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34-496: New Theatres is an Indian film studio . It was formed in Calcutta by producer B. N. Sircar (Birendranath Sircar, the recipient of Dadasaheb Phalke Award of 1970). It was formed on February 10th, 1931. The company motto was " Jivatang Jyotiretu Chhayam," meaning, "Light infusing shadows with life." Sircar preferred to function roughly analogous to an executive producer . He built a processing laboratory, and acquired staff. Once

68-408: A boom barrier and explain the purpose of their visit to a security guard . The sound stage is the central component of a studio lot. Most studios have several; small studios may have as few as one, and large studios have as many as 20 to 30. Movie studios also provide office space for studio executives and production companies, and makeup rooms and rehearsal rooms for talent. If space allows,

102-399: A comeback with the 2011 film Aadur Prem . Films produced by New Theatres include: Film studio There are also independently owned studio facilities, who have never produced a motion picture of their own because they are not entertainment companies or motion picture companies; they are companies who sell only studio space. In 1893, Thomas Edison built the first movie studio in

136-573: A film subject was selected and a team assembled to create the picture, Sicar ensured that adequate funds were provided, while refraining from interfering with its execution. He made New Theatres a symbol of Bengali cinema 's artistic good taste and technical excellence. Dena Paona , a Bengali talkie, was produced by New Theatres and released in 1931. It was directed by Premankur Atarthi , with music composed by Raichand Boral . According to Kironmoy Raha , "New Theatres made its reputation secure with Chandidas directed by Debaki Bose in 1932," after

170-656: A growing proportion of Hollywood movie revenue, with approximately 70% of total movie revenue coming from international ticket sales; and the Chinese domestic box-office revenue is projected to outpace those of US in 2020. The growth of film studios and filmmaking outside of Hollywood and the US has produced popular international film studio locations such as Hollywood North ( Vancouver and Toronto in Canada ), Bollywood ( Mumbai , India ), and Nollywood ( Lagos , Nigeria ). As

204-433: A movie studio has usually been housed on a "studio lot." Physically, a studio lot is a secure compound enclosed by a tall perimeter wall. This is necessary to protect filmmaking operations from unwanted interference from paparazzi and crazed fans of leading movie stars . Movement in and out of the studio lot is normally limited to specific gates (often capped with grand decorative arches), where visitors must stop at

238-788: A studio may have an outside backlot . Finally, there is a studio "commissary", which is the traditional term in the movie industry for what other industries call a company cafeteria . In addition to these basic components, the largest film studios are full-service enterprises offering the entire range of production and post-production services necessary to create a motion picture, including costumes, props, cameras, sound recording, crafts, sets, lighting, special effects , cutting, editing, mixing, scoring, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), re-recording, and foley . Independent suppliers of all these services and more (e.g., photographic processing labs) are often found in clusters in close proximity to film studios. Nitrate film , manufactured until 1951,

272-693: A thousand films. Edwin Thanhouser constructed a studio in New Rochelle, New York . The company thrived under his leadership and by the summer of 1910, it had established itself as the best of the independents in the industry. Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company would pen an editorial in The New York Dramatic Mirror as "The Spectator", praising the Thanhouser company to this effect. It

306-533: A total of eight generally recognized major studios. United Artists, although its controlling partners owned not one but two production studios during the Golden Age, had an often-tenuous hold on the title of major and operated mainly as a backer and distributor of independently produced films. Smaller studios operated simultaneously with the majors. These included operations such as Republic Pictures , active from 1935, which produced films that occasionally matched

340-654: A tram tour of the backlot where films such as Psycho and Back to the Future were once shot. In fall 2019, movie mogul Tyler Perry opened Tyler Perry Studios in Atlanta . The studio lot is claimed to be larger than any movie-studio lot in Hollywood. In the 1980s and 1990s, as the cost of professional 16mm film equipment decreased, along with the emergence of non-film innovations such as S-VHS and Mini-DV cameras, many young filmmakers began to make films outside

374-421: Is an example of the deus ex machina dramatic technique, which Lonergan used to conclude many scenarios. Though it was the first release, it was not the first film to be produced; the first film produced was The Mad Hermit . Produced in the autumn of 1909, The Mad Hermit would not be released until August 1910. According to Lloyd Lonergan , the first script he wrote was for Aunt Nancy Telegraphs , which

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408-503: The 1918 flu epidemic by Los Angeles compared to other American cities reduced the number of cases there and resulted in a faster recovery, contributing to the increasing dominance of Hollywood over New York City. The Big 5 By the mid-1920s, the evolution of a handful of American production companies into wealthy motion picture industry conglomerates that owned their own studios, distribution divisions , and theaters , and contracted with performers and other filmmaking personnel led to

442-586: The Hollywood area was Nestor Studios , opened in 1911 by Al Christie for David Horsley . In the same year, another 15 independents settled in Hollywood. Other production companies eventually settled in the Los Angeles area in places such as Culver City , Burbank , and what would soon become known as Studio City in the San Fernando Valley . The stronger early public health response to

476-686: The United States when he constructed the Black Maria , a tarpaper-covered structure near his laboratories in West Orange , New Jersey , and asked circus, vaudeville, and dramatic actors to perform for the camera. He distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. The first film serial , What Happened to Mary , was released by the Edison company in 1912. The pioneering Thanhouser movie studio

510-686: The best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles . Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company , based in New York City, controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time. Early movie producers relocated to Southern California to escape patent enforcement, thanks to more lenient local courts and physical distance from company detectives and mob allies. (Edison's patents expired in 1913.) The first movie studio in

544-580: The company continued for another five years. After a period of floundering under inexperienced leadership, Edwin Thanhouser was hired to take charge, but he could not recreate the success of his earlier years. The film industry had evolved and was more competitive by this time, and although films featuring star Florence La Badie were still successful, other ventures were not. La Badie left Thanhouser Corporation in 1917, only weeks before her own death on October 13, 1917, due to injuries sustained in an automobile accident in late August. In 1920, Thanhouser Corporation

578-479: The federal government won a case against Paramount in the Supreme Court , which ruled that the vertically integrated structure of the movie industry constituted an illegal monopoly . This decision, reached after twelve years of litigation, hastened the end of the studio system and Hollywood's "Golden Age". By the 1950s, the physical components of a typical movie studio had become standardized. Since then,

612-729: The film industry had once hoped—movie studios were increasingly being used to produce programming for the burgeoning medium. Some midsize film companies, such as Republic Pictures , eventually sold their studios to TV production concerns , which were eventually bought by larger studios, such as the American Broadcasting Company which was purchased by Disney in 1996. With the growing diversification of studios into such fields as video games , television stations , broadcast syndication , television , theme parks , home video and publishing , they have become multi-national corporations. International markets account for

646-693: The same reel. Released on April 15, 1910, A 29-Cent Robbery was included with The Old Shoe Came Back , a short comedy filler subject. The main subject, A 29-Cent Robbery , was the debut of Marie Eline , soon to be famously known as the "Thanhouser Kid". Two more split reels would follow before the release of Jane Eyre . Productions adapted from novels included Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale , Marie Corelli 's Thelma and Mary Jane Holmes 's Tempest and Sunshine . More adaptations of classic works, like Uncle Tom's Cabin , would be interspersed with several original scenarios like The Mermaid and The Restoration . On August 9, The Mad Hermit

680-504: The scale and ambition of the larger studio, and Monogram Pictures , which specialized in series and genre releases. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the minor studios filled the demand for B movies and are sometimes collectively referred to as Poverty Row . The Big Five's ownership of movie theaters was eventually opposed by eight independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn , David O. Selznick , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , and Walter Wanger . In 1948,

714-723: The sometimes confusing equation of studio with production company in industry slang. Five large companies: RKO Radio Pictures , 20th Century Fox , Paramount Pictures , Warner Bros. , and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer came to be known as the Big Five, the majors, or the Studios in trade publications such as Variety , and their management structures and practices collectively came to be known as the studio system . The Little 3 Although they owned few or no theaters to guarantee sales of their films, Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists also fell under these rubrics, making

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748-622: The studio produced five talkies . In 1935, P.C. Barua directed and acted in Devdas , based on Saratchandra Chatterjee 's novel Devdas , and this film became successful in the industry. In 1935, playback singing was first used in India in the Bengali film Bhagya Chakra by Nitin Bose . The singers were K C Dey , Parul Ghosh and Suprabha Sarkar. Dhoop Chhaon , a Hindi remake of this film,

782-578: The studio system. Filmmakers and producers such as Mike Judge , Adam Sandler , Jim Jarmusch , Robert Rodriguez , Steven Soderbergh , Quentin Tarantino , Kevin Smith and Richard Linklater made films that pushed boundaries in ways the studios were then reluctant to do. In response to these films, many distributed by mini-studios like Miramax , the majors created their own in-house mini-studios meant to focus on edgier, independent content. Focus Features

816-601: The studios increased in size they began to rely on production companies like J. J. Abrams ' Bad Robot to handle many of the creative and physical production details of their feature films. Instead, the studios transformed into financing and distribution entities for their films (generally made by their affiliated production companies). With the decreasing cost of CGI and visual effects , many studios sold large chunks of their once-massive studio spaces or backlots to private real-estate developers. Century City in Los Angeles

850-555: Was created by Universal Pictures and Fox Searchlight was created by 20th Century Fox for this purpose. Thanhouser Company The Thanhouser Company (later the Thanhouser Film Corporation ) was one of the first motion picture studios, founded in 1909 by Edwin Thanhouser , his wife Gertrude and his brother-in-law Lloyd Lonergan . It operated in New York City until 1920, producing over

884-412: Was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser . The company produced and released 1,086 movies between 1910 and 1917, successfully distributing them around the world. In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, California . Although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film;

918-435: Was highly flammable, and sets and backlots were and still are very flammable, which is why film studios built in the early-to-mid 20th century have water towers to facilitate firefighting . Water towers "somewhat inexplicably" evolved into "a most potent symbol ... of movie studios in general." Halfway through the 1950s, with television proving to be a lucrative enterprise not destined to disappear any time soon—as many in

952-419: Was liquidated. The Thanhouser Company's first release was The Actor's Children on March 15, 1910. The plot focused on a family of theater actors who struggle to pay the rent. While the parents are out, their kids are left out on the street where they dance to the music of an organ grinder . They are later rescued by a theater manager and are reunited with their parents at the theater. The film's conclusion

986-399: Was once part of the 20th Century Fox backlot, which was among the largest and most famous of the studio lots. In most cases, portions of the backlots were retained and are available for rental by various film and television productions. Some studios offer tours of their backlots , while Universal Pictures allows visitors to its adjacent Universal Studios Hollywood theme park to take

1020-627: Was released and Edwin Thanhouser's fears of it being an amateur production were unfounded. Films in the autumn included novel plots like Dots and Dashes , where Morse code facilitates a man's escape from a safe. As Halloween approached, the company released The Fairies' Hallowe'en , a trick film geared towards child audiences. A Thanksgiving Surprise would also be released in time for Thanksgiving . The winter of 1910 saw more adaptations of classics and short stories, including Paul and Virginia , John Halifax, Gentleman , Rip Van Winkle and The Vicar of Wakefield . Love and Law

1054-554: Was released on December 17, it was to be the first of four films in the "Violet Gray, Detective" series though it was originally billed as part of the "Thanhouser Detective Series". Previously Thanhouser had released another film about a woman reporter who uncovered a political corruption in The Girl Reporter and a young woman who does the same in A Dainty Politician . Thanhouser would also release Looking Forward , an adaptation of James Oliver Curwood 's story, where

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1088-479: Was shot in December 1909 but never released. The next release would be an adaptation of Augusta Jane Evans 's novel St. Elmo . The Thanhouser version of St. Elmo would bring the company some recognition and would prove to be a success, but the film is also presumed lost. Thanhouser would release two more original scenarios, She's Done it Again and Daddy's Double , before attempting two productions on

1122-481: Was sold to Mutual Film Corporation on April 15, 1912, for $ 250,000. Charles J. Hite took charge. On January 13, 1913, a fire destroyed the main facility in New Rochelle; much equipment and many costumes and negatives of films in production were lost. However, subsidiary studios that had been set up were able to meet distributors' needs while it was being rebuilt. After Hite's death in an automobile accident,

1156-873: Was the first Hindi film to use playback singing. Kanan Devi was the first popular actress, who appeared in many films produced by New Theatres. There was also a group of actors working with New Theatres like K.L. Saigal , K. C. Dey , Prithviraj Kapoor , Trilok Kapoor , Chhabi Biswas , Bikash Roy , Pahari Sanyal , Basanta Choudhury . Directors like Premankur Atarthi , P.C. Barua , Debaki Bose , Phani Majumdar and Nitin Bose worked in New Theatres films. Musicians who worked there included R. C. Boral , Pankaj Mullick , Timir Baran and Mani Bardhan . New Theatres produced films in its studios at Tollygunge in Kolkata, founded on February 10th, 1931. From 1931 to 1955, 150 films were shot in these studios. New Theatres made

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