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35-430: In 1936, art collector William Hayes Ackland wrote letters to three universities, attempting to find a place to bequest his collection to upon his death. Duke University President William Preston Few was receptive to this idea, and had plans drawn up for an art museum at Duke. After the death of both Few and Ackland, Duke refused to accept the gift, for reasons still not disclosed. Ackland's estate had to posthumously find

70-428: A psychotic mental patient in his care. Wölfli had spontaneously taken up drawing, and this activity seemed to calm him. His most outstanding work was an illustrated epic of 45 volumes in which he narrated his own imaginary life story. With 25,000 pages, 1,600 illustrations, and 1,500 collages, it is a monumental work. Wölfli also produced a large number of smaller works, some of which were sold or given as gifts. His work

105-431: A dramatic movement away from cultural forms of the past. Dadaist Marcel Duchamp , for example, abandoned "painterly" technique to allow chance operations a role in determining the form of his works, or simply to recontextualize existing "ready-made" objects as art. Mid-century artists, including Pablo Picasso , looked outside the traditions of high culture for inspiration, drawing from the artifacts of "primitive" societies,

140-410: A futile society, a fallacious parade. Dubuffet argued that 'culture', that is mainstream culture, managed to assimilate every new development in art, and by doing so took away whatever power it might have had. The result was to asphyxiate genuine expression. Art brut was his solution to this problem – only art brut was immune to the influences of culture, immune to being absorbed and assimilated, because

175-628: A genteel gentleman and a member of high society . When Acklen published his novel Sterope: The Veiled Pleiad (1892), it was under his changed surname as "Ackland". He also published three volumes of poetry and a memoir. Ackland wrote plays and frequently attended theatre. He corresponded with older writers such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882), Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809–1894), James Russell Lowell (1819–1891), and John Greenleaf Whittier (1807–1892). Ackland became an important art collector. To preserve his art collection, he wanted to establish

210-570: A museum on a Southern university campus. But, Duke University and Rollins College rejected hosting a museum in his name. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill agreed, and the Ackland Art Museum was established on its campus. Ackland married Laura Crocker (1871–1931) on June 2, 1896, in Cleveland, Ohio . They had no children and divorced a year later. He inherited US$ 100,000 from one of his late half-sisters. By

245-575: A new location to build a museum, eventually creating the Ackland Art Museum . In 1969, the university established the Duke University Museum of Art on Duke's East Campus with medieval art from the Ernest Brummer Collection. In the later twentieth century, there was a push to move the location of the museum to a more central location. Professors of botany fought the plan because the new location would disturb

280-409: Is art made by self-taught individuals who are untrained and untutored in the traditional arts with typically little or no contact with the conventions of the art worlds . The term outsider art was coined in 1972 as the title of a book by art critic Roger Cardinal . It is an English equivalent for art brut ( French: [aʁ bʁyt] , "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created in

315-837: Is curated by Trevor Schoonmaker. Barkley L. Hendricks: Birth of the Cool February 7, 2008 – July 13, 2008 This exhibit is the first career painting retrospective of American artist Barkley L. Hendricks . This exhibition of Hendricks' paintings includes work from 1964 to the present. The exhibition will travel to the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Santa Monica Museum (Los Angeles), the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, and

350-541: Is dedicated to presenting contemporary art from around the world, with particular attention given to those who have been historically underrepresented. Founding director Kimberly Rorschach left for Seattle Art Museum in November 2012. The museum has a strong collection of Pre-Columbian art (3,300 objects), with particularly significant holdings of Mayan ceramics and Peruvian textiles. The Record: Contemporary Art and Vinyl September 2, 2010 – February 6, 2011 This

385-424: Is loosely understood as "outside" of official culture . Definitions of these terms vary and overlap. The editors of Raw Vision , a leading journal in the field, suggest that "Whatever views we have about the value of controversy itself, it is important to sustain creative discussion by way of an agreed vocabulary". Consequently, they lament the use of "outsider artist" to refer to almost any untrained artist. "It

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420-624: Is on display at the Adolf Wölfli Foundation in the Museum of Fine Art , Bern . A defining moment was the publication of Bildnerei der Geisteskranken ( Artistry of the Mentally Ill ) in 1922, by Hans Prinzhorn . This was the first formal study of psychiatric works, based upon a compilation of thousands of examples from European institutions. The book and the art collection gained much attention from avant-garde artists of

455-400: Is the first museum exhibition to explore the culture of vinyl records within the history of contemporary art. Bringing together forty-one artists from around the world who have worked with records as their subject or medium, The Record combines contemporary art with outsider art , audio with visual, fine art with popular culture, and established artists with those exhibiting in a U.S. museum for

490-635: The Compagnie de l'Art Brut along with other artists, including André Breton and Claude Lévi-Strauss . The collection he established became known as the Collection de l'art brut and the curator was Slavko Kopač for almost three decades. It contains thousands of works and is now permanently housed in Lausanne , Switzerland. Dubuffet characterized art brut as: Those works created from solitude and from pure and authentic creative impulses – where

525-872: The University of Nashville , followed by a Bachelor of Laws from Vanderbilt University . He was one of the first students at Vanderbilt, attending when the university first opened. After law school, Acklen moved to Washington, D.C. , where he officially practiced as a lawyer. In the 1880s, he also worked at journalism in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Acklen was part of a wealthy social class, spending much of his time attending society galas and balls in Washington, and also in Ormond Beach, Florida ; Lake Mohonk , and York Harbor, Maine . He traveled to England annually for its season . He became known as

560-594: The "botanical study area," a field of plants. In the early twenty-first century, in part from a gift by alumnus Raymond Nasher , the museum became known as the Nasher Museum of Art and opened a new $ 24 million museum designed by architect Rafael Viñoly . Since its reopening, annual attendance is about 100,000 visitors. Mary D.B.T. , great-granddaughter of Benjamin Newton Duke , brother of James Buchanan Duke , and James H. Semans were major contributors to

595-550: The 1940s by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture. Dubuffet focused particularly on art by those on the outside of the established art scene, using as examples psychiatric hospital patients, hermits, and spiritualists. Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category; an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1993, and there are at least two regularly published journals dedicated to

630-604: The Contemporary Arts Museum in Houston. There is a definitive full-color exhibition catalogue with over 160 reproductions, edited by the Nasher Museum's curator of contemporary art Trevor Schoonmaker. El Greco to Velazquez: Art during the Reign of Philip III August 21, 2008 – November 9, 2008 The Nasher Museum collaborated with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston to present this groundbreaking exhibition –

665-474: The artists themselves were not willing or able to be assimilated. Dubuffet's championing of Art Brut would not last long. Scholars argue Dubuffet's distaste for the mainstream art world helped ensure that art brut and the Compagnie de l'Art Brut would not survive on a commercial basis. Dubuffet would kill art brut as he defined it in his quest for its authenticity. Three years after the Compagnie de l'Art Brut

700-440: The end of the 19th century onward, both by psychiatrists such as Cesare Lombroso , Auguste Marie or Marcel Réjà, and by artists, such as members of " Der Blaue Reiter " group: Wassily Kandinsky , August Macke , Franz Marc , Alexej von Jawlensky , and others. What the artists perceived in the work of these groups was an expressive power born of their perceived lack of sophistication. Examples of this were reproduced in 1912 in

735-598: The first and only issue of their publication, Der Blaue Reiter Almanac . During World War I , Macke was killed at Champagne in 1914 and Marc was killed at Verdun in 1916; the gap left by these deaths was to some extent filled by Paul Klee , who continued to draw inspiration from these 'primitives'. Interest in the art of insane asylum inmates continued to grow in the 1920s. In 1921, Dr. Walter Morgenthaler published his book Ein Geisteskranker als Künstler ( A Psychiatric Patient as Artist ) about Adolf Wölfli ,

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770-718: The first in the US to focus on Spanish art of the period between 1598 and 1621. The show examines a fascinating period bookended by the two giants of Spanish painting: the late works of El Greco and the early paintings of Velázquez . The exhibition is the culmination of 20 years of research by Sarah Schroth, the Nasher Museum's senior curator. This exhibition includes some 120 paintings, sculptures and decorative art pieces, representing 20 artists. The masters will be seen in context with lesser-known artists working during this time in Spain. The show will bring together works of art from museums around

805-479: The first time. The 41 artists in the exhibition include Laurie Anderson , David Byrne , Janet Cardiff , William Cordova, Jeroen Diepenmaat, Jasper Johns , Jack Goldstein , Taiyo Kimura, Ralph Lemon , Christian Marclay , Mingering Mike, Dave Muller, Vik Muniz , 9th Wonder , DJ Rekha , Robin Rhode , Dario Robleto , Ed Ruscha , Malick Sidibe , Xaviera Simmons, Su-Mei Tse , and Carrie Mae Weems . The exhibition

840-615: The hospital he painted, producing The Maze , a dark depiction of his tortured youth . He was transferred from the Maudsley to Netherne Hospital from November 1953 to January 1955, to work with Edward Adamson (1911–1996), a pioneer of art therapy , and creator of the Adamson Collection. French artist Jean Dubuffet was particularly struck by Bildnerei der Geisteskranken and began his own collection of such art, which he called art brut or raw art . In 1948 he formed

875-420: The subject. The term is sometimes applied as a marketing label for art created by people who are outside the mainstream "art world" or "art gallery system", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. A more specific term, " outsider music ", was later adapted for musicians. Interest in the art of the mentally ill, along with that of children and the makers of " peasant art ", developed from

910-700: The time of his death, he left an estate of US$ 1,350,000. In his later years, Ackland became a Knight Templar . At the end of his life, Ackland resided in Ormond, Florida , where he died on February 16, 1940. He was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery , but his body was moved in 1958 to the Ackland Art Museum at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill per his bequest, where it remains today. Outsider art Outsider art

945-559: The time, including Paul Klee, Max Ernst , and Jean Dubuffet . People with some formal artistic training as well as well-established artists are not immune from mental illness, and may also be institutionalized. For example, William Kurelek , later awarded the Order of Canada for his artistic life work, as a young man was admitted to the Maudsley Psychiatric Hospital where he was treated for schizophrenia . In

980-1185: The university art museum. From 1987 to 2003, Michael Mezzatesta was the director and oversaw the construction of the museum's new site. Sarah Schroth, former Nancy Hanks Senior Curator, is the director of the museum. The collection contains more than 13,000 works of art, including works by Nina Chanel Abney , Ai Weiwei , John Akomfrah , Njideka Akunyili Crosby , Emma Amos (painter) , Firelei Báez , Radcliffe Bailey , Maria Berrio , Sanford Biggers , Christian Boltanski , Mel Chin , William Cordova , Marlene Dumas , Darío Escobar , Genevieve Gaignard , Jeffrey Gibson , Barkley L. Hendricks , Rashid Johnson , Taiyo Kimura, Christian Marclay , Kerry James Marshall , Zanele Muholi , Wangechi Mutu , Odili Donald Odita , Maia Cruz Palileo , Ebony G. Patterson , Dan Perjovschi , Michelangelo Pistoletto , Robin Rhode , Dario Robleto , Amy Sherald , Xaviera Simmons , Lorna Simpson , Jaune Quick-to-See Smith , Eve Sussman , Henry Taylor (artist) , Alma Thomas , Hank Willis Thomas , Mickalene Thomas , Bob Thompson , Kara Walker , Nari Ward , Carrie Mae Weems , Kehinde Wiley , Fred Wilson and Lynette Yiadom Boakye . The museum

1015-532: The unschooled art made by children, and vulgar advertising graphics. Dubuffet's championing of the art brut – of the insane and others at the margins of society – is yet another example of avant-garde art challenging established cultural values. As with analysis of these other art movements, current discourse indicates art brut is innately tied to primitivism due to its similarity in its borrowing of personal "de-patriation" and exoticization of familiar yet alien forms. A number of terms are used to describe art that

1050-717: The world, some of which rarely travel outside of their countries, creating a unique opportunity for American audiences. Key loans from the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the Museo del Prado , the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna , and the National Gallery of Art , among other institutions and private lenders, were secured. William Hayes Ackland William Hayes Ackland (born William H. Acklen, September 6, 1855 – February 16, 1940)

1085-408: The worries of competition, acclaim and social promotion do not interfere – are, because of these very facts, more precious than the productions of professionals. After a certain familiarity with these flourishings of an exalted feverishness, lived so fully and so intensely by their authors, we cannot avoid the feeling that in relation to these works, cultural art in its entirety appears to be the game of

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1120-558: Was a son of Colonel Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen (1816–1863), a lawyer from Alabama who had served in the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, and Adelicia (Hayes) Franklin Acklen (1817–1887). She was a wealthy widow when she married Col. Acklen, and their children benefitted by her wealth. His maternal grandfather, Oliver Bliss Hayes (1783–1858), was a lawyer and later Presbyterian minister from South Hadley, Massachusetts ; he

1155-518: Was an American lawyer, writer, and art collector from Nashville, Tennessee. He lived most of his life away from Tennessee, in Washington, DC, and various social spots, traveling to England annually for its social season. The Ackland Art Museum at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill was begun with his collection. William Hayes Acklen was born on September 6, 1855, in Nashville, Tennessee . He changed his last name to Ackland by 1892. He

1190-505: Was formed, Dubuffet dissolved it, caving in to form the more conventional Collection de l'art brut afterward. The interest in "outsider" practices among twentieth-century artists and critics can be seen as part of a larger emphasis on the rejection of established values within the modernist art milieu. The early part of the 20th century gave rise to Cubism and the Dada , Constructivist , and Futurist movements in art, all of which involved

1225-585: Was related to Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893), who served as President of the United States from 1877 to 1881. William's older brother, Joseph H. Acklen (1850–1938), served as U.S. Representative from Louisiana from 1878 to 1881. Acklen grew up at his family plantation home, Belmont Mansion , in Nashville, and on his mother's family plantations in Louisiana . He received a Bachelor of Arts from

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