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44-433: There are numerous translations and interpretations of the text. Nasadiya Sukta begins with the statement: "Then, there was neither existence, nor non-existence." It ponders when, why, and through whom the universe came into being in a contemplative tone, and provides no definite answers. Rather, it concludes that the gods too may not know, as they came after creation, and that even the surveyor of that which has been created, in

88-493: A restraint from falsehood in one's action (body), words (speech, writing), or feelings / thoughts (mind). In Patanjali's teachings, one may not always know the truth or the whole truth, but one knows if one is creating, sustaining, or expressing falsehood, exaggeration, distortion, fabrication, or deception. Satya is, in Patanjali's Yoga, the virtue of restraint from such falsehood, either through silence or through stating

132-554: Is asat , that is delusion, distorted, untrue, the fleeting impression that is incorrect, invalid, and false. The concepts of sat and asat are famously expressed in the Pavamana Mantra found in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (1.3.28): Asato mā sad gamaya tamaso mā jyotir gamaya mṛtyor mā amṛtam gamaya Lead me from delusion to truth from darkness to light from mortality to immortality Sat

176-494: Is a common prefix in ancient Indian literature and variously implies that which is good, true, genuine, virtuous, being, happening, real, existing, enduring, lasting, or essential; for example, sat-sastra means true doctrine, sat-van means one devoted to the truth. In ancient texts, fusion words based on Sat refer to "Universal Spirit, Universal Principle, Being, Soul of the World, Brahman ". The negation of sat

220-2045: Is a conscious device employed by the rishi to express puzzlement at the possibility that the world may not be created, parallel to the syntactic defect of pada 7d, which ends in a subordinate clause without a governing clause: नासदासीन्नो सदासीत्तदानीं नासीद्रजो नो व्योमा परो यत् | किमावरीवः कुह कस्य शर्मन्नम्भः किमासीद्गहनं गभीरम् ॥ १॥ न मृत्युरासीदमृतं न तर्हि न रात्र्या अह्न आसीत्प्रकेतः | आनीदवातं स्वधया तदेकं तस्माद्धान्यन्न परः किञ्चनास ॥२॥ तम आसीत्तमसा गूहळमग्रे प्रकेतं सलिलं सर्वाऽइदम् | तुच्छ्येनाभ्वपिहितं यदासीत्तपसस्तन्महिनाजायतैकम् ॥३॥ कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः प्रथमं यदासीत् | सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन्हृदि प्रतीष्या कवयो मनीषा ॥४॥ तिरश्चीनो विततो रश्मिरेषामधः स्विदासीदुपरि स्विदासीत् | रेतोधा आसन्महिमान आसन्त्स्वधा अवस्तात्प्रयतिः परस्तात् ॥५॥ को अद्धा वेद क इह प्र वोचत्कुत आजाता कुत इयं विसृष्टिः | अर्वाग्देवा अस्य विसर्जनेनाथा को वेद यत आबभूव ॥६॥ इयं विसृष्टिर्यत आबभूव यदि वा दधे यदि वा न | यो अस्याध्यक्षः परमे व्योमन्त्सो अङ्ग वेद यदि वा न वेद ॥७॥ 1. nā́sad āsīn nó sád āsīt tadā́nīṃ nā́sīd rájo nó víomā paró yát kím ā́varīvaḥ kúha kásya śármann ámbhaḥ kím āsīd gáhanaṃ gabhīrám 2. ná mr̥tyúr āsīd amŕ̥taṃ ná tárhi ná rā́triyā áhna āsīt praketáḥ ā́nīd avātáṃ svadháyā tád ékaṃ tásmād dhānyán ná paráḥ kíṃ canā́sa 3. táma āsīt támasā gūháḷam ágre apraketáṃ saliláṃ sárvam ā idám tuchyénābhú ápihitaṃ yád ā́sīt tápasas tán mahinā́jāyataíkam 4. kā́mas tád ágre sám avartatā́dhi mánaso rétaḥ prathamáṃ yád ā́sīt sató bándhum ásati nír avindan hr̥dí pratī́ṣyā kaváyo manīṣā́ 5. tiraścī́no vítato raśmír eṣām adháḥ svid āsī́d upári svid āsīt retodhā́ āsan mahimā́na āsan svadhā́ avástāt práyatiḥ parástāt 6. kó addhā́ veda ká ihá prá vocat kúta ā́jātā kúta iyáṃ vísr̥ṣṭiḥ arvā́g devā́ asyá visárjanena áthā kó veda yáta ābabhū́va 7. iyáṃ vísr̥ṣṭir yáta ābabhū́va yádi vā dadhé yádi vā ná yó asyā́dhyakṣaḥ paramé vyoman só aṅgá veda yádi vā ná véda 1. Then even non-existence

264-567: Is considered as a form of reverence for the divine, while falsehood a form of sin. Satya includes action and speech that is factual, real, true, and reverent to Ṛta in Books 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of Rigveda. However, satya isn't merely about one's past that is in context in the Vedas, it has one's current and one's future contexts as well. De Nicolás states, that in Rigveda, " Satya

308-573: Is higher than the Law of Righteousness ( Dharma ). The weak overcomes the stronger by the Law of Righteousness. Truly that Law is the Truth ( Satya ); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks Righteousness"; and if he speaks Righteousness, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one. Taittiriya Upanishad 's hymn 11.11 states, "Speak the Satya (truth), conduct yourself according to

352-478: Is nothing higher than truth. Everything is upheld by truth, and everything rests upon truth. Even the sinful and ferocious, swear to keep the truth amongst themselves, dismiss all grounds of quarrel and uniting with one another set themselves to their (sinful) tasks, depending upon truth. If they behaved falsely towards one another, they would then be destroyed without doubt. In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali , it

396-500: Is one of five yamas , the virtuous restraint from falsehood and distortion of reality in one's expressions and actions. In the Vedas and later sutras , the meaning of the word satya evolves into an ethical concept about truthfulness and an important virtue. It means being true and consistent with reality in one's thought, speech, and action . Satya has cognates in a number of diverse Indo-European languages , including

440-518: Is one of the three characteristics of Brahman as described in sat-chit-ananda . This association between sat , 'truth', and Brahman , ultimate reality, is also expressed in Hindu cosmology, wherein Satyaloka , the highest heaven of Hindu cosmology , is the abode of Brahman . Traditional Satya is a central theme in the Vedas. It is equated with and considered necessary to

484-415: Is the characteristic that becomes limitless —  infinite). It is generally thought that the universe began at a point of singularity, but among Modern Cosmologists and Physicists, a singularity usually represents a lack of understanding, and in the case of Cosmology/Cosmogony, requires a theory of quantum gravity to understand. When the universe started to expand, what is colloquially known as

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528-506: Is the modality of acting in the world of Sat , as the truth to be built, formed or established". Satya is widely discussed in various Upanishads, including the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad where satya is called the means to Brahman , as well as Brahman (Being, true self). In hymn 1.4.14 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Satya (truth) is equated to Dharma (morality, ethics, law of righteousness), as Nothing

572-594: Is translated in English as "reality" or "truth." In terms of the Four Noble Truths ( ariyasacca ), the Pali can be written as sacca , tatha , anannatatha , and dhamma . 'The Four Noble Truths' ( ariya-sacca ) are the briefest synthesis of the entire teaching of Buddhism , since all those manifold doctrines of the threefold Pali canon are, without any exception, included therein. They are

616-492: Is written, “When one is firmly established in speaking truth, the fruits of action become subservient to him." In Yoga sutra, satya is one of the five yamas , or virtuous restraints, along with ahimsa (restraint from violence or injury to any living being); asteya (restraint from stealing); brahmacharya (celibacy or restraint from sexually cheating on one's partner); and aparigraha (restraint from covetousness and craving). Patanjali considers satya as

660-728: The Dharma (morality, ethics, law)". Truth is sought, praised in the hymns of Upanishads, held as one that ultimately, always prevails. The Mundaka Upanishad , for example, states in Book 3, Chapter 1, सत्य मेव जयते नानृतं Translation 1: Truth alone triumphs, not falsehood. Translation 2: Truth ultimately triumphs, not falsehood. Translation 3: The true prevails, not the untrue. Sandilya Upanishad of Atharvanaveda, in Chapter 1, includes ten forbearances as virtues, in its exposition of Yoga. It defines satya as "the speaking of

704-535: The Earth–Moon system . The prevalent cosmological model of the early development of the universe is the Big Bang theory. Sean M. Carroll , who specializes in theoretical cosmology and field theory , explains two competing explanations for the origins of the singularity , which is the center of a space in which a characteristic is limitless (one example is the singularity of a black hole , where gravity

748-440: The string theory , are compatible, whereas others are not. In mythology, creation or cosmogonic myths are narratives describing the beginning of the universe or cosmos . Some methods of the creation of the universe in mythology include: Creation myths may be etiological , attempting to provide explanations for the origin of the universe. For instance, Eridu Genesis , the oldest known creation myth, contains an account of

792-466: The Big Bang occurred, which evidently began the universe. The other explanation, held by proponents such as Stephen Hawking , asserts that time did not exist when it emerged along with the universe. This assertion implies that the universe does not have a beginning, as time did not exist "prior" to the universe. Hence, it is unclear whether properties such as space or time emerged with the singularity and

836-542: The Bisaya's Kaptan . In the humanities, the distinction between cosmogony and cosmology is blurred. For example, in theology, the cosmological argument for the existence of God (pre-cosmic cosmogonic bearer of personhood ) is an appeal to ideas concerning the origin of the universe and is thus cosmogonical. Some religious cosmogonies have an impersonal first cause (for example Taoism ). However, in astronomy, cosmogony can be distinguished from cosmology , which studies

880-412: The Vedas." The Epic repeatedly emphasizes that satya is a basic virtue, because everything and everyone depends on and relies on satya . सत्यस्य वचनं साधु न सत्याद विद्यते परम सत्येन विधृतं सर्वं सर्वं सत्ये परतिष्ठितम अपि पापकृतॊ रौद्राः सत्यं कृत्वा पृथक पृथक अद्रॊहम अविसंवादं परवर्तन्ते तदाश्रयाः ते चेन मिथॊ ऽधृतिं कुर्युर विनश्येयुर असंशयम To speak the truth is meritorious. There

924-476: The concept Ṛta ( ऋतं , ṛtaṃ )—that which is properly joined, order, rule, nature, balance, harmony. Ṛta results from satya in the Vedas, as it regulates and enables the operation of the universe and everything within it. Satya is considered essential, and without it, the universe and reality falls apart, cannot function. In Rigveda , opposed to rita and satya are anrita and asatya (falsehood). Truth and truthfulness

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968-537: The content of the Vedic hymns, it is one of the most widely received portions of the Rigveda. An atheist interpretation sees the Creation Hymn as one of the earliest accounts of skeptical inquiry and agnosticism . Astronomer Carl Sagan quoted it in discussing India's "tradition of skeptical questioning and unselfconscious humility before the great cosmic mysteries." The text begins by paradoxically stating "not

1012-682: The creation of the world in which the universe was created out of a primeval sea ( Abzu ). Creation myths vary, but they may share similar deities or symbols . For instance, the ruler of the gods in Greek mythology , Zeus , is similar to the ruler of the gods in Roman mythology , Jupiter . Another example is the ruler of the gods in Tagalog mythology, Bathala , who is similar to various rulers of certain pantheons within Philippine mythology such as

1056-463: The creator, who surveys it all from highest heaven, he knows — or maybe even he does not know. Cosmogony Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe . In astronomy , cosmogony is the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the universe, the Solar System , or

1100-458: The explanation of the universe's earliest moments. Cosmogonists have only tentative theories for the early stages of the universe and its beginning. The proposed theoretical scenarios include string theory , M-theory, the Hartle–Hawking initial state , emergent Universe , string landscape , cosmic inflation , the Big Bang , and the ekpyrotic universe . Some of these proposed scenarios, like

1144-526: The extrapolation of scientific theories to untested regimes (such as the Planck epoch ), or the inclusion of philosophical or religious ideas. Sat (Sanskrit) Satya ( Sanskrit : सत्य ; IAST : Satya ) is a Sanskrit word translated as truth or essence. It also refers to a virtue in Indian religions , referring to being truthful in one's thoughts, speech and action. In Yoga , satya

1188-431: The highest heaven may or may not know. To this extent, the conventional English title Hymn of Creation is perhaps misleading, since the verse does not itself present a cosmogony or creation myth akin to those found in other religious texts, instead provoking the listener to question whether one can ever know all the details of origins of the universe. Nasadiya Sukta (Hymn of non-Eternity, origin of universe): There

1232-433: The known universe. Despite the research, there is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck epoch ) due to a lack of a testable theory of quantum gravity . Nevertheless, researchers of string theory , its extensions (such as M-theory ), and of loop quantum cosmology , like Barton Zwiebach and Washington Taylor, have proposed solutions to assist in

1276-490: The living is not commendable, whether it refers to actual facts or not". According to the Jain text Puruşārthasiddhyupāya : All these subdivisions (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) are hiṃsā as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul. Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations. The term satya (Pali: sacca )

1320-415: The non-existent existed, nor did the existent exist then" ( ná ásat āsīt ná u sát āsīt tadânīm ), paralleled in verse 2 by "then not death existed, nor the immortal" ( ná mṛtyúḥ āsīt amŕtam ná tárhi ). But already in verse 2 mention is made that there was "breathing without breath, of its own nature, that one" ânīt avātám svadháyā tát ékam ). In verse 3, being unfolds, "from heat ( tapas )

1364-407: The reference to the sages searching for being in their spirit is central, and that the hymn's gradual procession from non-being to being in fact re-enacts creation within the listener (see sphoṭa ), equating poetic utterance and creation (see śabda ). Nasadiya Sukta consists of seven trishtubhs , although para 7b is defective, being two syllables short, Brereton (1999) argues that the defect

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1408-499: The truth of suffering (mundane mental and physical phenomenon), of the origin of suffering ( tanha , craving), of the extinction of suffering ( Nibbana or nirvana ), and of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the extinction of suffering (the eight supra-mundane mind factors). The Gurmukhs do not like falsehood; they are imbued with Truth; they love only Truth. The shaaktas, the faithless cynics, do not like

1452-436: The truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech, or body." Deussen states that satya is described in the major Upanishads with two layers of meanings—one as empirical truth about reality, another as abstract truth about universal principle, being, and the unchanging. Both of these ideas are explained in early Upanishads, composed before 500  BCE , by variously breaking

1496-476: The truth without any form of distortion. Satya is one of the five vows prescribed in Jain Agamas . Satya was also preached by Mahavira . According to Jainism, not to lie or speak what is not commendable. The underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause hiṃsā (injury). According to the Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi : "that which causes pain and suffering to

1540-543: The universe and its existence, but does not necessarily inquire into its origins. There is therefore a scientific distinction between cosmological and cosmogonical ideas. Physical cosmology is the science that attempts to explain all observations relevant to the development and characteristics of the universe on its largest scale. Some questions regarding the behaviour of the universe have been described by some physicists and cosmologists as being extra-scientific or metaphysical . Attempted solutions to such questions may include

1584-438: The void, and know what was above, and what below. Seminal powers made fertile mighty forces. Below was strength, and over it was impulse. 6. But, after all, who knows, and who can say Whence it all came, and how creation happened? the gods themselves are later than creation, so who knows truly whence it has arisen? 7. Whence all creation had its origin, the creator, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,

1628-517: The word satya or satyam into two or three syllables. In later Upanishads, the ideas evolve and transcend into satya as truth (or truthfulness), and Brahman as the Being, Be-ness, real Self, the eternal. The Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata states, "The righteous hold that forgiveness, truth, sincerity, and compassion are the foremost (of all virtues). Truth is the essence of

1672-721: The word "sooth" and "sin" in English , " istina " (" истина ") in Russian , " sand " (truthful) in Danish , " sann " in Swedish , and " haithya " in Avestan , the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism . Sat ( Sanskrit : सत् ) is the root of many Sanskrit words and concepts such as sattva ("pure, truthful") and satya ("truth"). The Sanskrit root sat has several meanings or translations: Sat

1716-618: The world, all pervasive and all knowing He indeed knows, if not, no one knows — Rigveda 10.129 (Abridged, Tr: Kramer / Christian) Traditional The hymn has attracted a large body of literature of commentaries both in Indian darsanas and in Western philology . The hymn, as Mandala 10 in general, is late within the Rigveda Samhita, and expresses thought more typical of later Vedantic philosophy . Even though untypical of

1760-419: Was born that one" ( tápasaḥ tát mahinâ ajāyata ékam ). Verse 4 mentions desire ( kāma ) as the primal seed, and the first poet-seers ( kavayas ) who "found the bond of being within non-being with their heart's thought". Karel Werner describes the author's source for the material as one not derived from reasoning, but a "visionary, mystical or Yogic experience put into words." Brereton (1999) argues that

1804-430: Was neither non-existence nor existence then; Neither the realm of space, nor the sky which is beyond; What stirred? Where? In whose protection? There was neither death nor immortality then; No distinguishing sign of night nor of day; That One breathed, windless, by its own impulse; Other than that there was nothing beyond. Darkness there was at first, by darkness hidden; Without distinctive marks, this all

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1848-408: Was not there, nor existence, There was no air then, nor the space beyond it. What covered it? Where was it? In whose keeping? Was there then cosmic fluid, in depths unfathomed? 2. Then there was neither death nor immortality nor was there then the torch of night and day. The One breathed windlessly and self-sustaining. There was that One then, and there was no other. 3. At first there

1892-433: Was only darkness wrapped in darkness. All this was only unillumined cosmic water. That One which came to be, enclosed in nothing, arose at last, born of the power of knowledge. 4. In the beginning desire descended on it - that was the primal seed, born of the mind. The sages who have searched their hearts with wisdom know that which is, is kin to that which is not. 5. And they have stretched their cord across

1936-438: Was water; That which, becoming, by the void was covered; That One by force of heat came into being; Who really knows? Who will here proclaim it? Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? Gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe. Who then knows whence it has arisen? Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute; Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not; The Supreme Brahman of

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