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46-636: The Forum of São Paulo was constituted in 1990, when the Brazilian Workers' Party approached other parties of Latin America and the Caribbean to debate the new international scenario after the fall of the Berlin Wall and rising adoption of some economic liberalization policies implemented at the time by right-leaning governments in the region. The stated main objective of the conference

92-544: A façade for authoritarianism . The charisma of figures like Hugo Chávez and mottoes like "Country, Socialism, or Death!" have drawn comparisons to the Latin American dictators and caudillos of the past. According to Steven Levitsky of Harvard University : "Only under the dictatorships of the past [...] were presidents reelected for life", with Levitsky further stating that while Latin America experienced democracy, citizens opposed "indefinite reelection, because of

138-572: A more bio-pluralistic view, eliminating the separation between nature and society. This approach has been applied to the Yasuní-ITT Initiative . Buen vivir is sometimes conceptualised as collaborative consumption in a sharing economy and the term is used to look at the world in way sharply differentiated from natural , social or human capital . Critics claim that socialism of the 21st century in Latin America acts as

184-634: A primary value. These differences grant special relevance to FSP's final declarations, released at the end of each conference, which state the collective position of its members. Ever since FSP's first meeting (1990), the Declaration which was approved expressed the participants' "willingness to renew leftist and socialist thought, to reaffirm its emancipating character, to correct mistaken conceptions, and to overcome all expressions of bureaucratism and all absence of true social and massive democracy." The first Declaration manifests "an active compromise with

230-544: Is a marked contradiction between the fiery and quasi-revolutionary rhetoric about " socialism of the 21st century " indulged in sometimes by many FSP's leaders, and the plain fact that the positions of power held by such leaders depend, on most cases, on their holding positions in governments which have emerged through the electoral road. In a statement made in 2008 in Lima , before a gathering of Peruvian businessmen, however, Brazil's President Lula would declare, approvingly, that

276-740: Is its meeting itself. Between meetings, the Foro is represented by an Executive Group ( Grupo de Trabalho ) composed of a sample of its overall membership that usually meets thrice a year as well as by an Executive Secretariat ( Secretariado Executivo ). Workers%27 Party (Brazil) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 552739830 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:55:26 GMT Socialism of

322-437: Is often accompanied with opposition to North American influence. Regional organizations like ALBA and CELAC promote cooperation with Latin America and exclude North American countries. ALBA is most explicitly related to socialism of the 21st century while other organizations focus on economic integration, ALBA promotes social, political and economic integration among countries that subscribe to democratic socialism. Its creation

368-767: The Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela—now under Nicolás Maduro after Chávez's death in 2013—was devolving from authoritarianism to dictatorship as opposition politicians were jailed for plotting to undermine the government, violence was widespread and opposition media shut down. Western media coverage of Chávez and other Latin American leaders from the 21st-century socialist movement has been criticised as unfair by their supporters and leftist media critics. The sustainability and stability of economic reforms associated with governments adhering to socialism of

414-803: The Catholic Church , ethnic and environmentalist groups, anti-imperialist and nationalist organizations, communist parties , and armed guerrilla forces. The latter, however, is true only so far as one is willing to think of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia as an actual member of the FSP, when actually the FARC, although never formally banned from the Forum, have been barred from participating in its meetings as early as 2005, when they were refused admittance to that year's meeting of

460-724: The Communist Party of Spain and United Left in Spain and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and Just Russia . After a series of structural adjustment loans and debt restructuring led by the International Monetary Fund in the late 20th century, Latin America experienced a significant increase in inequality. Between 1990 and 1999, the Gini coefficient , a measure of inequality in

506-778: The Mexican Senate , Yeidckol Polevnsky , has invited the Honduran MP Silvia Ayala , as a member of the Democratic Unification Party and leader of the manifestations in support of Zelaya held in San Pedro Sula , to attend the meeting – something that attracted the fury of the pro-government Honduran press. The ongoing meeting in Mexico will also be the first to organize a parallel youth meeting, where member parties will discuss

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552-625: The economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration and Maduro governments have attributed Venezuela's economic problems to the decline in oil prices, sanctions imposed by the United States and economic sabotage by the opposition. In 2015, Venezuela's economy was performing poorly—the currency had collapsed, it had the world's highest inflation rate and its gross domestic product shrank into an economic collapse in 2016 . Although democratic socialist intellectuals have welcomed

598-417: The nationalization of several industries, notably the gas, mining, and oil industries. Post-neoliberalism also advocates for the expansion of welfare benefits, greater governmental investment in poverty reduction, and increased state intervention in the economy. The model of socialism of the 21st century encourages economic and political integration among nations in Latin America and the Caribbean. This

644-631: The pink tide brought about a substantial shift towards left-wing governments in the 2000s. Examples of post-neoliberal governments include the former governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador . It has also been claimed that the Joe Biden administration in the United States exhibits post-neoliberal characteristics. The idea of post-neoliberalism arose during

690-441: The pink tide of the 1990s and 2000s, in which left-wing Latin American critics of neoliberalism like Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales were thrust into power. According to researchers, the election of Chávez as the president of Venezuela in 1999 marked a definite start to the pink tide and post-neoliberal movement. Following his election, Rafael Correa , Néstor Kirchner , Evo Morales , and numerous other leaders associated with

736-553: The 1991 meeting in Mexico City , it started being alternately called Foro de São Paulo in reference to the location of the first meeting. Subsequent meetings have been hosted by many of the parties throughout the region. According to FSP, more than 100 parties and political organizations participate in its conferences today. Their political positions vary across a wide spectrum, which includes: social-democratic parties, left-wing grassroots labor and social movements inspired by

782-601: The 21st century Socialism of the 21st century ( Spanish : Socialismo del siglo XXI ; Portuguese : Socialismo do século XXI ; German : Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts ) is an interpretation of socialist principles first advocated by German sociologist and political analyst Heinz Dieterich and taken up by a number of Latin American leaders. Dieterich argued in 1996 that both free-market industrial capitalism and 20th-century socialism have failed to solve urgent problems of humanity such as poverty, hunger, exploitation of labour, economic oppression, sexism, racism,

828-545: The 21st century have been questioned. Latin American countries have primarily financed their social programs with extractive exports like petroleum, natural gas and minerals, creating a dependency that some economists claim has caused inflation and slowed growth. For the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, their economic policies led to shortages in Venezuela , a high inflation rate and a dysfunctional economy. However,

874-536: The FSP had "educated" the Left in the understanding of the existence of possibilities of running for elections and gaining power through the democratic way – a declaration that prompted a comment from AFP , reproduced at the Rede Globo site, to the effect that the hallmark of FSP's activities had been its "very moderate" character. Nevertheless, almost since its inception, the FSP has been the target of criticism from

920-608: The FSP in São Paulo. These groups differ on a range of topics which go from the use of armed force in revolutions to the support of representative democracy . The Communist Party of Cuba , for example, has adopted a single-party system for decades, while Brazil 's Workers' Party (PT) supports and participates in a multi-party system of representative democracy. Some parties such as Chile's Social Convergence advocate for radical democracy , participatory democracy , and workplace democracy instead of representative democracy as

966-573: The Left's traditional agenda. The meeting also debated the ongoing Colombian armed conflict , which prompted a declaration by the International Relations Secretary of the Brazilian Workers' Party, Valter Pomar, who exposed what in his view was the Foro's general stance towards the current Colombian situation: "In Colombia we have a military confrontation that has been going on for decades, having as its players

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1012-468: The [Colombian] State, as well as the paramilitary and insurgent forces. The Foro is interested in achieving peace and in having a negotiated process towards reaching this goal". In the 16th meeting, which opened on 20 August 2009 in Mexico City , the Foro was expected to concentrate discussion on the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis as well as engaging in efforts to the restoration of the deposed Honduran president Manuel Zelaya . The Vice president of

1058-524: The continent who are in power and strive in various ways to build projects which – according to each country's particular characteristics – allow them to face the main problems generated by neoliberalism" – something which added to the statement made at the same time by Belela Herrera, International Relations chargé of the Uruguayan Broad Front , that issues like ecology , exclusion, racism and xenophobia had added themselves inseparably to

1104-616: The cover-up of rightist policies". During the 14th meeting in El Salvador , it was resolved that the Foro should organize a number of subordinate organizations and facilities: an electronic bulletin on the Net, a politic-cultural festival, an electoral observatory and a cadre school. In the final declaration of the FSP's 15th meeting in Montevideo, there is a reinstatement and updating of the Foro's goals: to aid "the progressive forces in

1150-487: The destruction of natural resources and the absence of true democracy . Socialism of the 21st century has democratic socialist elements, but it also resembles Marxist revisionism . Leaders who have advocated for this form of socialism include Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Michelle Bachelet of Chile. Because of

1196-414: The dictatorships of the past". Levitsky then noted: "In Nicaragua, Venezuela and Ecuador, reelection is associated with the same problems of 100 years ago". The Washington Post also stated in 2014 that "Bolivia's Evo Morales , Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez [...] used the ballot box to weaken or eliminate term limits". In 2015, The Economist stated that

1242-647: The economic policies embodied by the Washington Consensus . While there is scholarly debate about the defining features of post-neoliberalism, it is often associated with economic progressivism as a response to neoliberalism's perceived excesses or failures, ranging from nationalization and wealth redistribution to embracing protectionism and revival of trade unions ; it can also refer to left-wing politics more generally. The movement has had particular influence in Latin America , where

1288-535: The election of socialist leaders. Socialism of the 21st century draws on indigenous traditions of communal governance and previous Latin America socialist and communist movements, including those of Salvador Allende , Fidel Castro , Che Guevara and the Sandinista National Liberation Front . According to Dieterich, this form of socialism is revolutionary in that the existing society is altered to be qualitatively different, but

1334-465: The forum in 2023. The following countries are currently being governed by leaders and member parties of the Foro de São Paulo: The following centre-left and left-wing parties or coalitions, who are currently in government, even though not members of the forum, maintain good relations and have been integrated with the members of the FSP: The following countries had members of the Foro de São Paulo as

1380-544: The impact of the global economic crisis on Latin American youth and the responses that could be offered to it. In January 2010, the European Left – the broad front of European national Left parties formed in view of a common stand in European politics – at the opening of its Third Congress, expressed its interest in strengthening ties with the FSP. The Democratic Socialists of America became associate members of

1426-641: The income or wealth distribution, rose in almost every Latin American country. Volatile prices and inflation led to dissatisfaction. In 2000, only 37% of Latin Americans were satisfied with their democracies (20 points less than Europeans and 10 points less than sub-Saharan Africans). In this context, a wave of left-leaning socio-political movements, called the Pink tide , on behalf of indigenous rights, cocaleros , labor rights, women's rights, land rights and educational reform emerged to eventually provide momentum for

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1472-410: The living sustainably as the member of a community that includes both human beings and Nature. Buen vivir is enshrined in 2008 Constitution of Ecuador as an alternative to neoliberal development. The constitution outlines a set of rights, one of which is the rights of nature. In line with the assertion of these rights, buen vivir seeks to change the relationship between nature and humans to

1518-626: The local unique historical conditions, socialism of the 21st century is often contrasted with previous applications of socialism in other countries, with a major difference being the effort towards a more effective economic planning process. Outside Latin America, socialism of the 21st century has been promoted by left-wing leaders such as Mark Drakeford and Jeremy Corbyn in the United Kingdom and Lothar Bisky , Egon Krenz and Oskar Lafontaine in Germany, and also by parties such as

1564-680: The main opposition parties in their parliaments and/or were the second electoral force in the past elections: Meetings were held in São Paulo (1990), Mexico City (1991), Managua (1992), Havana (1993), Montevideo (1995), San Salvador (1996), Porto Alegre (1997), Mexico City (1998), Managua (2000), Havana (2001), Antigua Guatemala (2002), Quito (2003), São Paulo (2005), San Salvador (2007), Montevideo (2008), Mexico City (2009), Buenos Aires (2010), Managua (2011), Caracas (2012), São Paulo (2013), La Paz (2014), Mexico City (2015), San Salvador (2016), Managua (2017), Havana (2018), Caracas (2019) and Brasília (2023). The Foro's chief authority

1610-487: The motion by the Foro's plenum led to the permanent withdrawal of Partido Obrero from the meeting. Partido Obrero had already declared itself in opposition to the Foro's positions, having previously made public a note in which it protested against the change in the official name of the organization, as "offering evidence of putting, in the place of actual making of common policies, a kind of purely academic workshop, [a sure sign] of conscious depoliticization leading eventually to

1656-478: The participants' willingness to exchange experiences and develop a dialogue, while at the regional and continental level FSP's influence grows, with some of its members achieving electoral success and their candidates reaching the presidency of many countries. During the early 1990s, the FSP was seen by some as expressing the emergence of a new Latin American leftist paradigm: non-authoritarian, de-militarized and grassroots-friendly. As others have noted, however, there

1702-512: The post-neoliberal movement were elected in Latin America during the 2000s and 2010s. Into the 2020s, the Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric , who emerged victorious in the 2021 Chilean general election , pledged to end the country's neoliberal economic model, stating: "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave." While the ideas of post-neoliberalism are not exclusive to Latin America, they are largely associated with

1748-430: The process itself should be gradual and non-violent, instead utilising democracy to secure power, education, scientific knowledge about society and international cooperation. Dieterich suggests the construction of four basic institutions within the new reality of post-capitalist civilisation: Post-neoliberalism , also known as anti-neoliberalism , is a set of ideals characterized by its rejection of neoliberalism and

1794-519: The region. Post-neoliberalism has drawn criticism from the right of the political spectrum ; right-wing and far-right critics have claimed that the term itself is vague and populistic , while also arguing that "post-neoliberal" policies harm international investment and economic development . Post-neoliberalism seeks to fundamentally change the role of the state in countries where the Washington Consensus once prevailed. To achieve this, post-neoliberal leaders in Latin America have advocated for

1840-458: The right in the United States and Latin America, especially in Brazil, describing it as an organization promoting terrorism and/or a revival of communism , something regarded even by mainstream conservatives as unfounded and "exaggerated to say the least". The allegedly subversive character of the Foro's activities, however, was revived during the 2010 Brazilian presidential election campaign, as

1886-609: The setting up of Unasur – but that the Foro was better understood as a " brainstorming organization", a " think-tank for politicians". During the fifth meeting (Montevideo, 1995) a dispute arose about the attendance of the Movimiento Bolivia Libre , which was charged, in a motion presented by ten parties, led by Argentina 's Partido Obrero , of support to the repressive actions of the neoliberal government of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada in Bolivia. The refusal of

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1932-448: The theories of István Mészáros , Michael Lebowitz and Marta Harnecker (who was Chávez's adviser between 2004 and 2011) than by those of Heinz Dieterich. The process draws its name from Latin American liberator Simón Bolívar and is a contemporary example of Bolivarianism . Often translated to good living or living well, the concept of buen vivir is related to the movement for indigenous rights and rights of nature . It focuses on

1978-506: The validity of human rights, of democracy and of popular sovereignty as strategic values, which place the constant challenge of leftist, socialist and progressive forces renewing their thoughts and actions." At the second conference ( Mexico , 1991), FSP expanded its objectives to add the proposal of working toward Latin American integration , an interchange of experiences, the discussion of the political left's differences and searching for consensus in action. The following conferences reinstate

2024-485: The vice-presidential candidate in the José Serra ticket, Antônio Pedro de Siqueira Indio da Costa , denounced repeatedly the supposed connection, by way of the Foro, between the Brazilian Workers' Party and the FARC. Alternatively, the Foro is seen also as more than a simple regular gathering, in that policies that had been advised by it came to be actively implemented later – such as the strengthening of Mercosur , or

2070-587: Was announced in direct opposition to George W. Bush 's attempts to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas that included the United States. In 2008, ALBA introduced a monetary union using the SUCRE as its regional currency. Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez initiated a process of social reforms in Venezuela known as the Bolivarian Revolution. This approach was more heavily influenced by

2116-483: Was to argue for alternatives to neoliberalism . The first meeting held in São Paulo in July 1990 was attended by members of 48 parties and organizations from Latin American and the Caribbean. The original name given to the meeting was Meeting of Left and Anti-imperialist Parties and Organizations of Latin America ( Portuguese : Encontro de Partidos e Organizações de Esquerda e Anti-imperialistas da América Latina ). Since

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