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28-658: Nilles was born into a wealthy peasant family of Rippweiler , Luxembourg . After completing his gymnasium studies brilliantly, he went to Rome where from 1847 to 1854, as a student of the Collegium Germanicum , he laid the foundation of his ascetic life and, as a pupil of the Gregorian University , under the guidance of distinguished scholars ( Antonio Ballerini , Johann Baptist Franzelin , Carlo Passaglia , Giovanni Perrone , Francis Xavier Patrizi , Clement Schrader and Camillo Tarquini ), prepared

56-630: A group of bishops called the Holy Synod . For instance, the Holy Synod is a ruling body of the Georgian Orthodox Church . In Oriental Orthodoxy the Holy Synod is the highest authority in the church and it formulates the rules and regulations regarding matters of church organization, faith, and order of service. The principle of summoning a synod or council of ecclesiastical persons to discuss some grave question affecting

84-667: A restored patriarchate under Tikhon of Moscow . In modern Russia, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church is the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church between Sobors . It is headed by the Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus' . The first other Orthodox Church to imitate the Russian Government by synod was that of Greece . The national assemblies of free Greece in 1822 and 1827 began

112-473: A wide reputation. Martin Blum enumerates in his by no means complete bibliography fifty-seven works, of which the two principal are: De rationibus festorum sacratissimi Cordis Jesu et purissimi Cordis Mariae libri quatuor (2 vols., 5th ed., Innsbruck, 1885) and Kalendarium manuale utriusque Ecclesiae orientalis et occidentalis (2 vols., 2nd ed., Innsbruck, 1896). Through the latter work he became widely known in

140-459: A year, in spring and autumn in ordinary sessions but extraordinary sessions are organized whenever necessary. Whilst is the supreme authority on all matters of the church, it is a deliberative authority, as all of its members are the leaders of the entire church, directly representing all of the believers of the RoOC. The Serbian Orthodox Church is governed by a five-member Holy Synod. The patriarch

168-735: A year, with half of them being replaced every six months. The Most Holy Synod or Most Holy Governing Synod ( Russian : Святейший Правительствующий Синод ) was a congregation of Orthodox church leaders in Russia . It was established by Peter the Great , Stefan Yavorsky and Feofan Prokopovich in January 1721 to replace the Patriarchate of Moscow . It was abolished following the February Revolution of 1917 and replaced with

196-576: Is a permanent member, while the other four are bishops elected for two-year terms by the Bishops' Council , a body that represents all the metropolitans and other bishops of the church. The supreme clerical, judicial and administrative power for the whole domain of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church is exercised by the Holy Synod, which includes the Patriarch and the diocesan prelates, who are called metropolitans . The Holy Synod of

224-399: Is scarcely another scholar as well versed as the author in the feasts of Catholicism. His knowledge is based not only on his own observations, but on books periodicals, papers, and calendars of the past and present. The Feasts of Catholicism! The title is self-explanatory; yet, though the basis of these ordinances is uniform, the details are of infinite variety, since the work treats not only of

252-537: Is the highest authority of the Church of Antioch . It is chaired by the Patriarch of Antioch with metropolitans and bishops as members. Within the Catholic Church , each sui iuris patriarchal church and each major archiepiscopal church has its own synod of bishops , which is exclusively competent to make laws for the entire sui iuris church in question and is its tribunal. The Code of Canons of

280-419: Is the standing synod that corresponds to the term "holy synod" as used above. The standing synod consists of the patriarch or major archbishop and four bishops appointed for a five-year term. Of these four, three are elected by the church's synod of bishops and one is appointed by the patriarch or major archbishop, while another four are designated in the same way to replace any member who is impeded. A meeting of

308-615: Is under the same presidency, and consists of the Primate and 12 bishops, each serving for one term on a rotating basis and deals with details of administration. The Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church is organized as the highest authority on all matters concerning the church. It comprises the Patriarch, all metropolitans, archbishops, bishops and vicar bishops of the church. The Holy Synod usually meets two times

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336-750: The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the highest authority in the Church of Alexandria and it formulates the rules and regulations regarding matters of church's organization, faith, service's order. The Synod is chaired by the Pope of Alexandria and the members are the Church's Metropolitans, Bishops, Chorbishops and the Patriarchal Vicar for Alexandria. The Holy Synod of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch

364-714: The Austrian Province of the Society of Jesus and, in the autumn of 1859, was summoned by his superiors to Innsbruck to fill the chair of canon law in the theological faculty, which Emperor Francis Joseph I had shortly before entrusted to the Austrian Jesuits. Nilles lectured throughout his life — after 1898 usually to the North American theologians, to whom he gave special instructions on canonical conditions in their country, for which task no one

392-520: The Church goes back to the very beginning of the Church's history. Since the day when the Apostles met at Jerusalem to settle whether Gentile converts were to keep the Old Law ( Acts 15:6–29), it had been the custom to call together such gatherings as occasion required. Bishops summoned synods of their clergy , metropolitans and patriarchs summoned their suffragans, and then since 325 there

420-518: The Church of Russia. A law in 1852 regulated its rights and duties. It met at Athens under the presidency of the Metropolitan of Athens . Four other bishops were appointed by the Government as members for a year by vote. The members took an oath of fidelity to the king and government. Their deliberations were controlled by a royal commissioner, who was a layman chosen by government, just as

448-473: The Eastern Churches makes mention 115 times of the synod of bishops in this sense. It does not add honorific adjectives such as "holy", "holy and sacred" "most holy", as used in some Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches. The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches distinguishes between a patriarchal or major archiepiscopal church's standing synod and the synod of its bishops as a whole. It

476-625: The Holy Synod naturally ceased, and with the elevation of the Metropolitan of Athens to an Archbishophric in 1932, the Archbishop began to be named in liturgies. Today, supreme authority is vested in the synod of all the diocesan bishops, who all have metropolitical status (the Hierarchy of the Church of Greece ) under the presidency of the Archbishop of Athens and all Greece. This synod deals with general church questions. The Standing Synod

504-643: The Latin but also of the Eastern Rites . The latter, it is well known, are divided into Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian ..." Of the second volume Harnack wrote (ibid., XXXIII, 1898, 112 sq.): "Facts which elsewhere would have to be sought under difficulties are here marshaled in lucid order, and a very carefully arranged index facilitates inquiry. Apart from the principal aim of the work, it offers valuable information concerning recent Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical history, also authorities and literature useful to

532-633: The Russian oberprocuror. No act was valid without the commissioner's assent. There were also secretaries, writers, and a servant all appointed by the State. The Holy Synod was the highest authority in the Greek Church and had the same rights and duties as its Russian model, and was named in the liturgy instead of a patriarch. After the proclamation of the Greek Republic in 1924, royal control of

560-489: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 546618329 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:39:34 GMT Holy Synod In several of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches and Eastern Catholic Churches , the patriarch or head bishop is elected by

588-529: The historian of liturgy and creeds. ... His arduous and disinterested toil will be rewarded by the general gratitude, and his work will long prove useful not only to every theologian 'utriusque', but also 'cuiusque ecclesiae'". The Romanian Academy in Bucharest awarded a prize to this work. Soon after the appearance of the second edition of the "Kalendarium", the Russian Holy Synod issued from

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616-591: The process of making their Church independent of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . In 1833 the Greek Parliament formally rejected the patriarch's authority and set up a Holy Directing Synod in exact imitation of Russia. After much dispute, the patriarch gave in and acknowledged the Greek synod, in 1850. Since then, the Church of Greece has been governed by a Holy Synod exactly as was

644-520: The synod of all the church's bishops is called when a decision is required on a question that only it is authorized to decide, or when the patriarch or major archbishop, with the agreement of the standing synod, judges it to be necessary, or when at least one third of the bishops request that it be held to consider some specific matter. In addition, the individual canon law of some of these churches requires that their synod of bishops be convoked at predetermined intervals. In metropolitan sui iuris churches

672-526: The synodal printing office in Moscow a "Festbilderatlas" intended to a certain extent as the official Orthodox illustrations for the work. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Hofmann, Michael (1911). " Nikolaus Nilles ". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Rippweiler Too Many Requests If you report this error to

700-543: The way for his subsequent scholarly career. When he left Rome in 1854, he took with him, in addition to the double doctorate of theology and Canon law , two mementoes which lasted throughout his life: his grey hair and a disease of the heart, possibly the result of his experiences in Rome in the revolutionary year 1848–9. From 1853 to 1858 he labored in his own country as chaplain and parish priest, and during this time made his first literary attempts. In March, 1858, he entered

728-564: The world of scholars. In particular Protestants and Orthodox Russians expressed themselves in terms of the highest praise for the Kalendarium or Heortologion . Adolf von Harnack of Berlin wrote of it in the Theologische Literaturzeitung (XXI, 1896, 350–2): "I have . . . frequently made use of the work . . . and it has always proved a reliable guide. whose information was derived from original sources. There

756-476: Was a succession of those greatest synods, representing the whole Catholic world, that are known as general councils. The Ecumenical Patriarchate is governed by the "Holy and Sacred Synod", developed from the " endemousa synod " (the "resident" synod), which consisted of the bishops living (even if only transiently) in or near Constantinople . It is presided over by the Patriarch of Constantinople and consists of twelve hierarchs, each of whom holds membership for

784-600: Was better qualified than he. He was not only a distinguished university professor, but also a director of ecclesiastical students. For fifteen years (1860–75) he presided over the theological seminary of Innsbruck, an international institution where young men from all parts of Europe and the United States were trained for the priesthood. Nilles's Commentaria in Concilium Baltimorense tertium (1884–90) and his short essay, Tolerari potest , gained him

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