composition of the Islands by the extensive migration of Spanish-speaking mainland Colombians. The efforts at assimilation and immigration were led largely by Catholic missionaries, which angered

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836-630: The administration of the Magdalena Department . The First Mexican Empire , which was succeeded by the United Provinces of Central America (UPCA), also claimed the islands. Gran Colombia, in turn, protested the UPCA's occupation of the eastern coast of Nicaragua. The UPCA broke up in 1838 to 1840, but Nicaragua carried on the dispute, as did Gran Colombia's successors: New Granada and Colombia. A local administration ( intendencia )

874-559: The area under the Guano Island Act , including several now claimed by Colombia. In 1981, the US ceded its claims to Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to Colombia and abandoned its claim to Quita Sueño Bank . The US still maintains claims over Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank and considers them both to be unincorporated territories of the United States. In 1903, the local Raizal population rejected an offer from

912-435: The country, due to poor international direct service to the island. Many international tourists have to fly to one of Colombia's largest airports to be able to reach the islands. Copa Airlines maintains a passenger service between San Andrés and Panama City . In 2021, American Airlines began serving San Andrés nonstop from Miami . In recent years, San Andrés has also received seasonal charter flights, mainly from Canada and

950-521: The dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1826 by the Revolution of the Morrocoyes ( La Cosiata ), New Granada kept its 17 provinces. In 1832 the provinces of Vélez and Barbacoas were created, and in 1835 those of Buenaventura and Pasto were added. In 1843 those of Cauca, Mompós and Túquerres were created. At this time the cantons ( cantones ) and parish districts were created, which provided the basis for

988-530: The east coast of Nicaragua ), to the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The territory was administered from the province of Cartagena . Soon, trade links with Cartagena were greater than those with Guatemala. On 4 July 1818, a French corsair, Louis-Michel Aury , with 400 men and 14 ships flying the Argentine flag , captured Old Providence and St. Catherine islands. The island was populated by white English-speaking Protestants and their slaves. Aury and his team used

1026-1537: The expedition that culminated in the conquest of Peru . Juan de Ampudia and Pedro de Añazco first explored the mountainous part of the department, commissioned by Sebastián de Belalcázar in 1535, who then toured the territory in 1536 and reached Popayán and remained for some time before leaving for Spain. [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Departments of Colombia Departments of Colombia refer to

1064-445: The functions of INCORA, one of the most important being to declare which territories will acquire the status of indigenous protection and what extension of existing ones will be allowed. Decree 2164 of 1995 interprets Law 160 of 1994, providing, among other things, a legal definition of indigenous territories. Indigenous territories in Colombia are mostly in the departments of Amazonas, Cauca, La Guajira, Guaviare, and Vaupés. When it

1102-720: The indigenous councils, as set out in Articles 329 and 330 of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 . Also indigenous territories may achieve local autonomy if they meet the requirements of the law. Article 329 of the 1991 constitution recognizes the collective indigenous ownership of indigenous territories and repeats that are inalienable. Law 160 of 1994 created the National System of Agrarian Reform and Rural Development Campesino, and replaced Law 135 of 1961 on Agrarian Social Reform; it establishes and sets out

1140-524: The island. Another town is San Luis on the east coast. Cayo Johnny (Johnny Caye) lies 1.5 km (0.9 mi) ENE of German Point (Punta Norte), the island's northern tip, and Haynes Cay about the same distance east of the island. Cotton Cay is less than 1 km (0.6 mi) south of San Andrés town, on the northeastern coast. This atoll is southwest of San Andrés at 12°10′N 81°51′W  /  12.167°N 81.850°W  / 12.167; -81.850  ( Cayos de Albuquerque ) . It

1178-464: The islands as their new base from which to pursue Central American independence. However, his efforts to also support Bolivar in his fight for Venezuelan and Colombian independence were repeatedly turned down. After the Spanish colonies became independent, the inhabitants of San Andrés, Providence and St. Catherine voluntarily adhered to the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1822, which placed them under

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1216-455: The matter and increased its naval and police presence in the islands. Colombia also defended its claim in the ICJ. On 13 December 2007, the ICJ ruled that the islands were Colombian territory but left the maritime border dispute unresolved. On 19 November 2012, the ICJ held that Colombia had sovereignty over the islands. In the 19th century, the United States claimed several uninhabited locations in

1254-494: The new constitution of 1853 introduced federalism, which lead to the consolidation of provinces into states. By 1858 this process was complete, with a resulting eight federal states: Panamá was formed in 1855, Antioquia in 1856, Santander in May 1857, and Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca and Magdalena were formed in June 1858. 1861 saw the creation of the final federal state of Tolima. The Colombian Constitution of 1886 converted

1292-470: The present-day municipalities. By 1853 the number of provinces had increased to thirty-six, namely:Antioquia, Azuero, Barbacoas, Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Casanare, Cauca, Chiriquí, Chocó, Córdova, Cundinamarca, García Rovira, Mariquita, Medellín, Mompós, Neiva, Ocaña, Pamplona, Panamá, Pasto, Popayán, Riohacha, Sabanilla, Santa Marta, Santander, Socorro, Soto, Tequendama, Tunja, Tundama, Túquerres, Valle de Upar, Veraguas, Vélez and Zipaquirá. However,

1330-630: The territory was placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala . During the early years, Spain concentrated on exploring and colonizing the mainland and hardly settled the islands. In 1630, English Puritans arrived in Providence Island, under the aegis of the Providence Island Company . The Puritans decided to settle the tropical islands, rather than cold, rocky New England , but

1368-405: The towns of San Andrés and San Luis , but also commercially serves the nearby island of Providencia Island through feeder flights from El Embrujo Airport . Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport was initially called Sesquicentenario International Airport. It is the 6th busiest airport in Colombia, handling 836,234 passengers in 2006. Most of these passengers come from the continental part of

1406-575: Was established in the islands in 1912 by Colombia. In 1928, Colombia and Nicaragua signed the Esguerra-Bárcenas Treaty , which gave control of the islands to Colombia. However, when the Sandinista government assumed power in the 1980s, Nicaragua repudiated the treaty. Colombia argues that the treaty's final ratification in 1930 (when the US forces were already on their way out) confirms its validity. Colombia and Honduras signed

1444-472: Was first established in 1819, The Republic of Gran Colombia had three departments. Venezuela , Cundinamarca (now Colombia) and Quito (now Ecuador). In 1824, the Distrito del Centro (which became Colombia) was divided into five departments and further divided into seventeen provinces. One department, Isthmus Department , consisting of two provinces, later became the sovereign country of Panama . With

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