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35-859: The Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station is a land drainage pumping station in Iraq 10 km southeast of Nasiriyah in the province of Dhi Qar . The station pumps farm run-off collected by the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) north of the Euphrates River in Dhi Qar and Muthanna provinces to a siphon under the Euphrates where it is then returned to the MOD and eventually discharged in the Persian Gulf . The pump station relieves water back-up and

70-399: A geotextile tube . Geotextiles can also serve as components of other geosynthetics such as the reinforcing material in a bituminous geomembrane . Usually geotextiles are placed at the tension surface to strengthen the soil. Geotextiles are also used for sand dune armoring to protect upland coastal property from storm surge, wave action and flooding. A large sand-filled container (SFC) within

105-682: A fall. Overall, these materials are referred to as geosynthetics and each configuration— geonets , geosynthetic clay liners , geogrids, geotextile tubes , and others—can yield benefits in geotechnical and environmental engineering design. Geotextiles were originally intended to be a substitute for granular soil filters. Geotextiles can also be referred to as filter fabrics . In the 1950s, R.J. Barrett began working using geotextiles behind precast concrete seawalls, under precast concrete erosion control blocks, beneath large stone riprap, and in other erosion control situations. He used different styles of woven monofilament fabrics, all characterized by

140-552: A landowner can alter the drainage from their parcel. Drainage options for the construction industry include: The surface opening of channel drainage usually comes in the form of gratings (polymer, plastic, steel or iron) or a single slot (slot drain) that run along the ground surface (typically manufactured from steel or iron). Earth retaining structures such as retaining walls also need to have groundwater drainage considered during their construction. Typical retaining walls are constructed of impermeable material, which can block

175-565: A lower cost than conventional soil nailing . In addition, geotextiles allow planting on steep slopes, further securing the slope. Geotextiles have been used to protect the fossil hominid footprints of Laetoli in Tanzania from erosion , rain , and tree roots . In building demolition , geotextile fabrics in combination with steel wire fencing can contain explosive debris. Coir (coconut fiber) geotextiles are popular for erosion control, slope stabilization and bioengineering, due to

210-583: A relatively high percentage open area (varying from 6 to 30%). He discussed the need for both adequate permeability and soil retention, along with adequate fabric strength and proper elongation and tone setting for geotextile use in filtration situations. Geotextiles and related products have many applications and currently support many civil engineering applications including roads , airfields , railroads , embankments , retaining structures , reservoirs , canals , dams , bank protection, coastal engineering and construction site silt fences or to form

245-407: A system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems". The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area. An emphasis on non-curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings,

280-416: A typical drainage system, they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse granular material : gravel , sea shells , stone or rock . The geotextile is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. Groundwater seeps through the geotextile and flows through the stone to an outfell. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic ( PVC or PE ) pipe

315-528: Is a critical component of a larger agricultural drainage system designed to drain 1.5 million hectares of land in order to reduce soil salinity . Consisting of 12 pumps , each with a 20 m³/second (316,000 gal/min) capacity, it is the largest drainage pump in the Middle East . In 1951, British engineer Frank Haigh developed his Haigh Report for the Iraqi government which laid out drainage infrastructure for

350-430: Is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple, who died in 1753. New storm water drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental engineering applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In

385-482: Is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners. Over the past 30 years, geotextile, PVC filters, and HDPE filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions. Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives Project. The project focuses on designing

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420-428: Is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain. Alternatively, a prefabricated plastic drainage system made of HDPE , often incorporating geotextile, coco fiber or rag filters can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use, since they eliminate the need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate, which

455-489: Is responsible for drainage in construction projects. During the construction process, they set out all the necessary levels for roads , street gutters , drainage, culverts and sewers involved in construction operations. Civil engineers and construction managers work alongside architects and supervisors, planners, quantity surveyors , and the general workforce, as well as subcontractors. Typically, most jurisdictions have some body of drainage law to govern to what degree

490-655: The Mesopotamian Marshes in order to reclaim the land for agriculture. His report recommended a complex of canals , sluices and dikes on the lower portions of both the Tigris and Euphrates. In 1953, construction began on the Main Outfall Drain, also known as the Third River, which would drain water from the Central Marshes through a canal and eventually into the Persian Gulf . Construction on

525-531: The Netherlands . The area between Amsterdam , Haarlem and Leiden was, in prehistoric times, swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting ( peat mining ), subsidence and shoreline erosion gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer , or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind-powered pumping engines in the 15th century permitted some of the marginal land drainage. Still,

560-406: The flatwoods citrus -growing region of Florida , United States. After periods of high rainfall, drainage pumps are employed to prevent damage to the citrus groves from overly wet soils. Rice production requires complete water control, as fields must be flooded or drained at different stages of the crop cycle. The Netherlands has also led the way in this type of drainage by draining lowlands along

595-415: The 240 m³/second capacity pump station helps drain a 1.5 million hectare area via the MOD. Drainage The Indus Valley Civilization had sewerage and drainage systems. All houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered gravity sewers , which lined the major streets. The invention of hollow-pipe drainage

630-580: The Iraq Government agreed, it was transitioned to their control on March 1, 2007. Later, in June 2007, Iraq's Ministry of Water Resources signed grant agreement for $ 20 million in U.S. funding that would help complete the pump station. The pump station opened on December 1, 2008 and was eventually completed in February 2009 but was originally projected to be completed on December 31, 2007. Accompanying

665-485: The MOD was viewed as a tool for Saddam Hussein to drain the Central Marshes in order to deny a refuge for Shia Muslims after the 1991 uprisings in Iraq . After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers awarded Washington International Inc. a $ 78 million contract to complete the pump station. The original contract had included digging out the moth-balled pump station along with installing

700-501: The Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station, which would serve to pump the water to a siphon under the Euphrates, did not begin until 1983. A Brazilian contractor worked on the pump station until 1986 when political upheaval forced a construction halt. Construction continued in 1992, the same year the MOD was completed, but was intermittent until 1999 because of flooding and structural failures. Aside from agriculture,

735-402: The drainage system. Drainage in planters refers to the implementation of effective drainage systems specifically designed for plant containers or pots. Proper drainage is crucial in planters to prevent waterlogging and promote healthy plant growth. Planter Drainage involves the incorporation of drainage holes, drainage layers, or specialized drainage systems to ensure excess water can escape from

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770-553: The dune system prevents storm erosion from proceeding beyond the SFC. Using a sloped unit rather than a single tube eliminates damaging scour. Erosion control manuals comment on the effectiveness of sloped, stepped shapes in mitigating shoreline erosion damage from storms. Geotextile sand-filled units provide a "soft" armoring solution for upland property protection. Geotextiles are used as matting to stabilize flow in stream channels and swales . Geotextiles can improve soil strength at

805-486: The environmental safety and stability of landfill systems. Geotextiles work by stabilizing slopes for newer landfills, preventing erosion and contamination between the waste, soil and other layers of the landfill site. Geotextiles with reflective properties are often used in protecting the melting glaciers . In north Italy , they use Geotextiles to cover the glaciers for protection from the Sun . The reflective properties of

840-452: The fabric's substantial mechanical strength. Coir geotextiles last approximately 3 to 5 years depending on the fabric weight. The product degrades into humus , enriching the soil. Geotextiles are also widely used in landfill applications, where they play a crucial role in ensuring the protection and long-term integrity of geomembrane liners. The product improve the leachate drainage and facilitate gas venting; features that are necessary for

875-399: The final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large steam-powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The lake was eliminated between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km of new land. Coastal plains and river deltas may have seasonally or permanently high water tables and must have drainage improvements if they are to be used for agriculture. An example is

910-515: The geotextile reflect the sun away from the melting glacier in order to slow the process. However, this process has proven to be more expensive than effective. While many possible design methods or combinations of methods are available to the geotextile designer, the ultimate decision for a particular application usually takes one of three directions: design by cost and availability, design by specification, or design by function. Extensive literature on design methods for geotextiles has been published in

945-583: The internal electronic system, nine of the pumps, gates, and completing a major portion of the concrete siphon. Construction began again in August 2005 but problems with concrete and electrical components put the project over budget at $ 80 million. The increased costs led the Corps of Engineers and U.S. Government to terminate construction at 70% completion and transfer the project to the Government of Iraq . After

980-1113: The land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases, appropriate drainage carries off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual or perennial crops. Drier areas are often farmed by irrigation , and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salts , which can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration . Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to control soil salinity . Geotextile Geotextiles are versatile permeable fabrics that, when used in conjunction with soil , can effectively perform multiple functions, including separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection, and drainage. Typically crafted from polypropylene or polyester , geotextile fabrics are available in two primary forms: woven , which resembles traditional mail bag sacking, and nonwoven, which resembles felt. Geotextile composites have been introduced and products such as geogrids and meshes have been developed. Geotextiles are durable and are able to soften

1015-656: The natural flow of water in nature. Since 2010 local and neighbourhood planning in the UK is required by law to factor SUDS into any development projects that they are responsible for. Slot drainage is a channel drainage system designed to eliminate the need for further pipework systems to be installed in parallel to the drainage, reducing the environmental impact of production as well as improving water collection. Stainless steel , concrete channel, PVC and HDPE are all materials available for slot drainage which have become industry standards on construction projects. The civil engineer

1050-564: The path of groundwater. When groundwater flow is obstructed, hydrostatic water pressure buildups against the wall and may cause significant damage. If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, and fracture, causing seams to separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles, leading to voids behind the wall and sinkholes in the above soil. Traditional retaining wall drainage systems can include French drains , drain pipes or weep holes . To prevent soil erosion, geotextile filter fabrics are installed with

1085-762: The planter. This helps to prevent root rot , water accumulation, and other issues that can negatively impact plant health. By providing adequate drainage in planters, it supports optimal plant growth and contributes to the overall success of gardening or landscaping projects. Drainage options for the planter include: Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture . In the northern United States and Europe, glaciation created numerous small lakes , which gradually filled with humus to make marshes . Some of these were drained using open ditches and trenches to make mucklands , which are primarily used for high-value crops such as vegetables . The world's largest project of this type has been in process for centuries in

Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-624: The pump station was an additional Corps of Engineers project, the Eastern Euphrates Drain (EED), which consisted of a series of drainage canals in Muthanna Province that eventually connected via one large canal to the MOD before reaching the pump station. The $ 38.5 million project was completed at the end of 2009. The EED is one of several canals connecting to the MOD and was specifically designed to reclaim 58,000 hectares of land and drain an additional 400,000. In total,

1155-410: The roots eliminates air movement through the soil. Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan , or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of

1190-564: The run off water from the urban area does not all directly go into the ground, but can also be absorbed into the surrounding environment. Monitoring conducted by Seattle Public Utilities reports a 99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project. Drainage has undergone a large-scale environmental review in the recent past in the United Kingdom. Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are designed to encourage contractors to install drainage system that more closely mimic

1225-404: The shore and pushing back the sea until the original nation has been greatly enlarged. In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains . Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward. Meanwhile, plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around

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