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55-580: The drink has been documented in Italy since the late 1940s, and became popular in the 1950s, but the origin is uncertain, and early recipes differ somewhat from the modern standard. The basic recipe – an equal-parts cocktail of these three ingredients – is first recorded in French cocktail books of the late 1920s, alongside many similar drinks; in Italy a long drink of equal parts vermouth and Campari (but no gin), topped with soda and served over ice, has existed since

110-402: A Campari and soda which became too bitter ; after a few iterations he and the esteemed bartender decided on Vermouth as the perfect blend. It is the direct descendant of the "Milano-Torino" which consisted of Campari, the bitter liqueur from Milan (Milano) and Punt e Mes , the vermouth from Turin (Torino) but lacked soda water. This drink was itself a descendant of the "Torino-Milano",

165-517: A Latin itinerary during the reign of Emperor Dawit I (1382–1411). Asmara, a small village in the nineteenth century, started to grow quickly when it was occupied by Italy in 1889. Governor Ferdinando Martini made it the capital city of Italian Eritrea in 1897. In the early 20th century, the Eritrean Railway was built to the coast, passing through the town of Ghinda , under the direction of Carlo Cavanna . In both 1913 and 1915

220-558: A concoction consisting of equal parts Campari and Amaro Cora. It is the first drink ordered by James Bond in the first novel in Ian Fleming 's series, Casino Royale . In From Russia With Love , Bond drinks "two excellent Americanos" in Rome during his flight to Istanbul . In the short story " From a View to a Kill ", Bond chooses an Americano as an appropriate drink for a mere café; suggesting that "in cafés you have to drink

275-411: A drink with the same ingredients and proportions (1:1:1) as the modern recipe is from the French cocktail book Alimbau & Milhorat (1929) , where it is referred to as "Campari Mixte", and the recipe is given as: This differs from the modern IBA recipe in a few respects: it is shaken, not built; it is presumably served straight up (implied for cocktails), not down on the rocks; and it is garnished with

330-528: A late Victorian style. Art Deco influences are found throughout the city. Essences of Cubism can be found on the Africa Pension Building, and on a small collection of buildings. The Fiat Tagliero Building shows almost the height of futurism, just as it was coming into big fashion in Italy. Asmara is known to be an exceptionally modern city, not only because of its architecture, but Asmara also had more traffic lights than Rome did when

385-468: A lemon twist, not an orange slice. All of these make it closer to a standard American-style cocktail than an Italian-style drink. A similar recipe of 2:1:1 gin, vermouth, and Campari is attested from the Parisian book Thenon (1929) as the "Camparinete", where it is credited to Albert of the [Hôtel] Chatam (Chatham hotel), and specifies Cora brand vermouth and a lemon zest. The same book credits Albert of

440-456: A martini, just with Campari as the bitter (and orange twist instead of lemon twist): An equal-parts cocktail called "Negroni" is attested in the British text UKBG (1953) , where the recipe is given as: This is almost identical to the "Campari Mixte" (1929), except that it is stirred, not shaken. It still differs from the modern negroni in being stirred, not built; implicitly served up, not on

495-482: A modern sewage system ... [Asmara] gives the impression of being a pleasant enough small city in Calabria , or even Umbria .” Nowadays more than 400 buildings are of Italian origin, and many shops still have Italian names (e.g., Bar Vittoria , Pasticceria moderna , Casa del formaggio , and Ferramenta ). The Kingdom of Italy invested in the industrial development of Asmara (and surrounding areas of Eritrea), but

550-478: A separate, similar long Italian-style drink of vermouth and soda, with small amounts of Campari and gin, served over ice; or from a variant of the Milano–Torino or Americano , equal parts vermouth and Campari, with a small amount of gin, plus soda, served over ice. By the mid-1950s the preferred name was "negroni" and the preferred ratio was 1:1:1, served over ice but without soda. The earliest known attestation of

605-434: A short drink; and being garnished with an orange peel, rather than an orange slice. It is similar to the modern drink (and differs from the earlier French recipes) in being built and served with ice, rather than being shaken or stirred and served up. The same text includes a variant, "Asmara o Negroni" (Asmara or Negroni), referencing the city of Asmara , the (by then former) capital of Italian Eritrea , with recipe closer to

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660-743: Is also the see of the archbishop of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , which became autocephalous in 1993. The archbishop was elevated in 1998 to the rank of Patriarchate of Eritrea, on a par with the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . Eritrean Airlines , the Eritrean Telecommunications Corporation , and other companies are headquartered in the city. The country's national television station Eri-TV has many studios located in various areas in

715-480: Is an IBA official cocktail composed of Campari , sweet vermouth , and for the sparkling version, club soda and garnished with a slice of lemon. The cocktail was first served in creator Gaspare Campari 's bar , Caffè Campari in Milan , in the 1860s, an American man, who was under the impression that Campari was a long drink , ordered it, hated it, and said it would be better served iced and fizzy . He ordered

770-558: Is an Italian/Corsican surname, and the drink is presumably named after some person of this name. Numerous persons claim to have invented the cocktail or to have had it named after them, though these lack contemporary sources. The most widely reported account is that it was first mixed in Florence , Italy, in 1919, at Caffè Casoni (now Caffè Giacosa), on Via de' Tornabuoni , by bartender Fosco Scarselli, for his customer Count Camillo Negroni; see Picchi (2002) . The commonly-held origin story

825-575: Is characteristic of rainy, wet seasons and dry seasons. Asmara averages about 518 mm (20.4 in) of precipitation annually. Frost , however, is extremely rare in the city. The long dry season of the year extends from September until around April, and a season of occasional showers occurs from April to June. On average, about 60% of Asmara's annual precipitation is experienced during the months of July and August. In contrast, December to February are typically Asmara's driest months, where on average only 9.1 mm (0.36 in) of precipitation falls in

880-635: Is home to the Eritrean National Museum . The city is often the starting point of the Tour of Eritrea cycling competition. The city is known for its early 20th-century buildings, including the Art Deco Cinema Impero (opened in 1937 and considered by the experts one of the world's finest examples of Art Déco style building ), Cubist Africa Pension, eclectic Eritrean Orthodox Enda Mariam Cathedral and former Opera House ,

935-581: Is situated on a rocky highland plateau, which separates the western lowlands from the eastern coastal plains. The lands that surround Asmara are very fertile, especially those to the south towards the Debub Region of Eritrea. The highlands that Asmera is located in fall away to reveal the eastern lowlands, characterized by the searing heat and humidity of the Eritrean salt pans, lapped by the Red Sea. To

990-610: Is that it was concocted by a member of the Negroni family asking the bartender to strengthen the Americano by adding gin, rather than the normal soda water. The bartender also added an orange garnish rather than the typical lemon garnish of the Americano to signify that it was a different drink. Cocktail historian David Wondrich researched Camillo Negroni, whose status as a count is questionable, but whose grandfather, Luigi Negroni,

1045-605: The Coshocton Tribune while working in Rome on Cagliostro in 1947, where he described a new drink called the Negroni, "The bitters are excellent for your liver, the gin is bad for you. They balance each other." Later, more detailed descriptions are given in Horace Sutton, Footloose in Italy (1950), and Rupert Croft-Cooke , Tangerine House (1956, p. 108 ), which gives the description: The name " Negroni "

1100-646: The Cinema Impero . A statement from UNESCO read: It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context. The Historic Center of Asmara was placed on the World Monuments Fund 's 2006 Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. The listing was designed to bring more attention to the city to save the center from decay and redevelopment and to promote restoration. Following CARP (a World Bank initiative on Cultural Heritage),

1155-802: The European Union Delegation in Asmara has engaged into a Heritage Project pertaining to building's restoration and archive management. Launched in 2010 the EU/Eritrea Cultural Project was expected to be completed in 2014 (Pierre Couté – Edward Denison, Project Design Report, EUD Asmara 2009). Four big landmarks of the city are the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and the Kidane Mehret Cathedral of

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1210-636: The Italian Eritrean cuisine are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means "pasta with tomato sauce and berbere " (spice), " lasagna " and "cotoletta alla milanese" (milano cutlet). Asmara was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2017, becoming the first modernist city anywhere to be listed in its entirety. The inscription taking place during the 41st World Heritage Committee Session. The city has thousands of Art Deco , futurist , modernist , and rationalist buildings, constructed during

1265-403: The desertification of the soil. In order to obtain nutrient rich and moist soil for farming purposes, populations rely on deforestation to make use of the underlying ground. The most serious environmental issues Asmara faces are deforestation and desertification. Other issues Asmara faces are soil erosion and overgrazing . All of these environmental issues produce soil degradation . The city

1320-555: The futurist Fiat Tagliero Building , the neo-Romanesque Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara , and the neoclassical Governor's Palace . The city is adorned by Italian colonial villas and mansions , one prominent example being the World Bank Building . Most of central Asmara was built between 1935 and 1941, so the Italians effectively managed to build almost an entire city in just six years. At this time,

1375-427: The 1800s under the names Milano–Torino or Americano . There are claims of Italian drinks by the name "Negroni" containing gin from 1919, though these differ significantly from the modern drink; see § History for details. The IBA recipe for the negroni specifies that it be built over ice in an old-fashioned or rocks glass and garnished with a slice of orange, similar to an old fashioned or spritz (short, minus

1430-550: The 1940s. For example, the encyclopedic Grassi (1936) contains 1,000 recipes, including several with Campari (two versions of the Milano–Torino and a dozen versions of the Americano), but no negroni or gin/vermouth/Campari drink. The earliest known recipe for a "negroni" in an Italian text is in Gandiglio (1947) , where it is given as: This differs from the modern recipe in being a long drink, served with seltzer, rather than

1485-825: The Asmera area on the Kebessa Plateau: the Gheza Gurtom, the Gheza Shelele, the Gheza Serenser and Gheza Asmae. These villages were frequently attacked by clans from the lowlands, until the women of each clan decided that to preserve peace the four clans must unite. The men accepted, hence the name "Arbate Asmera". Arbate Asmera literally means, in the Tigrinya language , "the four (feminine plural) made them unite". The first mention of Asmara comes from

1540-746: The Catholic faith (the former of Latin and the latter of Coptic rite), the Enda Mariam Cathedral of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , and the Al Khulafa Al Rashiudin Mosque of the Islamic faith. The population in the Central Region , which contains Asmara, is 89 percent Christian (almost 84 percent Orthodox, 4 percent Roman Catholic, and more than 1 percent Protestant) and 5 percent Muslim. Asmara

1595-608: The Chatham bar with the Rose , though that is attested years earlier by another bartender at the same bar, so it is not clear if Albert originated this variant of the drink, or simply represented the bar in this collection. This drink is listed in numerous American, French, and Spanish cocktail books of the 1930s and 1940s, including Boothby (1934 , p. 39) (shaken, twist lemon peel over), Brucart (1943) , and Trader Vic's Bartender's Guide (1947). Brucart (1943 , p. 29) credits

1650-464: The Via Veneto in Rome. [REDACTED] Drink portal [REDACTED] Liquor portal Asmara Asmara ( / æ s ˈ m ɑː r ə / əs- MAHR -ə ), or Asmera , is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea , in the country's Central Region . It sits at an elevation of 2,325 metres (7,628 ft), making it the sixth highest capital in the world by altitude and

1705-549: The beginning of World War II brought this to a halt. UNESCO made Asmara a World Heritage Site in July 2017, saying "It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context". In 1952, the United Nations resolved to federate the former colony under Ethiopian rule. During the Federation, Asmara was no longer the capital city. The capital

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1760-577: The capital. Asmara Brewery , built 1939 under the name of Melotti, is located in the city and employs 600 people. The brewery produces Asmara beer and other beverages like rum and gin. The brewery also owns and operates as a sponsor of the local football team Asmara Brewery FC , also named "Asmara Birra" (translated "Asmara Beer"). After Eritrean independence, the roads of Asmara underwent extensive construction projects. Old roads were renovated and new highways were also built. There are five primary roads out of Asmara. Asmara International Airport serves

1815-462: The city suffered only slight damage in large earthquakes. A large Italian community developed the city. According to the 1939 census, Asmara had a population of 98,000, of whom 53,000 were Italian. Only 75,000 Italians lived in all of Eritrea, thus making the capital city by far their largest centre. (Compare this to the Italian colonization of Libya , where the settler population, albeit larger,

1870-521: The city was being built. The city incorporates many features of a planned city. Asmara has wide streets, restaurants, piazzas (town squares), bars and cafes while many of the boulevards are lined with palms trees. The Italian inspired food and culture is very present and was introduced during Italian Eritrea . Countless restaurants and cafes, serve high quality espresso , cappuccinos and lattes , as well as gelato parlours and restaurants with Italian Eritrean cuisine . Common dishes served from

1925-461: The city with many international flights. Massawa International Airport is an alternative airport nearby. As of 1999, there is a total of 317 kilometres of 950 mm ( 3 ft  1 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) (narrow gauge) rail line in Eritrea. The Eritrean Railway was built between 1887 and 1932. Badly damaged during WWII and in later fighting, it was closed section by section, with

1980-533: The dictator Benito Mussolini had great plans for a second Roman Empire in Africa. War cut this short, but his injection of funds created the Asmara of today, which supposedly was to be a symbol to the colonial fascism during that period of time. The city shows off most early 20th-century architectural styles. Some buildings are neo-Romanesque , such as the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, some villas are built in

2035-457: The documentary evidence is consistent with the drink originating as a short, American-style cocktail in 1920s France, like its well-documented contemporary, the old pal (and similar cocktails such as the boulevardier ), and was most popular in the 1930s and early 1940s as a 2:1:1 drink, served up, called the Campariete . In the late 1940s the short drink then acquired the name negroni from

2090-454: The drink around 1914; which is again impossible, as he died in 1913. An unrelated person, Cavaliere (Knight) Guglielmo Negroni, founded Negroni Distillerie in Treviso , Italy in 1919, and produced a red amaro, now sold as Old 1919 (Antico Negroni 1919). There is no evidence that this is related to the modern Campari-based cocktail, though the prominent "1919" may be why that year is given as

2145-548: The drink to Albert of Chatam, Paris (presumably from Thenon (1929) ), and specifies that it be shaken, and served up (in a coupe). In Brucart (1949) , this 2:1:1 cocktail is referred to as “Negroni-Cocktail”, and is given as: Notably, Brucart refers to the same recipe as "Campariete" in 1943 and "Negroni" in 1949, attaching a new name to an existing drink. There is no known recipe for a "negroni" or an equal-parts drink of gin, vermouth, and Campari in Italian cocktail books before

2200-468: The final closure coming in 1978. After independence, a rebuilding effort commenced, and the first rebuilt section was reopened in 2003. As of 2009, the section from Asmara to Massawa was fully rebuilt and available for service. Asmara has always been a national centre of education, and is home to many elementary and high schools. It was home to the University of Asmara from 1958 until the university

2255-579: The independence of Eritrea. Asmara was left relatively undamaged throughout the war, as were the majority of highland regions. After independence, Asmara again became the capital of Eritrea. The city lies at an elevation of 2,325 metres (7,628 feet) above sea level . It lies on north–south trending highlands known as the Eritrean Highlands , an extension of the Ethiopian Highlands . The temperate central portion, where Asmara lies,

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2310-442: The least offensive of the musical comedy drinks that go with them." Bond always stipulates Perrier , for, in his opinion, expensive soda water was the cheapest way to improve a poor drink. In The Tourist , Elise and Fred each had an Americano (or two) before their fancy dinner at a Venetian restaurant, and resumed drinking that post-dinner back in their hotel room. In The Talented Mr. Ripley , Tom and Dickie drink americanos on

2365-586: The martini, this drink consists of Italian ingredients (vermouth, Campari) mixed with gin in an American-style cocktail. He finds an Italian origin implausible, as at the time the spirits-based cocktails popular in the United States were not made in Italy; they were considered American style, as seen in the American Bar (London, 1893), Harry's New York Bar (Paris, 1911), and Harry's Bar (Venice, 1931). Americano (cocktail) The Americano

2420-597: The origin of the cocktail. Andrew Willett believes that this drink originated in San Francisco, where Campari was first imported to the United States (presumably due to the Italian American population in North Beach, San Francisco ), between 1904 (when Campari began to be mass produced) and 1920 (when Prohibition started) as a modification of the martini , replacing orange bitters with Campari. Like

2475-477: The period of Italian Eritrea . The city, nicknamed " La piccola Roma " ("Little Rome"), is located over 2,000 meters above sea level, and was an ideal spot for construction due to the relatively cool climate; architects used a combination of both Italian and local materials. Some notable buildings include the Fiat Tagliero Building , Bar Zilli , opera houses, hotels, and cinemas, such as

2530-565: The residence of the Bahr Negash or the governor of the coastal province, however it still existed as a major settlement for over half a millennium and enjoyed some importance as it stood on the trade route to Massawa . Asmara first rose to prominence during the 20th century, when it became capital of Italian Eritrea . Under Italian rule the city of Asmara experienced rapid urbanization and modernization. According to Eritrean Tigrinya oral traditional history, there were four clans living in

2585-563: The rocks; and garnished with a lemon twist, not an orange slice. The earliest reports in English are from traveler writers to Italy and the Mediterranean, and describe a long drink based on vermouth and soda, with the addition of small amounts of Campari, gin, and sometimes Angostura bitters, similar to a vermouth-based spritz . One of the earliest reports of a drink by the name "Negroni" came from Orson Welles in correspondence with

2640-593: The second highest capital in Africa. The city is located at the tip of an escarpment that is both the northwestern edge of the Eritrean Highlands and the Great Rift Valley in neighbouring Ethiopia . In 2017, the city was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved modernist architecture . According to local traditions, the city was founded after four separate villages unified to live together peacefully after long periods of conflict. Asmara had long been overshadowed by nearby Debarwa ,

2695-471: The soda). Common variations include using an orange peel (or lemon peel) in place of an orange slice (especially outside Italy), stirring then pouring over ice, and sometimes stirring and serving straight up . The drink's origins are not known with certainty, and one must distinguish the modern recipe (an equal-parts cocktail of gin, vermouth rosso, and Campari, served over ice) from the name "negroni". See surveys Wondrich (2019) and Difford. To summarize,

2750-410: The subtropical thorn woodland biome. Rainfall patterns differ from month to month with highest precipitation in July and August, and lower precipitation in other months. Asmara has warm, but not hot summers and mild winters. Due to its 2,325-metre (7,628 ft) altitude, temperatures are relatively mild for a city located not particularly far from the hotter surroundings in the country. This climate

2805-439: The three months combined. Due to variable rainfall, Asmara's climate is also characterized by drought. Several prolonged droughts in this region have occurred beginning in the 1960s and have recurred each decade since then. During periods of drought, temperatures are high and little rainfall occurs. As temperatures in a region increase, the rate of evaporation of water from the soil also increases. These combined processes result in

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2860-683: The west of the plateau stretches a vast semi-arid hilly terrain continuing all the way towards the border with Sudan through the Gash-Barka Region . Asmara has a cool semi-arid climate ( BSk ) according to the Köppen climate classification . It has year-round moderately warm weather, with recorded temperatures ranging between a minimum of −4.5 °C or 23.9 °F and a maximum of 31.0 °C or 87.8 °F. It has an average humidity of 51% and an UV-index of 6. Holdridge life zones system of bioclimatic classification put Asmara in or near

2915-527: Was indeed a count. The year 1919 may be a confusion with the amaro today sold as Old 1919 (Antico Negroni 1919); see below. An implausible story is that it was invented by Pascal Olivier de Negroni, Count de Negroni in 1857 in Senegal ; this has been circulated by his descendants, and is impossible, as Campari did not exist until 1860. A Corse-Matin Sunday Edition article from 1980 says he invented

2970-459: Was more dispersed.) The capital acquired an Italian architectural look . Europeans used Asmara "to experiment with radical new designs". By the late 1930s, Asmara was called Piccola Roma (Little Rome). Journalist John Gunther noted in 1955 that "the Italians built [Asmara] well, like Tripoli , with handsome wide streets, ornate public buildings, and even such refinements of civilization as

3025-554: Was now Addis Ababa , over 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) to the south. In 1961, Emperor Haile Selassie I ended the "federal" arrangement and declared the territory to be the 14th province of the Ethiopian Empire . Ethiopia's biggest ally was the United States. The city was home to the US Army 's Kagnew Station installation from 1943 until 1977. The Eritrean War of Independence began in 1961 and ended in 1991, resulting in

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