A learned society ( / ˈ l ɜːr n ɪ d / ; also scholarly , intellectual , or academic society ) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline , profession , or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences . Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.
27-595: The Royal Numismatic Society (RNS) is a learned society and charity based in London , United Kingdom which promotes research into all branches of numismatics . Its patron as of 2022 was Queen Elizabeth II . Foremost collectors and researchers, both professional and amateur, in the field of numismatics are amongst the fellows of the Society. They must be elected to the Society by the Council. The Numismatic Chronicle
54-496: A particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to fellows who are appropriately qualified by honoris causa , or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award post-nominal letters to their memberships. The membership at
81-510: Is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society . Founded in 1812, the journal is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals. Its 2023 impact factor was 96.2, ranking it 2nd out of 168 journals in the category "Medicine, General & Internal". In September 1811, Boston physician John Collins Warren , along with James Jackson, submitted a formal prospectus to establish
108-651: Is the annual publication of the Royal Numismatic Society. The society was founded in 1836 as the Numismatic Society of London and received the title "Royal Numismatic Society" from Edward VII by Royal Charter in 1904. The history of the Society was presented as a series of annual Presidential addresses by R.A. Carson – these were published in the Numismatic Chronicle between 1975 and 1978. The fifth and latest instalment
135-804: The American Association for the Advancement of Science , specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association , or specific to a given area of study, such as the Royal Entomological Society . Most are either specific to a particular country (e.g. the Entomological Society of Israel ), though they generally include some members from other countries as well, often with local branches, or are international, such as
162-526: The Ingelfinger rule , the policy is intended to protect newsworthiness, and to subject research to peer review "before it is touted to the public or the profession". By 1991, four types of exceptions were recognized, including when "prepublication release of research conclusions is warranted because of immediate implications for the public health". The rule was first described in a 1969 editorial , "Definition of Sole Contribution", by Franz Ingelfinger ,
189-886: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions or the Regional Studies Association , in which case they often have national branches. But many are local, such as the Massachusetts Medical Society , the publishers of the internationally known The New England Journal of Medicine . Some learned societies (such as the Royal Society Te Apārangi ) have been rechartered by legislation to form quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations . Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election. Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in
216-587: The NEJM published over the course of a year. He found that many arrived at conclusions which were not supported by the evidence presented, or ignored easily available evidence that contradicted their conclusions. In 2022, NEJM set up a new sub-journal, NEJM Evidence . NEJM Evidence is a monthly digital journal featuring original research. It focuses on clinical trials and decision making. The New England Journal of Medicine requires that articles it publishes have not been published or released elsewhere. Referred to as
243-686: The New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Science as a medical and philosophical journal. Subsequently, the first issue of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science was published in January 1812. The journal was published quarterly. In 1823, another publication, the Boston Medical Intelligencer , appeared under
270-1173: The World Association in Economics is free of cost. Following the globalization and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the Modern Language Association—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic virtual communities have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies. Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example JISCMail ), social networking services (like Facebook or LinkedIn ) and academic oriented social networks (like Humanities Commons, ResearchGate , Mendeley or Academia.edu ). The New England Journal of Medicine The New England Journal of Medicine ( NEJM )
297-460: The editor-in-chief at that time. A number of medical journals have similar rules in place. In the early 2000s, The New England Journal of Medicine was involved in a controversy around problems with research on the drug Vioxx . A study was published in the journal in November 2000 which noted an increase in myocardial infarction amongst those taking Vioxx. According to Richard Smith ,
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#1732776836217324-481: The sociology of science argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions. In the form of professional associations, they can assist in the creation of pathways to leadership. The World Association in Economics provides help to the members of the WAE on the following issues: Societies can be very general in nature, such as
351-552: The Author Accepted Manuscript that may be deposited in a noncommercial repository after publication. NEJM also has two podcast features, one with interviews of doctors and researchers that are publishing in the journal, and another summarizing the content of each issue. Other offerings include Continuing Medical Education, Videos in Clinical Medicine (showing videos of medical procedures), and
378-403: The U.S. government, including NIH, to ensure that authors are able to meet their funders’ requirements for public access to research results. For research articles submitted before February 1, 2024, NEJM makes the full-text Version of Record available at NEJM.org six months after publication. For research articles submitted on or after February 1, 2024, NEJM will provide authors with a PDF file of
405-519: The article published in the Journal on November 23, 2000. It now appears, however, from a memorandum dated July 5, 2000, that was obtained by subpoena in the Vioxx litigation and made available to the Journal, that at least two of the authors knew about the three additional myocardial infarctions at least two weeks before the authors submitted the first of two revisions and 4 1/2 months before publication of
432-652: The article." During the five-year period between publication and Expression of Concern, it has been estimated that Merck paid NEJM as much as US$ 836,000 for article reprints that Merck used for promotional purposes. The journal was publicly rebuked for its response to the research issues in editorials appearing in publications including the British Medical Journal and the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . NEJM makes articles that meet
459-499: The course of The New England Journal of Medicine 's history include: On April 25, 1996, the NEJM announced a new web site, which published each week the abstracts for research articles and the full text of editorials, cases, and letters to the editor. After print publishing for 184 years this was the NEJM ' s first use of the Internet for electronic publication. The site was launched several months earlier in 1996, but
486-560: The criteria for global and public health importance freely available to all readers upon publication at NEJM.org. NEJM also partners with Research4Life in their Access to Research in Health (Hinari) program to grant to low-income countries immediate free access to NEJM.org. NEJM does not charge authors any submission or publication fees. NEJM also works with authors whose articles report research supported by funding bodies with open access mandates, including (but not limited to) Plan S funders and
513-530: The drug from market in September 2004. In December 2005, NEJM published an expression of concern about the original study following discovery that the authors knew more about certain adverse events than they disclosed at the time of publication. From the Expression of Concern: "Until the end of November 2005, we believed that these were late events that were not known to the authors in time to be included in
540-524: The editors wanted proof that weekly electronic publication would work. Only then was an announcement approved for publication on the editorial page. In 1997, the website included prepublication releases of certain articles prior to their print publication. In 1998, online publication extended to include the full text of all its articles from 1993 forward. Since its launch, NEJM has added to its site: The George Polk Awards site noted that its 1977 award to The New England Journal of Medicine : "...provided
567-751: The editorship of Jerome V. C. Smith . The editors of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science purchased the weekly Intelligencer for $ 600 in 1828, merging the two publications to form the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , and shifting from quarterly to weekly publication. In 1921, the Massachusetts Medical Society purchased the Journal for US$ 1 (equivalent to $ 17 in 2023) and, in 1928, renamed it to The New England Journal of Medicine . The journal's logo depicts
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#1732776836217594-485: The first significant mainstream visibility for a publication that would achieve enormous attention and prestige in the ensuing decades." The journal usually has the highest impact factor of the journals of internal medicine . According to the Journal Citation Reports , NEJM had a 2017 impact factor of 79.258, ranking it first of 153 journals in the category "General & Internal Medicine". It
621-613: The former editor of the British Medical Journal , concerns about the correctness of that study were raised with the journal's editor, Jeff Drazen , as early as August 2001. That year, both the US Food and Drug Administration and the Journal of the American Medical Association also cast doubt on the validity of the data interpretation that had been published in the NEJM . Merck withdrew
648-769: The presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership. Some of the oldest learned societies are the Académie des Jeux floraux (founded 1323), Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (founded 1488), Accademia della Crusca (founded 1583), Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603), Académie Française (founded 1635), German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (founded 1652), Royal Society (founded 1660) and French Academy of Sciences (founded 1666). Scholars in
675-447: The snake-wrapped Rod of Asclepius crossed over a quill pen. The dates on the logo represent the founding of the components of The New England Journal of Medicine : 1812 for the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Medical Science , 1823 for the Boston Medical Intelligencer , 1828 for the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , and 1928 for the New England Journal of Medicine . Notable articles from
702-541: Was the only journal in the category with an impact factor of more than 70. By comparison, the second and third ranked journals in the category ( The Lancet and JAMA ) had impact factors of 53.254 and 47.661 respectively. Theodore Dalrymple feels that this influence is unwarranted. In False Positive: A Year of Error, Omission, and Political Correctness in the New England Journal of Medicine , he examines various articles on medical and social issues that
729-574: Was written to mark the 150th anniversary of the Society in 1986, and the full text was published in 1986 as A History of the Royal Numismatic Society, 1936-1986 (London, 1986). The society has an annual journal, The Numismatic Chronicle , and publishes a book series known as the Special Publications . Learned society Most learned societies are non-profit organizations , and many are professional associations . Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for
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