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70-557: Despite the backing of both the US and Brazilian governments, the initiative ran into trouble almost immediately when it was revealed that the three lead organizers had decided to award themselves 'permanent seats' on its 25-member council, leading to comparisons with the United Nations' Security Council. Despite efforts by the organizers to respond to criticism, the initiative was rejected by a number of key internet organizations including

140-558: A DA-Notice . In November 2013, a criminal investigation of the disclosure was undertaken by Britain's Metropolitan Police Service . In December 2013, The Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger said: "We have published I think 26 documents so far out of the 58,000 we've seen." The extent to which the media reports responsibly informed the public is disputed. In January 2014, Obama said that "the sensational way in which these disclosures have come out has often shed more heat than light" and critics such as Sean Wilentz have noted that many of

210-535: A Pulitzer Prize –winning journalist who led The Washington Post ' s coverage of Snowden's disclosures, summarized the leaks as follows: Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system that cast off many of its historical restraints after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 . Secret legal authorities empowered the NSA to sweep in the telephone, Internet and location records of whole populations. The disclosure revealed specific details of

280-540: A " team sport ". The CIA 's National Counterterrorism Center is allowed to examine federal government files for possible criminal behavior, even if there is no reason to suspect U.S. citizens of wrongdoing. Previously the NTC was barred to do so, unless a person was a terror suspect or related to an investigation. Snowden also confirmed that Stuxnet was cooperatively developed by the United States and Israel. In

350-562: A 30-day period ending in March 2013. Out of all 97 billion sets of information, about 3 billion data sets originated from U.S. computer networks and around 500 million metadata records were collected from German networks. In August 2013, it was revealed that the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) of Germany transfers massive amounts of metadata records to the NSA. Der Spiegel disclosed that out of all 27 member states of

420-810: A Ph.D. from the same institution in 1977. He attended the Kinbu Secondary Technical School , Adisadel College and Achimota School in Ghana . He is one of the founding members of the Computer Science Department at the University of Cape Coast in Ghana , and continues to hold a professorship there. He is also a member of the Council of the University of Ghana. In 2000, he became director of ICANN for

490-524: A continuing lack of support and even outright hostility toward the idea by the very stakeholders that the NetMundial Initiative purported to represent, the organization faded. When ICANN and the WEF withdrew their financial support for the initiative, planned council elections were cancelled and proposed meetings to look into reviving the approach never happened. Snowden leaks During

560-475: A former director of GCHQ , described Snowden's disclosure as the "most catastrophic loss to British intelligence ever". Snowden obtained the documents while working for Booz Allen Hamilton , one of the largest contractors for defense and intelligence in the United States. The initial simultaneous publication in June 2013 by The Washington Post and The Guardian continued throughout 2013. A small portion of

630-512: A former director of GCHQ, described Snowden's disclosure as the "most catastrophic loss to British intelligence ever". In April 2012, NSA contractor Edward Snowden began downloading documents. That year, Snowden had made his first contact with journalist Glenn Greenwald , then employed by The Guardian , and he contacted documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013. In May 2013, Snowden went on temporary leave from his position at

700-490: A lack of support that blighted all future efforts. The NMI's self-created mission was to "provide a platform that helps catalyze practical cooperation between all stakeholders in order to address Internet issues and advance the implementation of the NETmundial Principles and Roadmap." Its Terms of Reference, along with other guiding documents were developed based upon these principles and in consultation with

770-452: A report unrelated to Edward Snowden, the French newspaper Le Monde revealed that France's DGSE was also undertaking mass surveillance, which it described as "illegal and outside any serious control". Documents leaked by Edward Snowden that were seen by Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) and Norddeutscher Rundfunk revealed that several telecom operators have played a key role in helping

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840-488: A session at the annual Internet Governance Forum was titled: "Should we support the NetMundial Initiative?" A joint statement between ICANN and ISOC, following a meeting between the two organization in light of ISOC's rejection of the initiative read: “We had a very constructive, frank, and candid discussion on Internet Governance that included the NETmundial Initiative (NMI). On NMI we did not resolve all of

910-547: A surveillance network that has the capacity to reach roughly 75% of all U.S. Internet traffic. U.S. Law-enforcement agencies use tools used by computer hackers to gather information on suspects. An internal NSA audit from May 2012 identified 2776 incidents i.e. violations of the rules or court orders for surveillance of Americans and foreign targets in the U.S. in the period from April 2011 through March 2012, while U.S. officials stressed that any mistakes are not intentional. Nii Quaynor Nii Narku Quaynor (born 1945)

980-622: Is a Ghanaian scientist and engineer who has played an important role in the introduction and development of the Internet throughout Africa . Quaynor graduated in engineering science from Dartmouth College in 1972, and received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the Thayer School of Engineering in 1973. He then studied Computer Science, obtaining an M.S. from the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1974, and

1050-408: Is a cybersecurity issue, or someone who has figured out how to protect children through a browser," then they could use the platform to connect with others as well as crowdsource and fund their efforts. However plans announced at the same time to create a 25-member Inaugural Coordination Council on which the three organizers would give themselves "permanent seats" sparked immediate criticism and led to

1120-577: Is also in a partnership with British, American and Singaporean intelligence agencies to tap undersea fibre optic telecommunications cables that link Asia, the Middle East and Europe and carry much of Australia's international phone and internet traffic. The U.S. runs a top-secret surveillance program known as the Special Collection Service (SCS), which is based in over 80 U.S. consulates and embassies worldwide. The NSA hacked

1190-494: Is used by the NSA and the other is used by NATO forces in Afghanistan . The two programs are "not identical". The Guardian revealed further details of the NSA's XKeyscore tool, which allows government analysts to search through vast databases containing emails, online chats and the browsing histories of millions of individuals without prior authorization. Microsoft "developed a surveillance capability to deal" with

1260-641: The Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), and the World Economic Forum (WEF) funded an 'initiative' named after the conference with the goal of working together to apply the NETmundial Principles to address Internet issues in concrete ways. The NMI was launched in on 6 November 2014 as an "open source platform" and a "shared public resource" that would provide help to any "calls for assistance on non-technical issues." ICANN CEO Fadi Chehade said: "If there

1330-547: The Guardian ' s defence and intelligence correspondent Ewen MacAskill would fly to Hong Kong to meet Snowden. On June 5, in the first media report based on the leaked material, The Guardian exposed a top secret court order showing that the NSA had collected phone records from over 120 million Verizon subscribers . Under the order, the numbers of both parties on a call, as well as the location data, unique identifiers, time of call, and duration of call were handed over to

1400-758: The United Nations Headquarters in New York. During specific episodes within a four-year period, the NSA hacked several Chinese mobile-phone companies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Tsinghua University in Beijing, and the Asian fiber-optic network operator Pacnet . Only Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK are explicitly exempted from NSA attacks, whose main target in

1470-594: The 1970s, NSA analyst Perry Fellwock (under the pseudonym "Winslow Peck") revealed the existence of the UKUSA Agreement , which forms the basis of the ECHELON network, whose existence was revealed in 1988 by Lockheed employee Margaret Newsham. Months before the September 11 attacks and during its aftermath, further details of the global surveillance apparatus were provided by various individuals such as

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1540-575: The 2010s, international media reports revealed new operational details about the Anglophone cryptographic agencies' global surveillance of both foreign and domestic nationals. The reports mostly relate to top secret documents leaked by ex- NSA contractor Edward Snowden . The documents consist of intelligence files relating to the U.S. and other Five Eyes countries. In June 2013, the first of Snowden's documents were published, with further selected documents released to various news outlets through

1610-1065: The African numbers registry. Quaynor is the Chairman of the Ghanaian company Network Computer Systems, and a member of the United Nations Secretary General Advisory Group on ICT, member of the ITU Telecom Board, chair and of the OAU Internet Task Force, President of the Internet Society of Ghana, and member of the Worldbank Infodev TAP. Quaynor also serves as a Commissioner for the Global Commission on Internet Governance. He

1680-560: The African region. On Quaynor's return to Ghana from the United States in the early 1990s, he established some of Africa's first Internet connections and was involved in setting up some key organisations, including the African Network Operators Group (AfNOG). He introduced Value Added Networks in the region through the introduction of the SWIFT, Internet and Commerce networks, and was founding chairman of AfriNIC,

1750-528: The BND turned over copies of two systems named Mira4 and Veras, reported to exceed the NSA's SIGINT capabilities in certain areas. Every day, massive amounts of metadata records are collected by the BND and transferred to the NSA via the Bad Aibling Station near Munich , Germany. In December 2012 alone, the BND handed over 500 million metadata records to the NSA. In a document dated January 2013,

1820-889: The British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) tap into worldwide fiber-optic communications . The telecom operators are: Each of them were assigned a particular area of the international fiber-optic network for which they were individually responsible. The following networks have been infiltrated by GCHQ: TAT-14 (EU-UK-US), Atlantic Crossing 1 (EU-UK-US), Circe South (France-UK), Circe North (Netherlands-UK), Flag Atlantic-1 , Flag Europa-Asia , SEA-ME-WE 3 (Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe), SEA-ME-WE 4 (Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe), Solas (Ireland-UK), UK-France 3, UK-Netherlands 14, ULYSSES (EU-UK), Yellow (UK-US) and Pan European Crossing (EU-UK). Telecommunication companies who participated were "forced" to do so and had "no choice in

1890-710: The Council adopted the Terms of Reference and adopted an operations and governance framework plus an initial approach to provide support for projects through the online collaboration platform. The Council endorsed the NETmundial Solutions Map and Collaborations Platform and discussed a third proposed activity of establishing a space for sharing best practices on local multistakeholder Internet governance structures in order to support "capacity development efforts for developing-country communities, governments and underserved stakeholders." The NMI faced controversy from

1960-526: The European Union is Germany. A method of bugging encrypted fax machines used at an EU embassy is codenamed Dropmire . During the 2009 G-20 London summit , the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) intercepted the communications of foreign diplomats. In addition, GCHQ has been intercepting and storing mass quantities of fiber-optic traffic via Tempora . Two principal components of Tempora are called " Mastering

2030-486: The European Union, Germany is the most targeted due to the NSA's systematic monitoring and storage of Germany's telephone and Internet connection data. According to the magazine the NSA stores data from around half a billion communications connections in Germany each month. This data includes telephone calls, emails, mobile-phone text messages and chat transcripts. The NSA gained massive amounts of information captured from

2100-503: The FBI, which turned over the records to the NSA. According to The Wall Street Journal , the Verizon order is part of a controversial data program, which seeks to stockpile records on all calls made in the U.S., but does not collect information directly from T-Mobile US and Verizon Wireless , in part because of their foreign ownership ties. On June 6, 2013, the second media disclosure,

2170-678: The Initiative develops further, it must adhere to the highest standards of transparency and inclusiveness, as well as expand its global reach." The Council agreed to take steps designed to promote "greater understanding and clarity about the Initiative's organization, role, and activities." The inaugural Council meeting took place in São Paulo, Brazil, on June 30, 2015. The meeting was webcast and remote-participation enabled. Any observers that wished to be present were asked to send an "expression of interest" with spaces limited to 20 people. At it,

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2240-534: The Internet " (MTI) and " Global Telecoms Exploitation ". The data is preserved for three days while metadata is kept for thirty days. Data collected by GCHQ under Tempora is shared with the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States. From 2001 to 2011, the NSA collected vast amounts of metadata records detailing the email and internet usage of Americans via Stellar Wind , which

2310-678: The Internet Society and the Internet Architecture Board. As a result, two of the five proposed permanent seats were never taken up. The initiative ran for 18 months until its 'mandate' ran out in July 2016. Just prior to that deadline, both ICANN and the World Economic Forum said they were withdrawing from the project. At a planning meeting, the US government representative called for the NMI to be shut down. ICANN and

2380-607: The NMI Council, potential interference with the UN Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and concern over disproportionate involvement in decision-making by economic and political elite. NMI retracted the notion of permanent seats on the Council, and said it would support the efforts of the IGF as well as address concerns regarding adherence to bottom-up, multistakeholder consensus-driven governance. However, with

2450-543: The NMI. The inaugural meeting of the NMI council was postponed due to controversy over its formation and approach. An initial first meeting was planned for 19 January, just before the annual WEF meeting in Davos, Switzerland. It was cancelled however after internet groups refused to join and the business community sent a long list of questions about the initiative. A first "working meeting" took place at Stanford University on March 31, 2015. Observers were refused entry and told

2520-482: The NSA acknowledged the efforts of the BND to undermine privacy laws : The BND has been working to influence the German government to relax interpretation of the privacy laws to provide greater opportunities of intelligence sharing. According to an NSA document dated April 2013, Germany has now become the NSA's "most prolific partner". Under a section of a separate document leaked by Snowden titled "Success Stories",

2590-630: The NSA acknowledged the efforts of the German government to expand the BND's international data sharing with partners: The German government modifies its interpretation of the G-10 privacy law ... to afford the BND more flexibility in sharing protected information with foreign partners. In addition, the German government was well aware of the PRISM surveillance program long before Edward Snowden made details public. According to Angela Merkel's spokesman Steffen Seibert , there are two separate PRISM programs – one

2660-595: The NSA is responsible for these partnerships, which, according to Snowden, are organized such that foreign governments can "insulate their political leaders" from public outrage in the event that these global surveillance partnerships are leaked. In an interview published by Der Spiegel , Snowden accused the NSA of being "in bed together with the Germans". The NSA granted the German intelligence agencies BND (foreign intelligence) and BfV (domestic intelligence) access to its controversial XKeyscore system. In return,

2730-657: The NSA with data from its cable collection , under a secret agreement signed in 1954 for bilateral cooperation on surveillance. Other security and intelligence agencies involved in the practice of global surveillance include those in Australia ( ASD ), Britain ( GCHQ ), Canada ( CSE ), Denmark ( PET ), France ( DGSE ), Germany ( BND ), Italy ( AISE ), the Netherlands ( AIVD ), Norway ( NIS ), Spain ( CNI ), Switzerland ( NDB ), Singapore ( SID ) as well as Israel ( ISNU ), which receives raw, unfiltered data of U.S. citizens from

2800-736: The NSA's close cooperation with U.S. federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in addition to the agency's previously undisclosed financial payments to numerous commercial partners and telecommunications companies, as well as its previously undisclosed relationships with international partners such as Britain, France, Germany, and its secret treaties with foreign governments that were recently established for sharing intercepted data of each other's citizens. The disclosures were made public over

2870-463: The NSA, citing the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy . Toward the end of May, he traveled to Hong Kong. Greenwald, Poitras and The Guardian 's defence and intelligence correspondent Ewen MacAskill flew to Hong Kong to meet Snowden. After the U.S.-based editor of The Guardian , Janine Gibson , held several meetings in New York City, she decided that Greenwald, Poitras and

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2940-604: The NSA. On June 14, 2013, United States prosecutors charged Edward Snowden with espionage and theft of government property . In late July 2013, he was granted a one-year temporary asylum by the Russian government, contributing to a deterioration of Russia–United States relations . Toward the end of October 2013, the British Prime Minister David Cameron warned The Guardian not to publish any more leaks, or it will receive

3010-514: The Snowden documents do not concern domestic surveillance. The US & British Defense establishment weigh the strategic harm in the period following the disclosures more heavily than their civic public benefit. In its first assessment of these disclosures, the Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest "theft" of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States . Sir David Omand ,

3080-505: The US government revealed by Edward Snowden. Attendees came from a wide range of sectors: government, private sector, civil society, technical community, and academia. Its concluding, non-binding Multistakeholder Statement contained a shared set of Principles and a Roadmap to guide the evolution of Internet cooperation and governance. Months later, DNS overseer the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN),

3150-569: The United Nations' video conferencing system in Summer 2012 in violation of a UN agreement. The NSA is not just intercepting the communications of Americans who are in direct contact with foreigners targeted overseas, but also searching the contents of vast amounts of e-mail and text communications into and out of the country by Americans who mention information about foreigners under surveillance. It also spied on Al Jazeera and gained access to its internal communications systems. The NSA has built

3220-655: The WEF had contributed $ 200,000 each. Plans for re-election of council members were postponed and then cancelled. The remaining member - CGI.br - initially suggested it would continue the initiative in some form but in August 2016, the initiative announced an open call for a new group to take over the 'solutions map' that was its most significant work product. The NETmundial meeting held in São Paulo, Brazil, in April 2014 saw 1,480 people from 97 countries come together to discuss internet governance issues in light of mass surveillance by

3290-503: The capability to surveil undersea fiber-optic cables which deliver e-mails, Web pages, other electronic communications and phone calls from one continent to another at the speed of light. According to the Brazilian newspaper O Globo , the NSA spied on millions of emails and calls of Brazilian citizens, while Australia and New Zealand have been involved in the joint operation of the NSA's global analytical system XKeyscore . Among

3360-600: The course of several months since June 2013, by the press in several nations from the trove leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward J. Snowden, who obtained the trove while working for Booz Allen Hamilton . George Brandis , the Attorney-General of Australia , asserted that Snowden's disclosure is the "most serious setback for Western intelligence since the Second World War ." As of December 2013 , global surveillance programs include: The NSA

3430-488: The developing world, and advances multistakeholder processes at the global, regional and national levels. It noted that it would not act as a policy-making body, but would seek to complement and support existing Internet governance dialogue, processes and institutions including the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and the global Internet technical community. The Multistakeholder Statement generated at

3500-528: The entire European internet traffic. GCHQ is collecting all data transmitted to and from the United Kingdom and Northern Europe via the undersea fibre optic telecommunications cable SEA-ME-WE 3 . The Security and Intelligence Division (SID) of Singapore co-operates with Australia in accessing and sharing communications carried by the SEA-ME-WE-3 cable. The Australian Signals Directorate (ASD)

3570-704: The estimated full cache of documents was later published by other media outlets worldwide, most notably The New York Times (United States), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation , Der Spiegel (Germany), O Globo (Brazil), Le Monde (France), L'espresso (Italy), NRC Handelsblad (the Netherlands), Dagbladet (Norway), El País (Spain), and Sveriges Television (Sweden). Barton Gellman ,

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3640-420: The former MI5 official David Shayler and the journalist James Bamford , who were followed by: In the aftermath of Snowden's revelations, The Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest theft of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States . In Australia, the coalition government described the leaks as the most damaging blow dealt to Australian intelligence in history. Sir David Omand ,

3710-467: The global Internet community. Its scope included promoting the application, evaluation, and implementation of these principles and operating as an impartial clearinghouse for information about governance issues. It planned to produce a platform on which diverse actors could present projects, solicit partners and establish collaborative relationships. It also hoped to facilitate participation in the Internet governance ecosystem, particularly by stakeholders from

3780-534: The inaugural Council included prominent leaders in the Internet governance ecosystem. Nii Narku Quaynor , Jack Ma , Fadi Chehade , Richard Samans, Virgilio Almeida, Jean-François Abramatic , Lu Wei , and Secretary Penny Pritzker . Initially intended as a 25-member council, only 23 councillors were ever chosen after the two seats set aside for internet organizations and the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) were not taken up following rejection of

3850-601: The initial NETmundial meeting in São Paulo, Brazil, in April 2014, identified a need to develop "operational solutions for current and future Internet Issues." The NMI vows to operate in a "multistakeholder, open, transparent and inclusive manner, as a part of the Internet governance ecosystem." Capacity building and financing are essential elements of the NMI's commitment to enabling diverse stakeholders to effectively participate in Internet governance development. The NMI's inaugural Coordination Council composed of representatives from all stakeholder groups and geographies. Members of

3920-484: The initiative. The council was tasked with guiding the development of the initial phases of the NMI. It shut down in July 2016. A joint secretariat, formed by staff from the three organizing partners: The Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) carried out the administrative and secretarial tasks of

3990-421: The interception of encrypted chats on Outlook.com , within five months after the service went into testing. NSA had access to Outlook.com emails because "Prism collects this data prior to encryption." In addition, Microsoft worked with the FBI to enable the NSA to gain access to its cloud storage service SkyDrive . An internal NSA document dating from August 3, 2012, described the PRISM surveillance program as

4060-465: The matter". Some of the companies were subsequently paid by GCHQ for their participation in the infiltration of the cables. According to the SZ, GCHQ has access to the majority of internet and telephone communications flowing throughout Europe, can listen to phone calls, read emails and text messages, see which websites internet users from all around the world are visiting. It can also retain and analyse nearly

4130-407: The meeting would be live-streamed. The Coordination Council produced a draft Terms of Reference for public comment. Council members previewed the NETmundial Solutions Map and the two projects submitted to the NETmundial platform. The results of the meeting went out for public comment and were met with 23 responses, most of them highly critical. The NMI Council "acknowledged the need to ensure that, as

4200-423: The moment it was first announced and a failure of all major internet organizations (with the exception of organizer ICANN) to support the initiative led to its inevitable decline and collapse. Leading up to and following the initial scoping meeting of NMI in Geneva, Switzerland in August 2014, several participants expressed concerns over NMI's proposed organization and activities. Those concerns intensified following

4270-538: The monitored data traffic in Europe. For example, in December 2012, the NSA gathered on an average day metadata from some 15 million telephone connections and 10 million Internet datasets. The NSA also monitored the European Commission in Brussels and monitored EU diplomatic Facilities in Washington and at the United Nations by placing bugs in offices as well as infiltrating computer networks. The U.S. government made as part of its UPSTREAM data collection program deals with companies to ensure that it had access to and hence

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4340-624: The necessary security clearance. Although the exact size of Snowden's disclosure remains unknown, the following estimates have been put up by various government officials: As a contractor of the NSA, Snowden was granted access to U.S. government documents along with top secret documents of several allied governments, via the exclusive Five Eyes network. Snowden claims that he currently does not physically possess any of these documents, having surrendered all copies to journalists he met in Hong Kong . According to his lawyer, Snowden has pledged not to release any documents while in Russia, leaving

4410-468: The numerous allied facilities contributing to XKeyscore are four installations in Australia and one in New Zealand: O Globo released an NSA document titled " Primary FORNSAT Collection Operations ", which revealed the specific locations and codenames of the FORNSAT intercept stations in 2002. According to Edward Snowden, the NSA has established secret intelligence partnerships with many Western governments . The Foreign Affairs Directorate (FAD) of

4480-458: The official launch in November of that year. ISOC , the IAB and ICC BASIS published statements outlining their concerns. One main civil society expressed qualified support. while another was openly hostile toward the initiative Business lobbying group NetChoice said the initiative lacked proper backing and called on ICANN to end its leadership of the NMI. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) called it flawed, closed, top-down and opaque. And

4550-433: The outstanding issues. The ISOC attendees, the IAB and IETF chairs would rather see the structure defined after setting the terms of reference and scope of the work. More work needs to be done by NMI and with the various committees involved.” According to Julia Pohle in the Global Policy Journal, there were three main controversial issues surrounding NMI raised by civil society and the technical community: permanent seats on

4620-535: The responsibility for further disclosures solely to journalists. As of 2014, the following news outlets have accessed some of the documents provided by Snowden: Australian Broadcasting Corporation , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , Channel 4 , Der Spiegel , El País , El Mundo , L'espresso , Le Monde , NBC , NRC Handelsblad , Dagbladet , O Globo , South China Morning Post , Süddeutsche Zeitung , Sveriges Television , The Guardian , The New York Times , and The Washington Post . In

4690-408: The revelation of the PRISM surveillance program (which collects the e-mail, voice, text and video chats of foreigners and an unknown number of Americans from Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Yahoo, Apple and other tech giants), was published simultaneously by The Guardian and The Washington Post . Der Spiegel revealed NSA spying on multiple diplomatic missions of the European Union and

4760-443: The year. These media reports disclosed several secret treaties signed by members of the UKUSA community in their efforts to implement global surveillance . For example, Der Spiegel revealed how the German Federal Intelligence Service ( German : Bundesnachrichtendienst ; BND) transfers "massive amounts of intercepted data to the NSA", while Swedish Television revealed the National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) provided

4830-407: Was also getting data directly from telecommunications companies code-named Artifice (Verizon), Lithium (AT&T), Serenade, SteelKnight, and X. The real identities of the companies behind these code names were not included in the Snowden document dump because they were protected as Exceptionally Controlled Information which prevents wide circulation even to those (like Snowden) who otherwise have

4900-497: Was later terminated due to operational and resource constraints. It was subsequently replaced by newer surveillance programs such as ShellTrumpet, which " processed its one trillionth metadata record " by the end of December 2012. The NSA follows specific procedures to target non-U.S. persons and to minimize data collection from U.S. persons. These court-approved policies allow the NSA to: According to Boundless Informant , over 97 billion pieces of intelligence were collected over

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